Professional Documents
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THE PUBLlSHEH'S EDlTOHlAL STAFF
OuthO|S
JOSEPH H. NOLAN
PSSCCBB JUSCB, NBSSBCDUSBS UIBRB JUDCB LCUI
and
JACOUELlNE M. NOLAN-HALEY
PSSCCBB LDCB ICBSSCI,
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Ont||Out|ng AuthO|S
M. J. UNNLLY
Associate Professor (L|nguistics),
Col|ege of Arts Sciences, Boston Co||ege
BTEPHEN U. HlUKb
Professor of Law, Suffo|k University
Law School, Boston, MA
MAHTlNA N. ALl HANDl
Cert|fied Pub||c Accountant, Bo|ton, MA
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/D/ 8S H Dll /D/
/CD/ 85 H 0Bll /CD/ 0BUICD /CD0ICD/ H8tUI /HCD0I/
QUSt0H /KWS(D)CD0H/
/0/ 8S H 0ll /0/ O0I /W00I/,
H H8H 08lClS b0ff0r, b0dd0r H8 D0lD 8QQ8I 8S /D00I/
// 8S H tBS /S/ SH00tB /SHW/ tB0U /&W/
H0l l0 D C0HUS0 WlD /U/
// 8S H lD0 // H8K /HK/ Sm, S8 /Sl/ H0@B, H8 /H/
/BI/ 8S H 0M0I /DI0I/ H0M /HDI/. H 08lClS WDI /DI/
S H0l 0SlHCl I0H /I/ lD0 08CIlC /D/ H8 D gH0I0.
/0I/ 8S H lD0t0, lD0B /0I/ , 0'0t /I/
// lSWDI 8S H 00ll /0l/ Dl /Dl/
/0BI/ 8S D CBMDl /K0DI0Hl/. H 08l0ClS WD0I /0DI/ S H0l 0SlDCl
I0H /0I / lD0 08CIlC /D/ H8 D0 gD0I0.
/0I/ 85 H HW00t /H0I00I/ W0t0 /W0I/ H0lD0t /H&I/
W0tl0 /W0Il0/ WDU /(D)W0I/
/0/ /0/ (WlD 0tBI QOH8Q 0I SC0H08Q SlISS) 8S H D0l, D0ll /D0l/
D00 /DM/ 8DV / 0D0V/
/0/ 0S0WB0I (UDSlISS0) 8S D S08 /SW0/ 8H0lDI /0DI/
// 8S H ll, Bl // I0U@B /D/
X
1
J
J
J
J
l
ULOE TO PRONLNCATON SYMHOLS
/g/ 8lW8y5 `D8I0 85 D @8ll /gl/ 8Ul /g/ l8@ /g/
/D/ 85 5lHl 08CIlC H COHDH8lOD5 /DI 0DI, DI, ODI/ 8D0 /CD, 5D, ZD/
OlDIW5 85 D Bll /D/ HOU5BOl /H&W5-DWl/
/y / 85 D H8CDD /H05DyD/ D0, D%, 08 /D / 08CD /yCD/
/DI/ 85 D ttg8l /DI0gyl/ 5Qtl /5QDI0l/. H 08lCl5 WDI
/DI/ 5 DOl 05lDCl IOH /I / lD 08CIlC /D/ H8y D gHOI0.
/I/ 85 D Q0t, Q%t /QI/ D08t, D0t0 /DI/
// l5WDI 85 D 5l /5l/ QI0lly /QIty /
/j/ 85 D Jll /j/ @DIal /jD{0)I0l/ 0@ /j/ 5Ol0I /5Wlj0I/
C8II8@ /KI0j/
/K/ 85 D Kll /K/ COOl /KWl/
// 85 D L /l/
/H/ 85 D mll /H/
/H/ 85 D Bl /D/
/g/ 85 n lD0@ /Ug/ 50@t /5gI/ BgI /gg0I/
/Oy/ 85 H D0 /Dy/ D05 /DyZ/
/OW/ 85 H KH0W /HW/ 50W, 50, 50W {50) /5W/
/ODI / 85 D 0tgH /HI0D/ D0MOW /DDIOW /. H 08lCl5 WDI
/ ODI/ 5 HOl 05lHCl IOH /OI / lD 08CIlC /D/ H8y D gHOI0.
/OI/ 85 D D0t0, D08t /DI / C0Bt5, C05 /KI5/
/D/ l5WDI 85 H I0l, WI0B@Bl /Il/ W8l /Wl/ 0B@l, 8Ql /l/
l8W /
[g
/. bOH 08lCl5 Htg /D/ 8H0/8/ WD OlDtS lt08l 0gD-
lDOHg8l 5QllHg5 85 /D/ DUl OlDI5 85 /8/.
/Q/ 85 H gll /Q/ lg /lQ/
2
/I / 85 D tll /I/. b 8l5O lD COlOIHg UHClOH O /I / H 0QDlDOHgS
/8I, {D)I, 0(D)I, {D)I, O{D)I, UI/.
XIII
J
J
2
ULUE TO PRONLNCATON SYMBOLS
/SD/ 8S H SB /SD/ SUgaI /Shug0I/ SSU /ShyUW/
/S/ 8S H S /S / 0ly /S0y/
/l / 8S H t /l/ Dt /Dl/
/U/ 8S H tBH /UH/ tB0UgDl /dl/ H0l l0 D C0HUS0 WlD / /.
0fh0r /yI/
0fh0r /yI/
/UW / 8S H l0, lW0 /lW/ lDI0B@B, lDI0W /UIW/ CIB0 /KIW0/
/UI/ 8S H jBQ /jIy/ Q0t /QI/
/U/ SWDI 8S H Q0l /Qul/ g00 /gu0/ C000 /Ku0/
/W / 8S H W /W/ W8lDI /WI/. b aS0 lh UHCl0H 0 /W /
H 0QDlD0HgS /8W, 0W, UW/.
/ / 8S H S /S/ BH0H /yWHy0H/. b aS0 lD UHCl0H 0 /y /
H 0QDlD0HgS /8y, y, y, 0/.
/ZD/ 8S H L0Cl0I ZBV8g0 /0K10I ZD0V&g0W/ Q8SUI /QZD0I/
g8I8@ /g0I&ZD/ (H S0H 08ClS /&j/)
/Z/ 8S H Z00 /ZW/ I0S, I0WS (HS) /IWZ/ H0QD0H /ZH00H/
gIH8Iy (SlI0Hg) SlISS LSC0H08Q (W8KI) SlISS
f00gr8phC /l0gIR0K/
f00gr8m /l0gIRH/
( } `H8 HCU0 0I XCU0, 0Ql0H8 HHlS
.g. n0w /H()W / QI0H0UHC0 lDI /HyW / 0I /HW/
r8fO /ISD()0W/ QI0H0UHC0 /ISDy0W / 0I /ISD0W /
`8H0 lD ISl lD8l QI0C0S100WS, IQ8CS 00HlC8 g8MS O V8M8Hl
QI0HUHC8l0HS
.g. 8umn /0l0HH8/H/ /0l0HH8/ 0I /00HH/
nf0r 8O8 /Hl0I ()0WS/Rl /
/HUt ()y0WS/ 0I /Hl0I R()0WS/
h8b088 COQu8 /DD0S KQS/DDZ /
/DD0S KIQ0S/ 0I /DDyZ KIQ0S/.
XV
1\1C
1 1\1\^`
D17M 111l
=
so Proxy th respect to
absent votng by stockhoder.
AUsentem accgere deUemus eum gu non est eo oc
U quo gettur /absentom okspory dobymos yom
kwy nn est yow wsay n kww petotor/. We ought
8
consder hm absent who s not n the pace where he
s demanded (or sought).
AUsenta e]us gu reguUcK causa aUest, negue e
negue a1 damnosa esse deUet /absensh(y)o os
kwy ryaypobosy kzo st, neykwy yay neykwy
yay damnwso esy dybot/. 1he absence ot hm who
s away n behat ot the repubc (o busness ot the
state) ought not to be prejudca ether hm or to
another.
AUsoe, asso, assoe /osy/. 1o pardon; to dever
trom excommuncaton.
AUsouta sententa exgostore non ndget
/mo(y)u sontensh(y)o ekspozotry non ndojet/.
P absoute sentence or proposton (one that s pan
wtout any scrupe, or absoute wthout any savng)
needs not an expostor.
AUsoute. Lompete; pertect; na; wthout any cond-
ton or ncumbrance; as an absoute bond (stmlex olt-
gottoJ n dstncton trom a condtona bond. Uncond-
tona; compete and pertect n tset; wthout reaton
to or dependence on other thngs or persons.
ree trom condtons, mtatons or guacatons, not
dependent, or moded or attected by crcumstances;
that s, wthout any condton or restrctve provsons.
Button v. Day, 2 Va. 29, JJ9 b.K.2d 9J, J.
As to osolute Conveyance, Covenant, De| ivery, Di-
vorce, Estate, Gift, Guaranty, l nterest, Legacy, Nui-
sance, Nu| | ity, Obligation, Property, Right, Ru|e, Sa|e,
Title, see those ttes.
AUsoute deed. A document ot conveyance wthout re-
strcton or deteasance; generay used n contradstnc-
ton u mortgage deed. See Deed.
AUsoute aw., 1he true and proper aw ot nature,
mmutabe n the abstract or n prncpe, n theory, but
not n appcaton; tor very otten the object, the reason,
stuaton, and other crcumstances, may vary ts exer-
cse and obgaton. Seeolso Natural |aw.
AUsoute aUt. Kesponsbty wthout taut or neg-
gence. Kyands v. etcher, J H.L. JJ; Lark-Aken
Lo. v. Lromwe-Wrght Lo., nc. (Mass.), J2J N.K.2d T.
See Strict |iability.
AUsoute. Lompetey; whoy; wthout guacaton;
wthout reterence or reaton to, or dependence upon,
any other person, thng, or event. 1hus, osolutely uotd
mes uttery vod; that whch the aw or nature ot
thngstorbdsto beentorcedata. Asolutelyuecesso
may be used to make the deaot necessty more emphat-
c. ndependenty or uncondtonay, whoy or pos-
tvey. Lons v. Harttord Accdent & ndemnty Lo.,
JT Va. J, JT b.K.2d 4JJ, 4J.
AUsouton. n CououLo, a jurdca act whereby the
cergy decare that the sns ot such as are pentent are
remtted. Among rotestanu t s chey used tor a
sentence bywhch a persn who stands excommuncated
s reeased or treed trom that punshment.
