Drying of processes materials

OBJECTIVES
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO :
UNDERSTAND THE DRYING PRINCIPLES, DYING METHODS

DESCRIBE TYPE OF DRYERS

Drying application

DEFINITION
DRYING?

FROM SOLID MATERIAL

DEFINITION?

DRYING METHOD
HOW CAN WATER/OTHERS LIQUIDS BE REMOVED FROM SOLIDS?

THERMAL
MECHANICAL

DRIED SUBSTANCE
BONE-DRY PRODUCT CONTAIN NO LIQUID DRIED TABLE SALT 0.5 % H2O

DRIED SUBSTANCE
Drying as a preservation technique (biological materials, esp food)
< 10 % wt water contentMicroorganisms are not active Typically < 5% wt water content to preserve flavor & nutrition

SOLID PARTICLES TO BE DRIED

MANY DIFFERENT FORMS :

LIQUID (SUSPENDED SOLID)

SOLUTION

EXAMPLES

TYPES OF POLYMERS 1. Wet powders, where the particles have been formed; PVC (Polyvinyl chloride), ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), HDPE (High density polyethylene), PP (Polypropylene or polypropene) , PAN (Poly(acrylonitrile) 2. Emulsions and solutions, where the particles are formed during the drying process; EVA (Ethylene-vinyl-acetate), PMMA (Poly(methyl methacrylate), PVA (Polyvinyl acetate), Acrylic Resins, Paraformaldehyde.

Ref : http://www.niro.dk/ndk_website/NIRO/cmsdoc.nsf/WebDoc/ndkk5hvjg9PolymerDrying
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GENERAL DRYING METHOD

Batch

Material inserted into the drying equipment and drying proceeds for a given time period of time Material continuously added to the dryer Dried material continuously removed

Continuous

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GENERAL DRYING METHOD

Physical condition used to add heat & remove water vapor :

1. Direct contact with heated air at atmospheric pressure 2. Vacuum drying (low pressure) & heat flow indirectly (in contact with metal wall or radiation) 3. Freeze drying, water is sublimed from frozen material

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CLASSIFICATION OF DRYERS
CONTINUOUS OR BATCH AGITATION/UNAGITATION SOLID IS EXPOSED TO :

DIRECT CONTACT WITH HOT GAS EXTERNAL MEDIUM (CONDENSING STEAM)

HEATED BY DIELECTRIC/RADIANT/MICROWAVE

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CLASSIFICATION OF DRYERS
ADIABATIC OR DIRECT DRYERS
SOLIDS ARE EXPOSED TO HOT GAS

NONADIABATIC OR INDIRECT DRYERS

HEAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM EXTERNAL MEDIUM

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SOLID HANDLING IN DRYER

Gas flow across a static bed of solids

Gas passing through a bed of preformed solids

Showering action in a rotary dryer

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SOLID HANDLING IN DRYER

Fluidized solids bed

Cocurrent gas-solid flow in a pneumatic-conveyer flash dryer

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DRYING EQUIPMENT

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DRYING EQUIPMENT

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Tray Dryers
1. In tray dryers, the food is spread out, generally quite thinly, on trays in which the drying takes place. 2. Heating may be by an air current sweeping across the trays, by conduction from heated trays or heated shelves on which the trays lie, or by radiation from heated surfaces. 3. Most tray dryers are heated by air, which also removes the moist vapours.

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Continuous Tunnel Dryers

1. Developments of the tray dryer : the trays on trolleys move through a tunnel where the heat is applied and the vapours removed. 2. In most cases, air is used in tunnel drying and the material can move through the dryer either parallel or counter current to the air flow. 3. Sometimes the dryers are compartmented, and cross-flow may also be used.
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Roller or Drum Dryers

1. In these the food is spread over the surface of a heated drum. 2. The drum rotates, with the food being applied to the drum at one part of the cycle. 3. The food remains on the drum surface for the greater part of the rotation, during which time the drying takes place, and is then scraped off. 4. Drum drying may be regarded as conduction drying.

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Spray Dryers
1. Liquid or fine solid material in a slurry is sprayed in the form of a fine droplet dispersion into a current of heated air. 2. Air and solids may move in parallel or counterflow. 3. Drying occurs very rapidly, so that this process is very useful for materials that are damaged by exposure to heat for any appreciable length of time. 4. The dryer body is large so that the particles can settle, as they dry, without touching the walls on which they might otherwise stick. 5. Commercial dryers can be very large of the order of 10 m diameter and 20 m high.

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FIND THE INFORMATION

Analyse the advantages & disadvantages of the following type of dryers : 1. Tray driers 2. Rotary driers 3. Spray Driers 4. Freeze dryer

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REFERENCES
Books : 1. Geankoplis C. J., Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003. McCabe W. M., Smith J. C. and Harriott P., Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th Ed., McGraw Hill, 2005.

2.

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THANK YOU.

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