ASSIGNMENT Export import garment in india And World trade organization(WTO),GATT

SUBMITTED TO:Dr. ANIL ARORA

SUBMITTED BY:ROHIT KUMAR GUPT ROLL No. 13 GMT-4

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What is export import

Import export businesses, also known as international trading, are one of the hottest commercial trends of this decade. American companies trade in over 2.5 trillion dollars a year in merchandise, of which small businesses control over 95 percent. The project Import Export aims to explore the dynamics of mutual perception in the age of globalization. Which individuals, cultural products, ideologies and consumer goods shape the knowledge of each other - or what is taken foreknowledge? India and German-speaking Europe are connected through a long and complex sometimes even contradictory history of mutual attributions, images, clichs and phantasms. For Import Export, we have put up an imaginary screen, which is used by both sides to project their reciprocal perception of the other as well as to reflect self-images and characterizes the relationship between the two cultural areas.

The garments industry in India is one of the best in the world. An extremely well organized sector, garment manufacturers, exporters, suppliers, stockiest and wholesalers are the gateway to an extremely enterprising clothing and apparel industry in India. There are numerous garments exporters, garments manufacturers; readymade garments exporters etc. both in the small scale as well as large scale. During April-December 1999-2000, textile exports were recorded as US $ 9735.2 million (Rs.440179.4 million), of which readymade garments comprised nearly 40%. Interestingly, almost of India's total exports goes to the USA.

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SIndian readymade garments and textiles are extremely popular the world over. In fact, exports of readymade garments registered a 6.4% increase in dollar terms and an 11.6% increase in rupee terms during the period April-December 1999-2000, despite a sluggish growth in income both at home and abroad. Indian Garment export growth during April-June 1998 for woolen readymade garments was a phenomenal 150%, for readymade garments made of silk it was 58%, and for other readymade garments it was 39%, in dollar terms.

Textile Manufacturers & Exporters

Jayalakshmi Associates - A Lakshmi Machine Works based Socks Manufacturing/Exporting Unit Magnum clothing Pvt. Ltd. - Exporter Of Readymade Garments Magraa Associates - Manufactures world class fashion accessories like- Button,Buckles,Cord Ends, Badges, Zip- Pullers and Trimmings for Garments, Leather Goods and Foot Wear. Manmandir Handlooms - Manmandir Handlooms, expertise in cotton and cotton based saris like kora cotton, poly cotton, silk cotton and exclusive fancy cotton saris. Margadarsi Apparels - Sells high fashion high quality ladies and mens officewear partywear formalwear eveningwear casualwear garments / apparels Meenakshi Apparels - We are leading manufacturers and exporters of fashion apparels and are located in Chennai, India. MG Exports - A leading manufacturer and supplier of customised high-technology equipment spares for the textile industry within a framework of time.

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distributors of speciality chemicals from Ciba and Piscean Chemicals, Singapore. Vijayeswari Textiles Limited - A major Exporter of Yarn, Apparels and Woven fabric is looking for partners in the Textile Industry to increase World Wide MarketShare. Visaka Industries - Visaka is acclaimed as the biggest Unit with MTS installation in the world. Wooltop Weaves - A Leading Suppliers of STRAIGHT WOVENS,CURTAINS,THROWS,CUSHION COVERS,etc.

Import Export Cultural Transfer between India and Germany.

A trans-disciplinary research and culture project by Werkleitz Gesellschaft e.V. (Halle/Saale), House of World Cultures (Berlin), Majlis (Mumbai) and DeEgo (Vienna). The project Import Export aims to explore the dynamics of mutual perception in the age of globalisation. Which individuals, cultural products, ideologies and consumer goods shape the knowledge of each other or what is taken for knowledge? India and German-speaking Europe are connected through a long and complex sometimes even contradictory history of mutual attributions, images, clichs and phantasms. For Import Export, we have put up an imaginary screen, which is used by both sides to project their reciprocal perception of the other as well as to reflect self-images and characterises the relationship between the two cultural areas. What is a good way to build up a successful business from nothing and have fun doing it? The import/export business may be your answer. Not only does it require little financial investment to start, but it offers the prestige of working with clients from all over the world. You don't need
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previous experience in the field, but you should have a good head for organizing. Fulfilling a successful import/export business requires constant attention to little details. As you progress in the business, many factors become obvious and easy to handle. For example, you'll need to find a person to handle shipments, called a freight forwarder. And you'll need to create solid contacts and strong relationships with reliable suppliers. But after a short time, you can be well on your way to making a sizeable income - with a very low overhead.