ABSTENTON DOCTBNE
n the CtutlLo, a sentence whereby a party accused
s decared nnocent ot the crme ad to hs charge.
n 1euch Lo, the dsmssa ot an accusaton.
AUsoutsm /bso(y)uwtzom/. n potcs, a system ot
government n whch pubc power s vested n some
person or persons, unchecked and uncontroed by any
aw, nsttuton, consttutona devce, or coordnate
body. A government whch s run by a dctator whose
power s wthout restrcton and wthout any checks or
baances.
AUsoVe. 1oset tree, or reease, astromobgaton, debt,
or responsbty. btate ex re. bt. Lous Lar Lo. v
Hughes, J4 Mo. J2, J2 b.W.2d J9J, J94. See olso
Amnesty, Pardon, Release.
AUsorgton / obzrpshon/. Act or process ot absorbng.
1erm used n coectve barganng agreements to pro-
vde senorty tor unon members t empoyer`s busness
s merged wth another Humphrey v. Moore, Ky., JT
U.b. JJ, 4 b.Lt. JJ, J9. arta or compete pay-
ment ot treght charges by seer or treght carrer.
Losts not passed on to customer.
AUsgue /bskwy/. Wthout. ccurs n phrases taken
trom the Latn; such as those mmedatey toowng.
AUsgue aguo nde redendo /bskwy kwow ndy
rodendow/. Lat. Wthout reservng any rent there-
trom; wthout renderng anythng theretrom. A term
used ot a tree grant by the crown.
AUsgue consderatone curK /bskwy kon-
sdoreyshywnykyuryy /. nod practce, wthout the
consderaton ot the court; wthout judgment.
AUsgue duUo /bskwy d(y)uwbyow/. Lat. Wthout
doubt.
AUsgue boc /bskwy hk/. Wthout ths. 1hese are
technca words ot dena, used n peadng at common
aw by way ot speca traverse, to ntroduce the negatve
part ot the pea, toowng the attrmatve part or n-
ducement. Seeolso Traverse.
AUsgue mgettone Vast /bskwy mpotshywny
veystay/. Wthout mpeachment ot waste; wthout ac-
countabty tor waste; wthout abty to sut tor
waste. A cause ancenty otten nserted n eases (as
the eguvaent Kngsh phrase sometmes s) sgntyng
that the tenant or essee sha not be abe to sut
(tmettttoJ or chaenged, or caed to account, tor com-
mttng waste. SeeWaste.
AUsgue ta causa /bskwy teyay kzo/. Lat. Wth-
out such cause. A torm ot repcaton, now obsoete, n
an actonexdeltcto whch works a generadena ot the
whoe matter ot the detendant`s pea ot de tu)urto.
AUstenton doctrne. Doctrne ot 'abstenton" permts
a tedera court, n the exercse ot ts dscreton, to
rengushjursdcton wherenecessarytoavodneedess
conct wth the admnstraton by a state ot ts own
attars. burowtz v. New York Lty Kmp. Ketrement
bystem, D.L.N.Y., JT .bup. J9, JT; Karoad Lom-
msson ot 1exas v. uman Lo., JJ2 U.b. 49, J b.Lt.
ABSTENTON DOCTBNE
4J, L.Kd. 9TJ. Seeolso Equ|tab|e abstent|on doctr|ne,
Pu||man abstent|on.
AUstnence. Ketranng competey trom ndugence n
someactsuch as eatng or drnkng, unke temperance
whch presupposes moderate ndugence. Mayed v.
delty & Lasualty Lo. ot N. Y.,J L.A.2d JJ, J .2d
J.
AUstract /bstrakt/, u. A esser guantty contanng
the vrtue and torce ot a greater guantty; an abrdg-
ment. Atranscrpt s generay dened as acopy, and s
more comprehensve than an abstract. bummary or
eptome, or that whch comprses or concentrates n
tset the essenta guates ot a arger thng or ot
severa thngs. Kobbns nv. Lo. v. Kobbns, 49 La.
App.2d 44, J22 .2d 9J, 92. See Abr|dge, Abr|dgment,
D|gest, Headnote, Sy||abus.
AUstract /obstrkt/, u. 1o take or wthdraw trom; as,
to abstract the tunds ot a bank. 1o remove or separate.
1o summarze or abrdge.
AUstracton. 1akng trom wth ntent to njure or de-
traud. 'Wrongtu abstracton" s unauthorzed and -
ega takng or wthdrawng ot tunds, etc., and appropr-
aton thereot to taker's benet. acc Loast Adjust-
ment Bureau v. ndemnty ns. Lo. ot North Amerca,
JJ La.App. J, 2 .2d 2, 2J9.
AUstract of a Une. n od Kngsh conveyancng, one ot
the parts ot a ne, beng an abstract ot the wrt ot
covenant, and the concord, namng the partes, the par-
ces ot and, and the agreement. 2 B.Lomm. JJ. More
commony caed the 'note" ot the ne. See F|ne, Con-
cord.
AUstract of record. A compete hstory n short, abbre-
vated torm ot the case as tound n the record, compete
enough to show the appeate court that the guestons
presented tor revew have been propery reserved. byn-
opss or summary ot tacts rather than abe ot contents
ottranscrpt. Abbrevated accurateandauthentchsto-
ry ot(e.g. tra court) proceedngs. Brown v. Kechmann,
2JT Mo.App. JJ, J4 b.W.2d 2J, 2T.
AUstract of tte. A condened hstory ot the tte to
and, consstng ot a synopss or summary ot the mater-
a or operatve porton ot a the conveyances, ot whatev-
er knd or nature, whch n any manner attect sad and,
or any estate or nterest theren, together wth a state-
ment ot a ens, charges, or abtes to whch the
same may be subject, and ot whch t s n any way
matera tor purchasers to be apprsed. An eptome ot
the record evdence ot tte, ncudng maps, pats, and
other ads. Lommssoners' Lourt ot Madson Lounty v.
Waace, JJ 1ex. 2T9, J b.W.2d J, J. An eptome
ot the conveyances, transters, and other tacts reed on
as evdence ot tte, together wth a such tacts appear-
ng ot record as may mpar the tte. btate ex re.
reeman v. Abstracters Board ot Kxamners, 99 Mont.
4, 4 .2d , T. Memorandum or concse state-
ment n orderly torm ot the substance ot documents or
tacts apperng on publc records whch attect ttle to
0
reaproperty. btate ex re. Dorav.erguson, J4ho
bt. J2, N.K.2d 4T, 4T. SeeolsoTorrens t|t|e system.
AUstract gueston. ne whch does not rest upon exst-
ng tacts or rghts. Morrs an Bank ot ort Worth v.
gden, 1ex.Lv.App., J44 b.W.2d 99, J4. Hypothet-
ca gueston. Seeolso Hypothet|ca| quest|on, Moot.
AUsurdt. Anythng whch s so rratona, unnatura,
or nconvenent that t cannot be supposed to have been
wthn the ntenton ot men ot ordnary ntelgence and
dscreton. bvousy and Hatyopposed to the mantest
trut; nconsstent wth the pan dctates ot common
sense; ogcay contradctory; nonsensca; rdcuous.
AUundans cautea non nocet /obondonz kotyo non
nosot/. Abundant or extree cauton does no harm.
1hs prncpe s generay apped to the constructon ot
nstruments n whch superHuous words have been n-
serted more ceary to express the ntenton.
AU urUe condta /ab orbykondto/. rom the toundng
ot the cty. See A.U.C.
AUus de conUance /obyuw do knyons obyuws do
kontayons/. rauduenty msusng or spendng to any-
body's prejudce goods, cash, bs, documents, or con-
tracts handedover tor a speca object.
AUuse /obyuws/, u. Kverythng whch s contrary to
good order estabshed by usage. Departure trom rea-
sonabe use; mmoderate or mproper use. hysca or
menta matreatment. Msuse. Decepton.
1o wrong n speech, reproach coarsey, dsparage, re-
ve, and magn. btate v. Neubauer, 2 Lonn.Lr. J9,
J9T A.2d 9J, 9. See Defamat|on.
Chtld ouse. See Ch||d abuse.
Ctutllo. 1hedestructon otthesubstanceot a thng n
usng t. See Abuse, u.
CororoteJmuchtseoreuttty. 1he abuse or msuse ot ts
tranchses by a corporaton sgntes any postve act n
voaton ot the charter and n derogaton ot pubc rght,
wtuy done or caused to bedone. 1he use ot rghts or
tranchses as a pretext tor wrongs and njures to the
pubc.
Otscrettou. 'Abuse ot dscreton" s synonymous wth a
taure to exercse a sound, reasonabe, and ega dscre-
ton. t s a strct ega term ndcatng that appeate
court s ot opnonthat there was commsson ot an error
ot aw by the tra court. t does not mpy ntentona
wrong or bad tath, or msconduct, nor any reHecton on
the judge but means te ceary erroneous concuson
and judgmentne s that ceary aganst ogc and
ettect ot such tacts as are presented n support ot the
appcaton or aganst the reasonabe and probabe de-
ductons to be drawn trom the tacts dscosed upon the
hearng; an mprovdentexercseotdscreton; an error
ot aw. btate v. Draper, J Utah JJ, 2T .2d J9; Kx
parte ones, 24 Aa. 4JJ, 2 bo.2d 9, 2. A dscre-
ton exercse to an end or purpose notjusted by and
ceary aganst reaso and evdence. Unreasonabe de-
parture trom consdered precedents and setted judca
custom, constutng error ot aw Beck v. Wngs eld,
II
nc., L.L.A.a., J22 .2d JJ4, JJb, JJT. A judgment or
dec8on byan admnstratve agency or judge whch h
no toundaton n tact or n law. 'Abuse ot dscreton"
by tral court s any unreonable, unconsconable and
arbtrary acton taken wthout proper consderaton ot
tacts and law pertanng u matter submtted. Harvey
v. btate, k.r., 4 .2d JJb, JJ.
Orugouse. bee that tte.
1emole chtld. An njury to the gental organs n an
attempt at cana knowedge, tang short ot actua
penetraton. Lee v. btate, 24b Aa. 9, J bo.2d T,
TT. But, accordng tootherauthortes,'abuse" s here
eguvalent to ravshment or rape. Any njury to prvate
parts otgrl consttutes 'abuse" wthn meanng ot crm-
nal statute proscrbng abuse ot gr under age ot J2
years n attemptto have carnalknowedgeot her; mere
hurtngotprvateparts otgr,eventhoughthey are not
brused, cut, acerated or torn, s sutcent. Ard v.
btate, T Aa.App. 2, J2T bo.2d T4, T4T. See olo
Carnal abuse; Chi|d abuse.
Poltce oJJcer. As used n statute prohbtng one trom
omtructng, resstng,orabusng an otcer,word 'abus-
es" meansto wrong n speech, reproach coarsey, dspar-
age, revle,or magn an omcer who s pertormng hs
duty. btate v. Neubauer,2 Lonn.Lr. J9, J9T A.2d 9J.
Por. Use ot one who possesses t n a manner con-
trary tolaw. mproper use ot power,dstngushed trom
usurpaton ot power whch presupposes exercse ot pow-
er not vested n the ottender. bwenson v. Lahoon,JJJ
a. T, J2 bo. 2J,24.
ocess. 1he gst ot an acton tor 'abuse ot process" s
mproper use or perverson ot process atter t has been
ssued. ublx Drug Lo. v. Breyer ce Lream L.,J4T
a. J4,J2 A.2d 4JJ,4J. A macous abuse ot egal
process occurs where the party employs t tor some
unawtul object, not the purpose whch t s ntended by
the lawtoettect; nother words,a perverson ott.
West JT4 bt. v. Vasguez, T Msc.2d 99J,J2 N.Y.b.2d
2b,2. 1hus,wherethe ppose ot a prosecuton tor
ssuance ot a check wthout tunds was to colect a debt,
theprosecutonsanabuseot crmna process. Keguar
and egtmate use ot process, although wh a bad
ntenton, s not a macous 'abuse ot process." rest
v. Unon Agency, JT4 1enn. J4, J2 b.W.2d J42, J4J.
Acton tor 'abuse ot process" s dstngushed trom ac-
ton tor'macous prosecuton," nthat acton tor abuse
ot process rests upon mproper use ot reguary ssued
process, whle 'macous prosecuton" has reterence to
wrong n ssuance ot process. Lobel v. 1rade Bank ot
New York, JJ2 Msc. 4J, 229 N.Y.b. TT, TJ.
undamenta eements ot ths tort are an uteror
purpose, and a wltu act n the use ot process not
proper n the regular conduct ot the proceedng. Bar-
gus v.MerchantsLolecton Ass`n ot akland,nc.,La.,
T L.Jd 94,JJ La.Kptr. T4, T2, 49 .2d JT.
SeeoloMalicious abuse of |ega| process; Ma|icious use
of process.
LL Q1D
UuBe lbyuwl, c. 1o make excessve or mproper use
ot a thng, or u employ t n a manner contrary e
natural or legal rules tor ts use. 1o make an extrava
gant or excessve use, as u abuse one`s authorty.
AUused and negected cb:dren. 1hosewho are sutter-
ng serous physca or emotona njury ncted on
them, ncludng manutrton. See Abuse (1emole
chtldJ; Child abuse.
AUusVe. 1endngu deceve; practcngabuse; proneto
l-treat by coarse, nsultng words or harmtu acts.
Usng l treatment; njurous,mproper,hurttu, otten-
sve,reproachtu.
AUut. 1o reach; to touch. 1o touch at the end; be
contguous; jon at a border or boundary; termnate on;
end at; border on; reach or touch wth an end. 1he
term 'abuttng" mples a coser proxmty than the
term 'adjacent." No ntervenng and.
AUuttas lbtoz/. he buttngs or boundngs ot ands,
showng to what other ands, hghways,or places they
beong or are abuttng. t has been used to express the
end boundary nes as dstngushed trom those on the
sdes,as 'buttas and sdngs".
AUutter. ne whose property abuts, s contguous, or
jons at a border or bondary,as where no other and,
road, or street ntervenes.
AUuttng owner. An owner ot and whch abuts or
adjons. 1he term usualy mpes that the reatve
parts actuay adjon, but s sometmes oosey used
wthout mpyng more than cose proxmty. SeeAbut;
Ad|oining owners.
A.L. Auuo Chrtstt, the year ot Lhrst.
A/L Abbrevaton used by accountants and bookkeepers
meanng 'account." As used n a check, t has been
hed not a drecton to the bank to credt the amount ot
the check to the person named, but rather a memoran-
dum u dent the transacton n whch the check was
ssued.
Academc. ertanng to coege,unversty,or prepara-
tory schoo. bsters ot Mercy v. 1own ot Hooksett,9J
N.H. JJ,42 A.2d222,22. Aguestonor ssuewhchs
notreevantto case or sprematureor hypothetca. n
re Batte`s Wl, 2 N.Y. 9T, J N.K.2d 9JJ. See
Academic question.
Academc Ueedom. Kght to teach as one sees t,but
not necessary the rght to teach ev. Kay v. Bd. ot
Hgher Kducaton ot Lty ot N. Y., JTJ Msc. 94J, J
N.Y.b.2d 2J, 29. 1he term encompasses much more
thanteachng-related speech rghts t teachers. Lary v.
Board ot Kd. ot Adams-Arapahoe bchool Dst. 2,
Aurora, Loo.,L.A.Lolo.,9 .2d J.
Academc gueston. An ssue whch does not regure
answer or adjdcaton by cort because t s not neces-
sary u case. A hypothetca or moot gueston. n re
Kectroux Lorp., 2 N.Y. 44, 4J N.K.2d 4. See
Hypothetica| question.
ACADEMY
Academ. An nsttuton othgherearnng. An assoc-
aton ot experts n some partcuar branch ot art, tera-
ture, aw, or scence (e.g. Amercan Academy ot Matr-
mona Lawyers). n ts orgna meanng, an assoca-
ton tormed tor mutua mproVement, or tor the ad-
Vancement ot scence or art; n ater use, a speces ot
educatona nsttuton, ot a eVe between the eementa-
ry schoo and the coege. U.b. ex re.JacoVdesV. Day,
L.L.A.N.Y., J2 .2d 42, 44; bsters ot Mercy V. 1own
ot Hooksett, 9J N.H. JJ, 42 A.2d 222, 22. n current
usage, term commony reters to prVate hgh schoo or
one ot the serVce academes (e. g. Ar orce Academy).
SeeSchoo|.
A cKo usgue ad centrum /ey syow oskwy ad
sentrom/. romthe heaVens tothe center ot the earth.
r more tuy, Cu)usest solum e)ust usue od colum
etod tuJems. 1he owner ot the so ownsto the heaVens
and aso to the owest depths. r, Cu)usest solum est
usue od ,-the owner ot the so owns to the
eaVens. 1hs doctrne has, howeVer, been abrogated;
the Hght ot arpanes and o and gas reguatons haVe
gualed the owner's domnon not ony n the heaVens
but n the owest depths. See A|r r|ghts.
A canceando /ey kansondow/. rom canceng. J
B.Lomm. 4.
A cances /ey kanseos/. 1he Lhanceor.
A cances curK exgod /ey kanseos kyuryy
ekspwday/. 1o be expeed trom the bar ot the court.
ac /okapt/. n rench teuda aw, a speces ot
reet; a segnora rght due on eVery change ot a
tenant. A teuda rght whch tormery preVaed n
Languedoc and Guyenne, beng attached to that speces
ot hertabe estat
sforthe distrioution
among the peope, oy puoic authority, of the ands
constituting the puoic domain, usuay territory con-
guered from an enemy. n common parance the term
is freguentyappied to aws which have for their ooject
the moreeguadivisionor distrioution ofandedproper-
ty, aws for suodividing arge properties and increasing
the numoer of andhoders.
P@tut1UH. A tax upon or trioute payaoe out of and.
P @tut1u /ey greysh(iy)a/. By grace, not of right.
P@t0uH0DtUH /agryamentam/. n od Lngish aw,
agreement, an agreement.
P@t00. To concur, come into harmony, give mutua
assent, unite in menta action, exchange promises,
make an agreement, arrange to sette. Concur or
acguiesce in, approveoradopt. Agreedorogreed to, are
freguenty used (ike occord ), to show the concurrence
or harmony of cases, e.g. Agreed er curtom. Usuay
impies some contractua undertaking. To grant or cov
enant, as when a grantor agrees that no ouiding sha
67
oe erectedon an adjoining ot, or amortgagoragreesto
cause a taxes to oe paid. See Agreement, Contract.
P@t000. bettedorestaoishedoyagreement. Common-
y synonymous with 'contracted. '
P@t000 uHOUDt C1uU90. rovision in insurance poicy
thatthe insuredwi carry astated amount ofinsurance
coverage.
P@t000 Cu90. See Cueogreed on under Case.
P@t000 gU0@H0Dt. See Judgment.
P@t000 Qt1C0. The consideration for sae of goods ar-
rived at oy mutua agreement as contrasted with 'open
price'. U.C.C. 2-3.
P@t000 9tut0H0Dt O uCt9. A statement of facts,
agreed on oy the parties as true and correct, to oe
suomitted to a court for a ruing on the aw ofthe case.
UnitedbtatesTrust Co v. NewMexico, I83 U.b. 3, 22
b.Ct. I72, 4 L.Ld. 3I. SeeCue ogreed on under Case.
Seeolo Declaratory |udgment, St|pu|at|on.
P@t000 9tut0H0Dt OD uQQ0u1. Narrative statement of
facts in case which may oe ed on appea in ieu of
report of proceedings oeow. t is reguired that a
parties agree to content ofnarrative.
P@t000 Vu1U0. The worth or vaue of property upon
which persons agree oeforehand as in a partnership
contract in which the parties agree on the vaue of a
partner's interest in a specied amount. Waraven v.
Kamsay, 33 Mich. 33I, N.W.2d 83, 8.
P@t00H0Dt. Ameetingoftwoor more minds, acoming
together in opinion or determination, the coming to-
gether in accordoftwo minds onagiven proposition. n
aw, a concord of understanding and intention oetween
two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their
reative rights and duties, ofcertain past or future facts
or performances. The consent of two or more persons
concurring respecting the transmission of some proper-
ty, right, or oenets, with the view of contracting an
ooigation, a mutua ooigation.
A manifestation of mutua assent on the part of two
or more persons as u the sutance of a contract.
Kestatement, becond, Contracts, 3.
The act oftwo or more persons, who unite in express-
ing a mutua and common purpose, with the view of
atering their rights and ooigations. The union of two
or more minds in a thing done or to oe done, a mutua
assent to do a thing. A compact oetween parties who
are thereoy suojected to the ooigation or to whom the
contempated right is thereoy secured.