HOW IT WORKS
Of all the manufacturers in the United States, only a small percentage distribute goods outside of North America. The goods that do find foreign markets are exports. On the other hand, anything that is manufactured outside the country and brought in for sale, is imported. Although it seems obvious that all manufacturers would want a worldwide market, it is not easy for a company that is limited in its scope and abilities. That's where you come in. An import/export agent is a matchmaker. Manufacturers of domestic goods seek foreign distribution; foreign manufacturers want a United States market. You need to find them, make a solid connection, and establish a business relationship with these companies.

THE BASICS
You can start your import/export business at home with a telephone. You'll need a file system, business cards, and a machine to answer the phone calls. Once you get going, you'll want a cable address or a telex hook-up. And you'll need a classy letterhead. Until you establish personal contacts, it is your letterhead that represents you. Make it look professional, possibly embossed or two-color, or gold leafed. Have it
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printed on light-weight paper for airmail correspondence, but don't have airmail envelopes printed. You'll have a lot of domestic correspondence too. More than office equipment, you need the determination to make it work. It will be slow at first, and you'll need to plan your moves, make contacts and SELL YOURSELF. But once you make a few sales and sign several exclusive contracts worth money, you'll know your dedication was worthwhile.

MAKING CONTACTS
The most important step in setting up your business is finding the contacts. You may have relatives in a foreign country; you may have frequently visited and established business relationships in a country. Or, you might just have a feeling for what will sell where. A person who keeps well-informed in the business world can pick up and ride the crest of worldwide trends. Foreign consulates located in the United States have commercial attaches who want to establish outlets in the U.S., and they're a good place to start. Sometimes these consulates can help you find indices of their own import/ export enterprises. The United States embassies abroad are another place to find contacts for commercial distribution. They can help you find out about a company's solvency and reputation. Another way to establish contacts is through the Chambers of Commerce of every city you are aiming for. ANALYZE THE MARKET Keep informed. Read everything you can find about world trade. Look at trade publications, international newspapers, news magazines, and financial reports. Who is selling what to whom? Although the market for

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American-made airplanes is sewn up, there are thousands of medium to small sized manufacturers in every state of the union. You can get goods to sell, but you have to be sure to study where they are in demand and can get the price to make exportation viable. Your questionnaires will tell you what further and read the journals published by that country - and many are available in English. Do these publications confirm the desire for certain products? WHERE TO FIND HELP Establish a good business relationship with a local bank that handles international business. Your personal banker will follow through on the actual foreign transactions, and will help keep your credit afloat. In fact, that is one of the best factors about an import/ export business. Aside from office supplies and correspondence, or possible business trips, you need no personal cash outlay. All you need is good credit and a good reputation. MAKING CONNECTIONS As you continue your correspondence with foreign companies, build up a good rapport with their representatives. Pin down a few companies perhaps in the same country or similar territory - to their exact needs. What are the two or three products most in demand? Consider their methods of distribution. You may be able to work directly with a wholesaler of an overseas importing company. Your commission will be lower, but you won't need to handle as many particulars, and they will take care of distribution

GETTING THE GOODS

There are hundreds of American manufacturers with limited distribution looking for an overseas market. Exporting their goods is the place to start your business.
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You have many selling qualities for convincing the manufacturers to engage you as the sole export agent. You have foreign contacts and know the demand for specific goods. You will handle the sale, the paperwork, the money, all shipping, customs, and foreign distribution.

MAKING AN AGREEMENT
Once you have agreed to represent the manufacturer as the export agent, you need to have a written and signed contract to bind this agreement. Your attorney should be the one to draw up this contract - later you can just use the same one, substituting names of other manufacturers. Basically, the contract is between the manufacturer and you as the export representative. You are granted exclusive rights to distribute goods to all countries except those they already distribute in. The manufacturer will pay you the specific commission quoted to the distributors on top of the price of goods. The company will also provide catalogs and samples for your use in distribution.