Athough often used as synonymous with 'contract',
agreement is a oroader term, e.g. an agreement might
ack an essentia eement ofa contract. The oargain of
the parties in fact as found in their anguage or oy
impication from other circumstances incuding course
of deaing or usage of trade or course of performance.
U.C.C. I-2I(c), Uniform Consumer Credit Code,
I. 3I(3).
The writing or instrument which is evidence of an
agreement.
A
See olso B|nd|ng agreement, Compact, Consent, Con-
tract, Covenant, | nternat|ona| agreements, Meet|ng of
m|nds.
L1u991Cut1OD
Condtttonol ogreemen. The operation and effect of
such depend upon the existence of a supposed state of
facts, or the performance of a condition, or the happen-
ing of a contingency.
xecuted ogeemen. buch have reference to past
events, or which are at once cosed and where nothing
further remains to oe done oy the parties.
xecuto ogreemen. buch agreements as are to oe
performed in the future. They are commony preimi-
nary to other more forma or important contracts or
deeds, and are usuaIy evidenced oy memoranda, paro
promises, etc.
xress ogreemen. Those in which the terms and
stipuations are specificay decared and avowed oy the
parties at the time of making the agreement.
1mlted ogreement. (I) mpied in fact. One inferred
from the acts or conduct ofthe parties, instead ofoeing
expressed oy them in written or spoken words. (2)
mpied in aw, more apty termed a constructive or
guasi contrac
red condition.
P@t1CU1tUt0. The science or art of cutivating the soi,
harvesting crops, and raising ivestock and aso as the
science or art of the production of pants and animas
usefu to man and invaryingdegrees the preparation of
such products for man's use and their disposa. Mier
v. Dixon, I7 Neo. 9, I27 N.W.2d 23, 2.
P@t1 11H1tut1 /gray imoteyday/. !n ctutl lo, ands
whose ooundaries are stricty imited oy the ines of
government surveys.
!n Romon lo, ands oeonging to the state oy right of
conguest, and granted or sod in pots.
68
P@U11utQ1D0111 t09t /agiyIar sponeiy/. The "Agutlor
Stnellt " test reguires that search warrant afdavits
discose ooth the underying circumstances necessary to
enaoe the magistrateindependenty tojudge the vaidi-
tyofthe informant'sconcusionand make someshowing
of reiaoiity of the informant. Aguiar v. Texas, 378
U.b. I8, 84 b.Ct. I9, I2L.Ld.2d 723, bpinei v. U.b.,
393 U.b. 4I, 89b.Ct. 84, 2I L.Ld.2d 37.
PDUQUuu. With exceptions, in ancient Hawaii, division
of and known as 'ahupuaa' generay ran from sea to
mountains, enaoing chiefand peope to ootain sh and
seaweed from ocean and fue, canoe timoer and moun-
tain oirds and right-of-way to ootainthese things. aa-
a v. bheehan, Hawaii 298, 4
.2d 9, 97.
PLP. American nstitute ofCertied uoic Account-
ants.
P10. To support, hep, assist or strengthen. Act in
cooperation with, suppement the efforts of others.
btate v. Upton, owa, I7 N.W.2d 2, 28.
OtsttngutshedJrom oet. 'Aid' within aider and aoet-
tor statute means to hep, to assist, or to strengthen
whie 'aoet' means to counse, to encourage, to incite or
to assist in commission of crimina act. btate v. Troco-
daro, 3 Ohio App.2d I, 3I N.L.2d 898, 92.
P10 uD0 uO0t. Hep,assist, or faciitate the commission
ofacrime, promote the accompishmentthereof,hep in
advancing ororinging itaoout,or encourage, counse, or
incite as to its commission. btate v. etters, owa, 22
N.W.2d 84, 9. t comprehends a assistance rendered
oy words, acts, encouragement, support, or presence,
actua or constructive, to render assistance ifnecessary.
See Abet, Abettor, Accessory, Accomp||ce, A|der and
abettor, Harbor.
P10 uD0 COHOtt. Hep, support, assistance, counse,
encouragement. As an eement in the crime oftreason
(Constitution of the United btates, Art. , 3), the
giving of 'aid and comfort' to the enemy may consist in
a mere attempt. t is not essentia to constitute the
givingofaid and comfortthattheenterprisecommenced
shoudoe successfu andactuayrenderassistance. An
actwhich intentionaystrengthensortendstostrength-
en enemie
h, An. Lj Pr88.
Pttu1@U /ahryn/. n Od ng8h aw, tO Ord8r, Or 8Ot
n OrdOr, tO cOnduct n an Ord8ry mann8r, tO pr8par8
Or tra. To ormtgu ou mstse wa8 tO cau8O thO tOnant
tO bO caOd tO makO thO pant, and tO 8Ot thO cau8O n
8uch OrdOr a8 thO tOnant mght bO OnOrcOd tO an8wOr
thOrOuntO. See P||8|gP0P.
PWu1@U0Ut /ahrynmant/. VrOOdurO whOrObythOac-
cu8Od 8 brOught bOOrO thO cOurt tO pOad tO thO crm-
na chargO agan8t hm n thO ndctmOnt Or nOrma-
tOn. JhO chargO 8 rOad tO hm and hO 8 a8k8d tO p8ad
guty` Or nOt guty` Or, whOrO pOrmttOd, nOO cOn-
tOndOrO. ` tatO V. McLOttOr, Zbb N.L. ZZT, Z1T ..Zd
Z, Zd.
PrragnmOnt 8ha bO cOnductOd n OpOn cOurt and
8hacOn88t OrOadngthOndctmOnt Or nOrmatOn tO
thO dOOndant Or 8tatng tO hm thO 8ub8tancO O thO
chargO and cang On hm tO pOadthOrOtO. MO 8ha bO
gVOn a cOpy O thO ndctmOnt Or nOrmatOnbOOrO hO
8 caOd upOn tO pOad. tOd.H.Lrm.V. 1U.
See olso PD|8|DP, |0|||P8Q D08||Pg, |08.
Pttu1@U6, 00tK O. n Od ng8h aw, an a888tant tO
thO cOrk O a888O.
PttuU@00UI W1tD 0t001tOt6. P pan O a dObtOr Or
thO 8OttOmOnt, 8at8actOn, Or OXtOn8On O thO tmO O
paymOnt O h8 dObt8. LhaptOr 11 O thO OdOra ank-
ruptcy LOdO prOVdO8 Or a dOVcO whOrOby, undOr thO
prOtOctOn and 8upOrV8On O thO cOurt, a Dnancay
trOubOd bu8nO88 may wOrk Out an agrOOmOnt wth t8
crOdtOr8 undOr a rOOrganzatOn pan pOrmttng t tO
8tay n bu8nO88, rathOr than gOng bankrupt. PrrangO-
mOnt8 O ndVdua dObtOr8 wth thOr crOdtOr8 arO
prOVdOd Or undOr LhaptOr 1 O thO LOdO. See oho
8PK|uCy |DC000|PgS (Bustuess reorgoutzottom; oge
eomerslou/ LDDS||DP W|D C|00|D|S.
Pttu / ahry/. JhO whOObOdyOpOr8On88ummOnOdtO
8OrVO a8]urOr8, rOm whch thO Dna tra ]ury 8 8OOct-
Od. P8O, thO 8t O ]urOr8 mpanOOd. See JuQ 8P0|.
Ptt0ut6, att8atag88. MOnOy whch 8 OVOrduO and un-
pad, O.g. OVOrduO mOrtgagO Or rOnt paymOnt8.
JOrm u8Od tO dO8crbOcumuatVO prOOrrOd 8tOckdV-
dOnd8 that haVO nOt bOOn dOcarOd On tmO.
Ptt0Ut /ahrnt/. n Od ng8h aw, tO Ot Or dOm8O at
a DXOd rOnt. Vartcuary u8Od wth rOOrOncO tO thO
pubc dOman Or crOwn and8, a8 whOrO a cOn8O wa8
grantOd tO ncO8O and n a OrO8t wth a Ow hOdgO and
adtch, undOr ayOary rOnt, Or whOrO an OncrOachmOnt,
Orgnay a purprO8turO, wa8 aOwOd tO rOman On thO
DXng and paymOnt O a 8utabO cOmpOn8atOn tO thO
pubc Or t8 mantOnancO.
Ptt06t. JO dOprVO a pOr8On O h8 bOrty by Oga
authOrty. Jakng, undOr rOa Or a88umOd authOrQ,
ABBEST
cu8tOdy O anOthOr Or thO purpO8O O hOdng Or dOtan-
ng hm tO an8wOr a crmna chargO Or cv dOmand.
otatO v. tOrrarO, b1 N.J.our. 21d, 1d A.2d 22T, OO-
pO v. WpOr, dT .App.dd 4UU, d4b N..2d 41, 44.
ArrO8t nvOvO8 thO authOrty tO arrO8t, thO a88OrtOn
Othat authOrty wth thO ntOnt tO OOct an arrO8t, and
thO rO8trant O thO pOr8On tO bO arrO8tOd. VagO O
HOman 8tatO8 v. \nOn LO. O LaOrna, 1d
.Oc. 2TT, dTU N..2d 1dU4, 1dUb. A that 8 rOgurOd
Or an arrO8t 8 8OmO act by OcOr ndcatng h8
ntOntOn tO dOtan Or takO pOr8On ntO cu8tOdy and
thOrby 8ub]Oct that pOr8On tO thO actua cOntrO and w
O thO OcOr, nO Orma dOcaratOn O arrO8t 8 rO-
gurOd. LOm. v. UrOwn, 2dU a.oupOr. 214, d2b A.2d
dUb, dUT.
See oho Book|ng, C|t|zen's arrest, Custod|a| arrest,
False arrest, Lawu| arrest, Probable cause, Reasonab|e
grounds, Warrant|ess arrest.
Ctttzeusorrt. SeeC|t|zen's arrest.
Ctutl orrest. JhO apprOhOn8On O a pOr8On by vrtuO O
aau authOrty tO an8wOr thO dOmand agan8t hm n
a cv actOn. A8O ncudO8 arrO8t O a 8hp Or cargO n
martmO n rOm actOn8. tOd.H. Lv ., oupp.Ad-
mr.H. L(d), .
Porolorrest. nOOrdOrOdbya]udgO Or mag8tratO rOm
thO bOnch, wthOut wrttOn cOmpant Or OthOr prOcOOd-
ng8, OapOr8On whO 8 prO8OntbOOrOhm, and whch 8
OxOcutOd OnthO 8pOt, a8 n ca8O ObrOach OthO pOacO n
OpOn cOurt.
!tutlege Jmm orrest. See Pr|v|lege.
Reorrest. Hght O OcOr tO takO wthOut warrant OnO
whO ha8O8capOdatOrarrO8t,OrvOatOdparOO, OraOd
tO rO8pOnd tO bOnd Or appOarancO.
orroutlessorrt. oOzurO OapOr8On wthOutwarrant
but ba8Od On prObabO cau8O that hO ha8 cOmmttOd
OOny. %ay a8O bO madO Or cOmm88On O m8dO-
mOanOr amOuntng tO brOach O pOacO n prO8OncO O
OcOr. WOng oun v. \. o., dT1 \.o. 4T1, bd o.Lt. 4UT, d
L.d.2d 441.
orroutoJorrest. See Warrant.
Ptte8tuD18 O0D18 De 1881QeDtUt / Kra8tKnda8 bwna8
ny da8apntar/. n Od ng8h aw, a wrt whch ay
Or a pOr8On whO8O cattO Or gOOd8 wOrO takOn by anOth-
Or, whO durng a cOntO8t wa8 kOy tO makO away wth
thOm, and whO had nOt thO abty tO rOndOr 8at8actOn.
Ptte8tuD0 1Q8U QU1 Qe0UD1u te0eQ1t /Kra8tKndOw
p8Owkway pakywnyam ra8ypat/. n Od ng8h aw,
a wrt whch 88uOd Or apprOhOndng a pOr8On whO had
takOn thO kOn'8 prO8t mOnOy tO 8OrVO n thO war8, and
thOn hd hm8O n OrdOr tO avOd gOng.
Ptte8tut10 /Kra8ty8h(y)Ow/. n Od ng8h aw, an
arrO8t (. u.J.
tte8t0 u0t0 8UQet U et0ut0tU u1eD@eD0-
tU /ahr8tOw ktOw 8(y)wpar bwna8 mrkatram
lyynaanram/. 1n Odngl8h aw, awrtagan8tthO
g8 O aOn8 Ound wthn thu kngdOm, n rOcOm-
0
ent
in pubic interest egisation on behaf of a signicant
cass ofpersons. Dasher v. HousingAuthorityofCity of
Atanta, Ga., D.C.Ga.,4.K.D. 72, 722. Seeolso Equa|
Access to Just|ce Act.
Ptt0me geDetu8 DU. An indictment presented to
grand jury by eave of court without prior compaint
before magistrate and hoding for court. Common-
weath v. Wison, 134 a.buper. 222, 4 A.2d 324, 327.
Ptt0me geDetu8 0Q1D10D. An opinion furnished by
U.b. Attorney Genera to resident, members of execu-
tive department or governmenta agencies on request
concerning question of aw. Aso, opinion rendered by
state attorney genera to Governor or state agencies on
request concerning an interpretation of aw.
Ptt0tDe, t1gDt U. See Counse|, r|ght to.
Ptt0tDe81g. The omce of an agent or attorney.
Ptt0tDe8 1eD. The right ofan attorney at aw to hod
or retain in his possession the money or property of a
cient unti his proper charges have been adjusted and
paid. t requires no equitabe proceedingfor its estab-
ishment. Aso a ien on funds in court payabe to the
cient, or on ajudgment or decree or award in his favor,
recoveredthroughtheexertionsofthe attorney, and for
ATOBNEY'S LEN
the enforcement of which he must invoke the equitabe
aid ofthe court.
Chorgtug lteu. An attorney's ien, for his proper com-
pensation, on the fundorjudgment which his cient has
recovered by means of his professiona aid and services.
t is a scic ien covering ony the services rendered
by an attorney in the action in which thejudgment was
obtained, whereas a retaining ien is a genera ien for
the baance ofthe accountbetween the attorney and his
cient, and appies to the property of the cient which
may come into the attorney's possession in the course of
his empoyment.
Retotutuglteu. The ienwhich an attorneyhas upona
his cient's papers, deeds, vouchers, etc., which remain
in his possession, entiting him to retain them unti
satisfaction ofhis caims forprofessiona services. t is
a genera ien.
Ptt0We8 W0tB Qt0UCt. SeeWork product rule.
Ptt0meDt /otrnmant/. n feuda and od ngish
aw, a turning over or transfer by a ord ofthe services
of his tenant to the grantee of his seigniory.
Attornment is the act of a person who hods a ease-
hodinterestin and, or estateforifeoryears,bywhich
he agrees to become the tenant of a stranger who has
acquired the fee in the and, or the remainder or rever-
sion, or the right to the rent or services by which the
tenant hods. t is an act by which a tenant acknow-
edges his obigation to a new andord.
The agreement of a person to recognize a third party
as a permissibe successor party to a contract, most
often, the agreement of a tenant to pay rent to a new
andord, especiay a mortgagee who has forecosed.
PtttuCt1Ve ugeDC1e8 0Ctt1De. See Attract|ve nu|sance
dor|ne.
PtttuCt1Ve 1D8ttUmeDtu1t1e8 0Ctt1De. See Attract|ve
nu|sance doctr|ne.
PtttuCt1Ve DU18uDCe 0Ctt1De. The doctrine is that
person who has an instrumentaity, agency, orcondition
uponhis own premises, or who creates suchcondition on
the premises ofanother, or in a pubic pace, which may
reasonaby be apprehended to be a source of danger to
chidren, is under a duty to take such precautions as a
reasonabyprudentmanwoudtaketopreventinjuryto
chidren of tender years whom he knows to be accus-
tomed to resort there, or who may, by reason of some-
thing there which may be expected to attract them,
come there to py. See estatement, Second, Torts
339.
Pttt1OUt10D. Under certain circumstances, the tax aw
appies attribution rues to assign to one taxpayer the
ownershipinterestofanothertaxpayer. f,forexampe,
the stock of J Corporation is hed % by M and 4%
byS, M maybedeemedto own 1% ofJCorporationif
M and S are mother and son. n such a case, the stock
ownedby Sis attributedto M. Stateddifferenty, Mhas
a % 'direct' and a 4% 'indirect' interest in J
Corporation. tcanasobesaidthatM is the 'construc-
tive' owner of S's interest.
30
Pttt1t10D. n genera, natura and gradua decrease.
Term is used to describe decinein pubic utiity'sactua
rate of retrn, after test year, caused b growth in its
rate base or operating expenses, or both, which outstrips
any increase in revenues. South Centra Be Te. Co. v.
Louisiana ubic Service Commission, La., 373 So.2d
478, 48. Term used to describe the phenomenon
present when factors, other than extraordinarygrowth,
are forcing costs upward without a concomitant incre
ment in revenues. Southern Be Te. & Te. Co. v.
orida ubic Service Com'n, a., 443 So.2d 92, 9.
Ptt. Attorney.
PUOu1De /owbeyn/. See Dro|t d'auba|ne.
P..L. Ab urbe condita. romthefounding ofthecity.
PUCt10D /okshon/. An auction is apubic sae ofproper-
ty to the highest bidder by one icensed and authorized
for that purpose. The auctioneer is empoyed by the
seer and is primariy his agent. However, when the
property is struck offhe is aso theagent ofthebuyerto
the extent ofbinding the parties by his memorandum of
sae, thus satisfying the statute offrauds. Hawaii Jew-
eers Ass'n v. ineArts Gaery, nc., 1 Hawaii 2, 43
.2d 914, 91.
A sae by auction is compete when theauctioneer so
announcesbythefa ofthehammeror in other custom-
ary manner. Such a sae is with reserve uness the
goods are in expicit terms put up without reserve.
U.C.C. 2-328.
Outch oucttou. A method of sae by auction which
consists in the pubic offer of the property at a price
beyond its vaue, and then graduay owering the price
unti some one becomes the purchaser.
PUCt10Dut1 /oksh(iy)oneriyiy/. Cataogues ofgoods for
pubic sae or auction.
PUCt10Dut1U8 /oksh(iy)oneriyos/. Aseer, aregrator, a
retaier, onewhoboughtand sod, anauctioneer,in the
modernsense. One who buys poor, od,worn-outthings
to se again at a greater price.
PUCt10Deet. A person authorized or icensed by aw to
se ands or goods of other persons at pubic auction.
One who ses goods at pubic auction for another on
commission, or for a recompense.
Auctioneers differfromrokers,in that theattermay
both buy and se, whereas auctioneers can ony se,
aso brokers may se by private contract ony, and
auctioneers by pubic auction ony.
PUCt0t oktor/. n the oman aw, an auctioneer. n
the civi aw, a grantor or vendor of any kind. n od
rench aw, a paintiff.
PUCt0t1tu8 /oktorotas/. n the civi aw, authority. n
od uropean aw, a dipoma, or roya charter.
PUCt0t1tute8 QD1080QD0tUm, me1C0tUm, et Q0etu-
tUm, 8UDt U CuU818 ueguD et teDeD /oktorotey-
diyz foosoforom mdokorom t powoterom snt n kozos
aogndiy t tonendiy/. The opinions of phiosophers,
3
physicians, and poets are tobe aeged and received in
causes.
PU0UQ1u VetO0tUm 8UDt gU10e 1D1@Du /okywpiyo
vorbrom sntjwdosiy indgno/. Catching at words is
unworthy ofajudge. Appied in State v. emming,
Me. 142, 11.
PU1 utetum Quttem /dytoromprtom/. Hear the
other side, hear both sides. No man shoud be con-
demned unheard. Lowry v. nman, 4 N.Y. 119, Shaw
v. Stone, Mass. (1 Cush.) 228.
PU1eD0e. n internationa aw, a hearing, interview
with the sovereign. The kingor other chiefexecutive of
a country grants an audience to a foreign minister who
comes to him duy accredited, and, after the reca ofa
minister, an 'audience of eave' ordinariy is accorded
to him.
PU1eD0e 00Utt. n ngish aw, a court beonging to
the Archbishop of Canterbury, having jurisdiction of
mattersofformony,astheconrmationofbishops, and
the ike. This court has the same authority with the
Court ofArches, but is of inferior dignity and antiquity.
The Dean of the Arches is the ofcia auditor of the
Audience court. The Archbishop of York has aso his
Audience court. These courts, as separate courts, have
ong since been disused.