THE SALE
You've made your contacts with foreign distributors who will buy the merchandise. You have a signed contract with an American manufacturer that will deliver the goods. Perhaps one of the distributors now asks for a firm quotation on the price of a certain amount of goods. You go to the manufacturer and get a price quotation on the quantity of goods. It should be valid for a certain stated period. The manufacturer may agree to deliver the goods to the ship, handling the freight to that point, or you may need to make arrangements from the factory.

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OF TERMS SHIPPING
You will become more familiar with the terms of shipping used in quoting prices and delivering goods as you gain experience. Your responsibilities vary with the terms of the agreements and orders. Check with your freight forwarder to be clear about your responsibilities. A bill of lading is a receipt for goods shipped. It is signed by the agent of a ship or common carrier and assures the buyer that the goods were unloaded in the same condition as they were accepted. These are the documents you'll need to produce for your banker to release the letter of credit.

MAKING IT WORK
The import/export business is a high profit enterprise. Because of the low overhead, most of the money you make on commission is yours. But building a truly profitable business requires dedication and a good knowledge of the business.You need numerous contacts who know you, respect you, and can recommend your work. You need to have good agents both here and abroad to help you follow through on the delivery of the goods. You need a good working relationship with your own bank and possibly the others that letters of credit come into as branch transfers from foreign offices. Don't be hasty for orders. Investigate the manufacturers and distributors to be sure the products and sales methods are reputable. Check out the particulars of shipping and manufacturing from the foreign country. Each culture works in a specific manner. Get to know how to work with those people. The import/export business is not for everyone. But it is a personal operation that you can run yourself - you don't have to answer to anybody. The rewards of negotiating in a foreign country are excitement, a touch of the exotic, and the great profit potentials. When you make the proper contacts and follow through completely with

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reputable manufacturers, reliable shipping companies, and responsible distributors, you have it made.

India importers
Dat HS e Code India Importers Name City Product Description Port of Country of Destinati Origin on Delhi TKD CHINA ICD Ass'ble Value in INR(RS) Ass'ble Value QTY in USD Unit Uni Rate t (INR) MT 28.89 R

01Jan SUN GLOBAL 590700 GARMENTS 12 200 PVT. LTD. 5 01Jan 482110 L.M. 10 APPARELS 200 5 01Jan 482110 FASHION 10 WEARS 200 5 01Jan 580710 L.M.SAGAR 10 EXPORTS 200 5

NEW DELHI

FLOCK FABRICS

21390.08 486.14 740.500

NEW DELHI

STICKERS (GARMENTS ACCESSORIES)

Delhi Air

HONG KONG

86249.76

1960.2 96000.0 PCS 0.90 2 00

NEW DELHI

LABELS (GARMENTS ACCESSORIES)

Delhi Air

HONG KONG

26397.36 599.94

19800.0 PCS 1.33 00

NEW DELHI

LABELS (GARMENTS ACCESSORIES)

Delhi Air

HONG KONG

61765.54

1403.7 64800.0 PCS 0.95 6 00

01Jan 560890 DELFIN NEW 90 ENTERPRISES DELHI 200 5 01Jan KITEX 580639 GARMENTS 99 200 LTD. 5 02Jan 630900 MEMON 00 OVERSEAS 200 6 03TEXPORT Jan 580639 INDUSTRIES 90 PRIVATE 200 LIMITED 6 03Jan CRAFTED 845229 CLOTHING 00 200 PVT LTD. 6

GROSGRAIN TAPE (GARMENTS ACCESSORIES)