PU1eD0 et tetm1DuD0 /odiyendow t trmonndow/.
A writ orcommission tocertain persons toappease and
punish any insurrection or great riot.
PU1t. Systematic inspection of accounting records in-
voving anayses, tests, and conrmations.
The hearing and investigation had before an auditor.
An audience, ahearing, an examination in genera. A
forma or omcia examination and authentication of
accounts, with witnesses, vouchers, etc. Green-Boots
Const. Co. v. State Highway Commission, 1 Ok. 288,
2 .2d 783.
See olso Aud|tor, Genera||y Accepted Aud|t|ng Stan-
dards (GAAS).
Audtt otutou. Keport of certied pubic accountant
afteran examination ofnancia statements, expressing
opinion on the fairness of presentation of such state-
ments. The opinion may take one of the foowing
forms. unquaied opinion, quaied opinion, adverse
opinion, discaimer of opinion.
Audtt trotl. Chain ofevidence connecting account ba-
ances or other summary resuts to origina transactions
and cacuations. The ow ofevents between the origi-
na transaction and the account baances in the nan-
cia statements.
Corresoudeuce oudtt. See Correspondence aud|t.
k oudtt. Keview of civi service positions to deter-
mine if duties and responsibiities of position t job
cassication and pay grade.
Feld oudtt. An audit by the nterna Kevenue Service
conductedonthebusiness premisesofthe taxpaer or in
the ofce of the tax practitioner representing the tax-
P1
payer. Tobe distinguished from acorrespondence audit
or an office audit (. u.J.
1udeeudeutoudtt. Oneconductedby an outside person
or rm not connected in any way with the company
being audited. See olso Aud|t comm|ttee.
1utemoloudtt. Auditperformedby personne ofcompa-
ny to assure that interna procedures, operations, and
accounting practices are in proper order-in contrast to
an audit by outside, independent auditors.
UJJtce oudtt. See Off|ce (UJJtce oudtt).
Tc oudtt. An examination of books, vouchers and
records, or other transactions possessing tax conse-
quences, of a taxpayer conducted by agents ofthe .K.S.
See Correspondence aud|t, Off|ce (UJJtce oudtt), RAR.
PU1tu QUeteu /odydo kwory/. Thenameofacom-
mon aw writ constituting the initia process in an
actionbroughtby ajudgment defendant to obtain reief
againstthe consequences ofthe judgment on account of
some matter of defense or discharge arising since its
rendition and which coud not be taken advantage of
otherwise. Barnett v. Gititz, 29 .App. 212, 8 N..2d
17, 2. May aso ie for matters arising before judg-
ment where defendanthad no opportunity to raise such
matters in defense. Louis . Bower, nc. v. Siverstein,
298 .App. 14, 18 N..2d 38, 387.
Thiswrithasbeen aboished in moststates thathave
adopted Kues of Civi rocedure, being suppanted by
motion for reief from judgment. Kue of Civi roce-
dure (b).
PU1t0umm1ttee. Acommittee oftheboard ofdirectors
of a corporation usuay consisting of outside directors
who nominate the independent auditors and dscuss
their work with them. f the auditors beieve certain
matters shoud be brought to the attention ofstockhod-
ers, the auditors rst bring these matters to the atten-
tion of the audit committee.
PU1t0t. One who checks the accuracy, fairness, and
genera acceptabiity of accounting records and state-
ments and then attests to them, e.g. a Certied ubic
Accountant.
AState omcia whose duty is to examinethe accounts
of state agencies to determine if expenditures were
made in accordance with authorizations by the egisa-
ture. See olso Genera| Account|ng Off|ce.
An officer of a business who examines and veries
accounts for accuracy.
An ofcer (or omcers) of te court, assigned to state
the items of debit and credit between the parties in a
suit where accounts are in question, and exhibit the
baance. Under the Kues of Civi rocedure in many
states, the term 'master is used to describe those
persons formery known as auditors, e.g. Mass.K. Civi
. 3. See Master, Reference.
Audttor oJthe tmrest. Any of severa officers in the
ngish exchequer, who formery had the charge of
auditingthe accounts ofthe customs, nava and miitary
AUDTOR
expenses, etc., now performed by the commissioners for
auditing pubic accounts.
Auditor oJ the recei. An ofcer of the ngish ex-
chequer.
Plic ouditor. xamines account records of private
businesses for a fee.
Stote ouditor. Seerst genera denition above.
PUgmeDtut10D /ogmonteyshan/. The increase of the
crown's revenues from the suppression ofreigious hous-
es and the appropriation of their ands and revenues.
Aso te nameofacourt(nowaboished)erected 27 Hen.
V, to determine suits and controversies reating to
monasteries and abbey-ands. The court was dissoved
in the reign of Mary, but the office of augmentations
remained ong after.
A share ofthe great tithes temporariygranted to the
vicars by the appropriators, and made perpetua by
statute 29 Car. , c. 8. The word is used in a simiar
sense in the Canadian aw.
PUgmeDte e8tute. state reduced by funera and ad-
ministration expenses, homestead aowance, famiy a-
lowances, exemptions, and enforceabe caims to which
added vaue of property transferred to anyone other
than bona de purchaser and vaue of property owned
by surviving spouse at decedent's death. Uniform ro-
bate Code, 2-22.
PUgU8tu eg1OU8 80Utu D0D e8t /ogosto yjobos
so(y)wto non est. The empress or queen is not privi-
eged or exempted from subjection to the aws. 1 B.
Comm. 219.
PUu /o/. n od ngish aw, a ha, or court, the
court of a baron, or manor, a court baron. This word
was empoyed in mediava ngand aong with curio; it
was used ofthe meetings ofthe ord's men hed there in
the same way that the word court was used.
PUu e00e818 /o okyziyiy/. A nave or body of a
church wheretemporacourts were ancientyhed.
PUu teg18 /o ryjos/. (Caed aso Aulo Regio.) The
king's ha or paace. The chief court of ngand in
eary Norman times. t was estabished by Wiiam the
Conqueror in hisown ha. twas composed ofthegreat
omcers ofstate, resident in the paace, and foowed the
king's househod in a his expeditions. See olso Cur|a
reg|s.
PU10 /ok/. ertaining to a roya court.
PUDuge. See Alnager.
PUDuget. See Alnager.
PUm0De, 8etV10e U. Where ands aregiven in ams to
some church or reigious house, upon condition that a
service or prayers sha be offered at certain times for
the repose of the donor's sou.
PUDt. The sister of one's father or mother, and a rea-
tion in the tird degree, correative to niece or nephew.
PUDt 1DD1e. An arrangementwhereby a stockbroker,
with memberships on both New York Stock xchange
32
and regiona exchange, gives up part of his or her
commission on h regiona echange in consideration of
the recipient arranging to pace a trade on the New
York Stock xchange so that recipient pays forthe New
York Stock xchange trade not the reguar commission
but that amount ess the give-up on the regiona ex-
change, it is an unawfu rebate. Moses v. Burgin,
D.C.Mass., 31 .Supp. 31, 47.
PUte8 /hriyz/. A Saxon punishment by cuttingoffthe
ears, inicted on those who robbed churches, or were
guity of any other theft.
PUtUm teg1D8 /hrom rojyniy/. ueen's god. A roy-
a revenue beonging to every queen consot during her
marriage with the king.
PU8ttu1uD Ou0t. An ofcia baot on which the
names of a the candidates are printed. ts use is
accompaniedby safeguards designed to maintain secrecy
in voting. The so-caed Austraian baot aws, widey
adopted in various forms in the United States, have
generay been sustained by the courts.
PUtet /or/, uUtte tro/. L. r. Another, other.
See Autre.
PUtDeDt10 /o0entik/. Genuine, true, rea, pure, rei
abe, trustworthy, having the character and authority
ofan origina, duyvestedwith a necessaryformaities
and egay attested. Competent, credibe, and reiabe
as evidence.
PUtDeDt10 u0t. n the civi aw, an act which has been
executed before a notary or pubic ofcer authorized to
execute such functions or which is testified by a ubic
sea, or has been rendered pubic by the authority of a
competent magistrate, or which is certied as being a
copy of a pubic register.
PUtDeDt10 00Q. Acopywhich is ofsuchauthority as to
prove the form and contents of the origina from which
it is taken. See olso Authent|cat|on.
PUtDeDt10ut10D /o0ntokeyshon/. n the aw of evi-
dence, the act or mode of giving authority or ega
authenticity to astatute, record, or otherwritten instru-
ment, or a certied copy thereof, so as to render it
egay admissibe in evidence. Verifications of judg-
ments. An attestation ade by a proper officer by
which he certies that a record is in due form of aw,
and that the person who certifies it is the omcer ap-
pointed so to do. Acts done with a view of causing an
instrument to be known and identied. See olso Ver|f|-
cat|on.
Authentication ofawritingmeans(a)theintroduction
of evidence sumcient to sustain a nding that it is the
writingthatthe proponent ofthe evidence caimsitis or
m) the estabishment of such facts by any other means
provided by aw. Caif.vid.Code, 14.
The requirement of authentication as a condition
precedent to admissibiity of evidence is satised by
evidence sufcient to support a nding that the matter
in question is what its proponent caims. ed.vid.Kue
91.
188
Sel outheuttcottou. btatutes frequently provide that
in cl es ofwritings shall be received in evidence
without further proof.` The following fall into this
categoQ (1) deeds, conveyances or other instruments,
which have been acknowledged by the signers before a
notary public, (2) certied copies ofpubic records, and
(3) boo of statutes which purport to be printed by
public authority. bee ed.vid.Kule 92.
PUtDeDt10Um /o0entakam/. n theciviaw, an origina
instrument or writing, the origina of a wil or other
instrument, as distinguished from a copy.
PUtD0t. One who produces, by his own intelectua
labor applied to the materials of his composition, an
arrangement or compilation new in itsef. A beginner
or mover of anything, hence emcient cause of a thing,
creator, originator, a composer, as distinguished from
an editor, translator or compier.
PUtD0t1t1e8. Citations to constitutions, statutes, prece-
dents, judicia decisions, rues, reguations, textbooks,
articles, andthe likemade onthe argumentofquestions
oflaw (e.g. ,in briefs, motions, etc.) on the trial ofcauses
before a court, in support ofthe ega positions contend-
edfor, oradducedtofortify the opinionofacourtor ofa
text writer upon any question. Authorities may be
either primary (e.g. , statutes, court decisions, regua-
tions), or secondary (e.g. , Kestatements, treatises).