Delhi Air

CHINA

42635.74 968.99

7800.00 YDS 5.47 0

N/A

FABRICS (VELCRO) Cochin Air CHINA

99586.00

2263.3 70.000 2

KG 1422.6 S 6

DELHI OLD,

USED ASSORTED GARMENTS COMPLETELY PRE FUMIGATED MESH LACE WITH BEADS & SEQUINS 1CM

Calcutta Sea

KOREA,REPUB 1310566. 28898. 47688.0 KG 27.48 LIC OF 38 93 00 S

MUMBAI,

Bombay Air

CHINA

37981.41 837.52 656.000 YDS 57.90

JUKI BRAND INDL SEWING M/C MHKARNATA 481U SINGLE Madras KA NEEDLE Sea CHAINSTITCHMACH INE CO RIVET FOR LEATHER GARMENTS

SINGAPORE

96187.35

2121.0 1.000 0

SET

96187. 35

03Jan PUNIHANI 731823 NEW INTERNATION 00 DELHI 200 AL 5

Delhi Air

TAIWAN

15189.08 345.21 120.000

GR 126.58 S

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India exporters
Date HS Code India Exporter Name City Product Description Country of Port of Destination Origin F.O.B Value in Value QTY INR (RS) (US$) Unit Unit Rate (INR)

02Jan50079000 Not Available 200 4

Not Available

Silk MUPS (Stoles) SS NO J Spain 124 Size 70x 180 CMS Indian Artistic Handicrafts Of brass art Wares Nickel Plated and Silver Candle Holder L Leather Wallets (Trifold, Wallets Pocketsecretary , Wallets

Bombay

17,667

$ 389 56

PCS 315.47

02Jan74191029 M/s Fairdeal International Moradabad 200 4

Israel

Delhi

21,247

$ 468 60

PCS 354.12

02Jan42023120 Chee Brothers (P)Ltd. 200 4

Calcutta

United States

Calcutta

49516

$ 500 1091

PCS 99.03

02Jan94036000 Not Available 200 4

Not Available

A-172 Artistic Wooden Furniture / Handcar Afts item Greece packed in plastic & paper Mate Rail Coffee Table Silk M/UPS Embd & United W/W out Arab Metalised Yarn Silk Emirates PTD Sarees J-123 Kraft Paper & Card Board other Than Ivory board

JNPT

16,017

$ 353 12

PCS 1334.76

02Jan50072010 Jay kay International 200 4 02Jan02023000 Not Available 200 4 05Jan42022230 Aarbur 200 4

Bombay

Bombay

234,244

$ 118 5160

PCS 1985.12

Mumbai

Angola

JNPT

$0

0.1

MTS 0.00

Calcutta

Jute bag

Turkey

Calcutta

756,076

$ 16,65 31015 PCS 24.38 4

13JanINDIRA EXPORTS PVT. 62052000 200 LIMITED., 4

(M.P)

100%COTTON YARN DYED WOVEN SPAIN POWERLOOM BOYS SHIRTS ITALY

Bombay Air

158125.00

3482. 624.00 PCS 253.41 93 0

13- 62142090 Not Available Jan-

1-TOLSTOY MARG , HANDLOOM NATURAL SILK

Calcutta

55687.50

1226.

99.000 PCS 562.50

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200 4

MADEUPS MIXED WITHWOOL (SHAWL)SILK 30%

Air

60

13JanLTS PLASTICS (INDIA) 39232910 200 PRIVATE LIMITED 4 13JanA. V. M. EXPORTERS 62041200 200 IMPORTERS 4

24 PARGANAS(N

P P BAG

UNITED Calcutta KINGDOM Sea

1352478.50

2979 22000. PCS 61.48 0.28 000

ANDHERI (E) MUMBAI,

RMG:100% P/L WOVEN LADIES DRESS

UNITED Bombay ARAB Air EMIRATES

398044.51

8767. 835.00 PCS 476.7 5 0

13JanENDRESS + HAUSER 90269000 AURANGABAD 200 FLOWTEC (INDIA) PVT. LT 4

FLOWMETERS 50098566 KIT Bombay P.S.B.PMASS 40/8X THAILAND Air 20 55AC16 62 DC EX

10581.21

233.0 1.000 PCS 10581.21 7

13Jan85438999 Not Available 200 4 13Jan63079013 Not Available 200 4 13JanBRASS COPPER ALLOY 85369090 200 (INDIA) LIMITED 4 13Jan57023110 SHAHKAR RUGS 200 4

BANGALORE,

SOLAR LANTERN (5W)

OMAN

Bombay Air

2043.00

45

1.000 NOS 2043

BANGALORE

MADE-UPSCUSHION NEW ZEA COVERS LAND

Bombay Air

53118.00

1170

780.00 PCS 68.1 0

BANK,

TINNED COPPER TERMINALS ENDS

QATAR

Bombay Sea

134844.72

2970. 663.75 KGS 203.16 15 0

BHADOHI

INDIAN HANDKNOTTED SPAIN WOOLLEN CARPETS [33PCS]

JNPT

70064.29

1543. 52.600 SQM 1332.02 27

13JanAL-CAN EXPORTS PVT. 76081000 200 LTD. 4

BHAYANDER(E)

EXTRUDED ALUMINIUM PRODUCTS VIZ ALUMINIU UNITED M Bombay ARAB BOTTLES/CYLINDERS Air EMIRATES : 100 L EMPTY OXYGEN CYLINDER WI

9363.77

206.2 10.000 SET 936.38 5

13JanORIENT PAPER AND 63052000 200 INDUSTRIES LIMITED, 4

BHUBANESWAR,

PUBLICITY MATERIAL SUDAN FREE OF COST CAPS

Delhi TKD 200.00 ICD

4.41 10.000 NOS 20.00

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WTO AND GATT

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an important selective international organization designed by its founders to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on 1 January 1995, under the Marrakesh Agreement, succeeding the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which had functioned as a de facto international organization.The World Trade Organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalising trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986-1994). The organization is currently endeavouring to persist with a trade negotiation called the Doha Development Agenda (or Doha Round), which was launched in 2001 to enhance equitable participation of poorer countries which represent a majority of the world's population.

ITO and GATT 194

Harry Dexter White (l) and John Maynard Keynes at the Bretton Woods Conference Both economists had been strong advocates of a liberal international trade environment, and recommended the establishment of three institutions: the IMF (fiscal and monetary issues), the World Bank (financial and structural issues), and the ITO (international economic cooperation)The WTO's predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established after World War II in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation - notably the Bretton Woods institutions known as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. A comparable international institution for trade, named the International Trade Organization was successfully negotiated. The ITO was to be a United Nations specialized agency and would address not only trade barriers but other issues indirectly related to trade, including employment, investment, restrictive business practices, and commodity agreements. But the ITO treaty was not approved by the United States and a few other signatories and never went into effect. In the absence of an international organization for trade, the GATT would over the years "transform itself" into a de facto international organization.

Agreements
The WTO oversees about 60 different agreements which have the status of international legal texts. Member countries must sign and ratify all WTO agreements on accession. A list of WTO agreements can be found here A discussion of some of the most important agreements follows.

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Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)

The Agreement on Agriculture came into effect with the establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995. The AoA has three central concepts, or "pillars": domestic support, market access and export subsidies.

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

The General Agreement on Trade in Services was created to extend the multilateral trading system to service sector, in the same way the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provides such a system for merchandise trade. The Agreement entered into force in January 1995

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement(TRIPs)

The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994.

Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) Agreement

The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures - also known as the SPS Agreement was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995.Under the SPS agreement, the WTO sets constraints on members' policies relating to food safety (bacterial contaminants, pesticides, inspection and labelling) as well as animal and plant health (imported pests and diseases).

Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade is an international treaty of the World Trade Organization. It was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO at the end of 1994.The object ensures that technical negotiations and standards, as well as testing and certification procedures, do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade".

Principles of the trading system

The WTO establishes a framework for trade policies; it does not define or specify outcomes. That is, it is concerned with setting the rules of the trade policy games. Five principles are of particular importance in understanding both the pre-1994 GATT and the WTO:

Non-Discrimination. It has two major components: the most favoured nation (MFN) rule,
and the national treatment policy. Both are embedded in the main WTO rules on goods, services, and intellectual property, but their precise scope and nature differ across these areas.

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Binding and enforceable commitments. The tariff commitments made by WTO members
in a multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a schedule (list) of concessions

Trade Negotiations Committee

The Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) is the committee that deals with the current trade talks round. The chair is WTOs director-general. The committee is currently tasked with the Doha Development Round.

Voting system
The WTO operates on a one country, one vote system, but actual votes have never been taken. Decision making is generally by consensus, and relative market size is the primary source of bargaining power. The advantage of consensus decision-making is that it encourages efforts to find the most widely acceptable decision. Main disadvantages include large time requirements

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