PUtD0t1t. ermission. Kight to exercise powers, to
impement and enforce laws, to exact obedience, to
command, to judge. Contro over, jurisdiction. Often
synonymous with power. The power deegated by a
principa to his agent. The awful deegation of power
by oneperson to another. ower ofagent to affect ega
relations of principa by acts done in accordance with
principal's manifestations of consent to agent. bee Ke-
statement, Second, Agency 7.
Kefers to the precedentia vaue to be accorded an
opinion of a judicia or administrative body. A court's
opinion is binding authority on other courts irecty
below it in the judicia hierarchy. Opinions of ower
courtsorofcourtsoutside thehierarchyaregovernedby
the degree to which it adheres to the doctrine of stare
decisis. See Stare dec|s|s.
Lega power, a right to command or to act, theright
andpower ofpublic ofcers to require obedience to their
orders awfuly issued in the scope oftheir public duties.
See olso Actual author|ty, Apparent author|ty, B|nd|ng
author|ty, Comm|ss|on, Competent author|ty, Construct|ve
author|ty, Contro|, Credent|a|s, lmpl|ed author|ty, Power,
Precedent, Rea| author|ty, Scope of author|ty.
Actuolexress outhortty. Actualauthority derived from
written or spoken words of principa. See olo Actua|
author|ty.
Actuol tmlted outhortty. Actua authority inferred
from words or conducted manifested to agent by princi-
pal. See olo lmpl|ed author|ty.
Aoreut outhortty. That which, though not actualy
granted, the principa knowingly permits the agent to
exercise, or which he holds him out as possessing. The
1M
power to affect the legal relations of another person by
transactions with third persons, professedly as agent for
the other, arising from and in accordance with the
other's manifestations to such third persons. Kestate-
ment, becond Agency, 8. See Authortty y toel,
elo.
Authortty y toel. Not actua, but apparent only,
beingimposed on the principabecause his conducthas
been such as to misead,sothatitwoudbe unjust to let
him deny it. See Aoreut outhortty, ooue.
Authortty couled tth ou tuterest. Authority given to
an agent for a vauabe consideration, or which forms
part of a security.
xress outhortty. That given expicity, either in writ-
ing or oray. See Express author|ty.
Ueuerol outhortty. Thatwhich authorizes the agent to
do everything connected with a particuar business. t
empowers him to bind his principa by a acts within
the scope of his empoyment, and it cannot be imited
by any private direction not known to the party deaing
with him.
1mlted outhortty. Actua authority circumstantiay
proved. Tat which the principa intends his agent to
possess, and which is impied from the principa's con-
duct. t incudes ony such acts as are incident and
necessary to the exercise of the authority expressy
granted.
1uctdeutol outhortty. Such authority as is necessary to
carry out authority which is actuay or apparenty
given, e.g. authority to borrow money carries with it as
an incidenta authority the power to sign commercia
paper to effectuate the borrowing.
1uJerred outhortty. See1uctdeutol outhortty, ooue.
1uhereut outhortty. Such power as reposes in an agent
by virtue of the agency itsef.
Ltmtted outhortty. Such authority as the agent has
when he is bound by precise instructions.
^oked outhortty. That arising where the principa de-
egates the power to the agent whoy for the benet of
the former.
Usteustle outhortty. SeeAoreut outhortty, ooue.
!esumttue outhortty. See 1mlted outhortty, ooue.
Sectolouthortty. Thatwhichis confined to an individ-
ua transaction. Such an authority does not bind the
principa, uness it is stricty pursued.
Uultmtted outhortty. That possessedby an agent when
he is eft to pursue his own discretion.
PUtD0t1ze. To empower, to give aright orauthorityto
act. To endow with authority or effective ega power,
warrant, or right. eope v. Young, 1 .App.2d 2,
241 N..2d 87, 89. To permit a thing to be done in
the future. t has a mandatory effect or meaning,
impying a direction to act.
'Authorized' is sometimes construed as equivaent to
'permitted', or 'directed', or to simiar mandatory
language. ossessed of authority, that is, possessed of
AUTHOBZE
egaorrightfu power, thesynonymofwhich is 'compe-
tency.' Doherty v. Kansas City Star Co., 143 Kan. 2,
7 .2d 43, 4.
PUtD0t1ze 0uQ1tu. See Author|zed stock |ssue.
PUtD0t1ze 8t00B 188Ue. Tota number of shares of
capita stock which charter or artices of incorporation
permits corporation to se. The shares of a casses a
domestic or foreign corporation is authorized to issue.
Kev. Mode Bus. Corp. Act, 1.4.
PUt00tu0 /otokrosiy/. The name ofan unimited mo-
narchica government. A government at thewi ofone
man (caed an 'autocrat'), unchecked by constitutiona
restrictions or imitations.
PUt0@tuQD. One's handwriting, written with one's own
hand.
PUt0mut10 8tu. mmediatey upon the ing of a vo-
untary petition under the BankruptcyCode astay arises
which generay bars a debt coection efforts against
the debtor or propertyofhis bankruptcy estate athough
the coection of postpetition debts against the debtor is
not stayed. Code 32(a). The court need not sign any
order to give rise to the stay, the mere ing of the
petition, with supporting documentation, with the cerk
is sufcient. n re Artishon, Bkrtcy.Minn., 39 K. 9,
893, Jones v. Wood (n re Wood), Bkrtcy.daho, 33 K.
32, 321.
PUt0mut18m /otomotzom/. Behavior performed in a
state ofmenta unconsciousness or dissociation without
fu awareness, i.e., somnambuism, fugues. Term is
appied to actions orconductofan individua apparenty
occurring without wi, purpose, or reasoned intention
on his part, a condition sometimes observed in persons
who, without being actuay insane, suffer from an ob-
scuration of the menta facuties, oss of voition or of
memory, or kindred affections. 'Ambuatory automa-
tism' describes the pathoogica impuse to purposeess
and irresponsibe wanderings from pace to pace often
characteristic of patients suffering from oss of memory
with dissociation of personaity. Automatism may be
asserted as a crimina defense to negate the requisite
menta state ofvountariness for commission ofacrime.
See e.g. Mode ena Code, .1.
PUt0m0O1e @Ue8t. SeeFam| | y automob||e doctr|ne, Fam-
||y purpose doctr|ne, Guest, Guest statute.
PUt0m0O1e 1D8UtuD0e. A comprehensive term which
embraces insurance coverage for a risks invoved in
owning and operating an automobie, such as persona
injury protection, property damage to another and to
the insured, re, theft and vandaism. See | nsurance.
PUt0D0m. The poitica independence ofa nation, the
right (and condition) of power of sef-government. The
negation ofastate ofpoitica inuence from without or
from foreign powers. Green v. Obergfe, 73 App.D.C.
29, 121 .2d 4, 7.
PUt0Q8 /otopsiy/. Thedissection ofadeadbodyfor the
purpose of inquiring into the cause of death. A post
mortem examination to determine the cause, seat, or
34
nature of a disease. Such is normay required by
statute for deaths by vioent, unexpained, or unnatura
means. See olso | nquest.
PUt0Qt10 eV1eD0e. An exhibit ofathingoffered before
jury as evidence to be seen through jury's own eyes.
Johnson v. State, 139 Tex.Cr.K. 279, 139 S.W.2d 79,
1. See Autopt|c proference, Demonstrat|ve ev|dence.
PUt0Qt10 Qt0eteD0e. roffering or presenting in open
court of artices for observation or inspection of the
tribuna. See Autopt|c ev|dence, Demonstrat|ve ev|-
dence.
PUt0 tDeD. A form of arceny, the subject matter of
whichisamotorvehice. Thetakingandcarryingaway
of a motor vehice from the owner or possessor with
intent to deprive him permanenty of it. The intent
distinguishes arceny from a esser offense of use with-
out authority. See olso Joyr|d| ng.
PUtte /owtro/. (r.) Another.
PUtte u0t10D QeDuDt /owtro ksiyown pondon/. n
common aw peading, another action pending. A spe-
cies of pea in abatement.
PUtte t01t /owtro dr(w)/. n right of another, e.g. , a
trustee hods trust property in right of his cestui ue
trust. A rocheiu omy sues in right of an infant. 2
B.Comm. 17.
PUtte018 /wtrofw/. L. r. Atanothertime, former-
y, before, heretofore.
PUtte018 u0QU1t /owtrofwo oky/okwt/. r. ormer-
y acquitted. The name of a pea in bar to a crimina
action, statingthat thedefendanthas been onceaready
indicted and tried for the same aeged offense and has
been acquitted. See Doub|e |eopardy.
PUtte018 uttu1Dt /owtrofwo otn/oteynt/. n crimina
aw, formeryattainted. An od ngish pea (nowobso-
ete) that the defendant has aready been attainted for
one feony, and therefore cannot be criminay prose-
cuted for another.
PUtte1018 00DV10t /owtrofwo konvkt/. r. ormery
convicted. A pea by acrimina in bar to an indictment
that he has been formery convicted ofthe same crime.
4 B.Comm. 33.
PUtte V1e /owtroviy/. Another's ife. Apersonhoding
an estate for or during the ife of another is caed a
tenant uroutre uie, 'or ur termed'outre uie. ' See
Estate pur autre v|e.
PUX11ut /ogz(iy)oriy/. Aiding, attendant on, anci-
ary (. u.J; as, an auxiiary bi in equity, an auxiiary
receiver. Synonymous with 'subsidiary.' Baker v.
eney, 233 Mo.App. 99, 12 S.W.2d 29, 29.
PUX11ut0t /ogziyeytor/. Lat. Heperorassistant, the
word is cosey reated to the ngish word auxiiary.
PUX11Um /ogziyom/. n feuda and od ngish aw,
aid, compusory aid, hence a tax or tribute, a kind of
tribute pai by the vassa to his ord, being one of the
incidents of the tenure by knight's service.
135
PUX11Um u 1Umm11tem u01eDUm et 1um mut1-
tuDum /ogziyom ad iyom motom fashiyendom t
iyam marotndom/. An ancient writ which was ad
dressed to the sheriff to evy compusoriy an aid to-
wards the knighting of a son and the marrying of a
daughter of the tenants iu coite of the crown.
PUX11Um 0ua /ogziyom kyriyiy/. n od ngish
aw, a precept or order of court citing and convening a
party, at the suit and request of another, to warrant
something.
PUX11Um teg18 /ogziyom ryjos/. n od ngish aw,
the kings aid or money evied for the roya use and the
pubic service, as taxes granted by pariament. Asubsi-
dy paid to the king.
PUX11Um V10e 00m1t1 /ogziyom vysiy komotay/. An
ancient duty paid to sheriffs.
PVu1uOe. Suitabe, useabe, accessibe, obtainabe,
present or ready for immediate use. Having sufcient
force or efcacy, effectua, vaid.
PVu1uOe 0t W0tB. To be considered 'avaiabe' for
purposes of eigibiity for unempoyment compensation,
caimant must be ready, wiing and abe to accept
either temporary or permanent suitabe empoyment at
any time y another empoyer an be actuay and
currenty attached to abor force. Craig v. Com. Unem-
poyment Compensation Bd. of Keview, a.mwth.
3, 442 A.2d 4, 42.
PVu10mutt1uge. nfeuda aw, therightofmarriage,
which the ord or guardian in chivary had of disposing
ofhisinfantward in matrimony. Aguardian in socage
had aso the same right, but not attended with the same
advantage. 2 B.Comm. 88.
PVu /ov/. n rench aw, the guarant of a bi of
exchange, socaedbecause usuay paced at the foot or
bottom (ouo0of the bi.
n Canadian aw, the act of subscribing one's signa-
ture at the bottom of a promissory note or of a bi of
exchange, propery an act of suretyship, by the party
signing, infavor ofthe party to whom the note or bi is
given.
PVuDtUte /ovont(y)r/. L. r. Chance, hazard, mis-
chance.
PVut1u,uVut1e /overiyo/. Average, the oss anddamage
suffered in the course of a navigation. See Average.
PVut10e. xcessive greed or desire for weath or gain.
PVeDuge. Acertainquantity ofoatspaidby atenantto
his andord as rent, or in ieu of some other duties.
PVeDtUte, or uVeDtUte /o(d)venchor/. A mischance
causing the death of a man, as where a person u
suddeny drowned or kied by any accident, without
feony.
PVet /ovor/, u. U peading, to decare or assert, to set
out distincty and formay, to aege. See ol Aver-
ment.
nodpeading, to avouch or verify, to make or prove
true, to make good orjustify a pea.
ANA
PVet /eyvor/, u. n od ngish and rench, property,
substance, estate and particuary ive stock or catte,
hence a working beast, a horse or buock.
Auer com. A rent reserved to reigious houses, to be
paid in corn. Corn drawn by the tenant's catte.
Auer loud. n feuda aw, and powed by the tenantfor
the proper use of the ord of the soi.
Auereuuy. Money paid towards the king's averages or
carriages, and so to be freed thereof.
Auer siluer. A custom or rent formery so caed.
PVetu /ovro/ A day's work of a poughman, formery
vaued at eight pence.
PVetuge. A mean proportion, media sum or quantity,
made out of unequa sums or quantities. Brisendine v.
Skousen Bros., 48 Ariz. 41, 2 .2d 32, 329. n ordi-
nary usage the term signies the mean between two or
more quantities, measures, or numbers. f appied to
somethingwhich is incapabe ofexpression in terms of
measure or amount, it signies that the thing or person
referred to is of the ordinary or usua type.
n maritime aw, oss or damage accidentay happen-
ing to a vesse or to its cargo during a voyage. Aso a
smadutypaidto mastersofships, whengoodsare sent
in another man's ship, for their care of the goods, over
and above the freight. See subdenitions beow.
n od ngish aw, a service by horse or carriage,
ancienty dueby atenant to his ord. Aabor orservice
performed with working catte, horses, or oxen, or with
wagons and carriages.
Ueuemloueroge. Acontributionby thesevera interests
engaged in a maritime venture to make good the oss of
one of them for the vountary sacrice of a part of the
ship orcargoto save the residue ofthe property and the
ives of those on board, or for extraordinary expenses
necessariy incurred for the common benefit and safety
of a. The aw of genera average is part of the mari-
time aw, and not of the municipa aw, and appies to
maritime adventures ony. Kai v. Troop, 17 U.S. 38,
1 S.Ct. 7, 39 L.d. 742.
Uross oueroge. More commony caed 'genera aver-
age' . u.. Where oss or damage occurs to a vesse or
its cargo at sea, oueroge is the adjustment and appor-
tionment of such oss between the owner, the freight,
and the cargo, in proportion to their respective interests
and osses, in order that one may not suffer the whoe
oss, but each contribute rataby.
Porticulor oueroge is a oss happening to the ship,
freight, or cargowhich is not to be shared by contribu-
tion among a those interested, but must be borne by
the owner of the subject to which it occurs. t is thus
caed in contradistinction to geuemlaverage.
Petty oueroge denotes such charges and disbursements
as, according to occurrences and the custom of every
pace, the master necessariyfurnishesforthe benetof
the ship and cargo, either at the pace of oading or
unoading, or on the voyage, such as the hire of a piot
for conducting a vessefrom one pace to another, tow-
AVEBAGE
age, light money, beaconage, anchorage, bridge toll,
quarantine and such like.
Stmleouemgeis thesame as 'particularaverage' (.u.J.
PVetu@e 0uU8e. A clause providing that similar items
in one location orat several locations which are covered
by one insurance policy shall each be covered in the
proportion that the value in each bears to the value in
al!
PVetu@e u1 OuuD0e. Average amount ofmoney that
a depositor keeps on deposit in a bank, or average
balance on which nance charge is computed on con-
sumer credit account, on any given day.
PVetu@e muD te8t. Used to determine bias of prospec-
tive juror who asserts that he is without prejdice but
who is so connected with case that ordinary man under
circumstances would be biased without recognition of
his prejudice. U. S. v. Haynes, C.A.Conn., 398 .2d 98,
984.
PVetu@1D@ UQ or 0WD. ractice of purchasing the
same security at different price levels, thus realizing a
higher or lower average cost than the rst purchase.
P VetO18 e@18 D0D e8t te0eDeDUm /ey vrbis lis
non est rosndndom/. The words ofastatute must not
be departed from. A court is not at liberty to disregard
the letter of a statute, in favor of a supposed intention.
P Vet118 0uQt18 U W1tDemum /ovriyos kptos n
wornom/. n old nglish pleading, a writ granted to
one whose cattle were unlawfully distrained by another
and driven out of the county in which they were taken,
so that they could not be replevied by the sheriff.
PVet1Um /ovriyom/. Lat. Goods, property. Abeast of
burden.
PVetmeDt /ovrmont/. n pleading, to allege or assert
positively. All averments in pleadings are required to
be smple, concise, and direct. ed.K. Civil . 8(e).
n old pleading, an offer to prove a plea, or pleading.
The concluding part of a plea, replication, or other
pleading, containing new afrmative matter, by which
the party offers or declares himself 'ready to uertJy."
PVettute /avoreriy/. n feudal law, a duty required
from some customarytenants, to carrygoods in awagon
or upon loaded horses.
PVet810 /ovrz(h)(iy)ow/. nthecivil law, an averting or
turning away. A term applied to a species of sale in
gross or bulk.
Letting a house altogether, instead of in chambers.
PVetUm /ovrom/ . Goods, property, substance, a beast
of burden.
PV1u /eyviyo/. n the civil law, a grandmother.
PV1ut10U8 yviytokos/. n the civil law, a grandson.
PV1ut10D P0t. ederal law that created ederal A via-
tion Agency (AA) which is responsibleforregulationof
aviation including aircraft safety, aircraft marking, etc.
See Federa| Av|at|on Adm|n|strat|on.
36
P V1D0U0 mutt1m0D11 /ey vkyolow matromowniyay/.
Lat. rom the bond ofmatrimony. A term descriptive
ofakind ofdivorce, which effects a complete dissolution
of the marriage contract. See D|vorce.
PV00ut /avowk/. r. An advocate, a barrister.
PV00ut10D /avokeyshon/. A calling away, a diversion,
suggesting idea ofsmaller affairs of life, or subordinate
or occasional employments, or hobbies, as distinguished
from one's ordinary or principal occupation.
P V01. To annul, cancel, make void, to destroy the
efcacy of anything. To evade, esca
e.
PV01uOe 00D8eQUeD0e8 00tt1De. Doctrine imposes
duty on person injured to minimize damages. Baglio v.
N. Y.CentralK. Co., 344 Mass. 14, 18 N..2d 798. The
general rule relating to duty of party who has been
wrongedby breach ofcontractto mitigate damages, t.e.
to not sit idly by and allow damages to accumulate.
Kestatement, Second, Contracts, 3. This doctrine
provides that one injured by tort of another is not
entitled to recover damagesfor any harm that he could
have avoided by use of reasonable effort. lowers v.
DistrictofColumbia,D.C.App.,478A.2d 173, 177. See
olso M|t|gat|on of damages.
PV01uD0e. A making void, useless, empty, or of no
effect, annulling, cancelling, escaping or evading. See
olso Evas|on.
n pleading, the allegation or statement of new mat-
ter, in opposition to aformer pleading, which, admitting
the facts alleged in such former pleading, shows cause
why they should not have their ordinary legal effect.
ed.K. Civil . 8(c). See olo Aff|rmat|ve defense, Con-
fess|on and avo|dance.
PV01uD0e 0 tuX. See8 avo|dance.
PV01tUQ018 /avord(y)uwpoyz/. The name of a system
of weights (sixteen ounces to te pound) used in weigh-
ing articles other than medicines, metals, and precious
stones, so named in distinction from the Troy weight.
PV0U0Det /ovwchor/. The calling upon a warrantor of
lands to fulll his undertaking. See Voucher.
PV0Ue /vuwey/. nrenchandCanadianlaw,abarris-
ter, advocate, solicitor, or attorney. An ofcer charged
with representing and defending parties before the tri-
bunal to which he is attached.
P V0W /ovw/. n pleading, to acknowledge and justify
an act done. To make an avowry. See Avowa|, Avowq,
Just|f|cat|on.
PV0Wu / ovwol/. An open declaration. urpose is to
enable the court to nowwhatthe witness would have
stated in answer to the question propounded, and to
inform the court what the interrogator would prove
contrary to the testimony given at thetria! See Offer of
proof.
PV0WuDt. One who makes an avowry.
PV0Wt /ovwry/. A common law pleading in the ac-
tion of replevin, by which the defendant ouos, that is,
acknowledges and justies the taking of the distress or