PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

NH-7, Pachal, Namakkal 637 018.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Paper presentation on
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

Submitted by, T.Vijayashankar P.Vignesh (PreFinal Year)

Contact us:

shankar13tvs@gmail.com - 9865880577 vigneshcool777@gmail.com - 7418741369

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

ABSTRACT

Throwing light towards Earthquake Resistant Design is the ultimate goal of our paper. The most pronounced fact is that Buildings are the Worst Killers than the Earthquake. Unlike the past when the earthquakes were rare, now India and other parts of the world are prone to frequent earthquakes. Neglecting earthquake hazards in the design of buildings will not be fair designing. So we aimed at projecting the applicable techniques in design of a structure, which can sustain against the seismic waves, which roots from Earthquake. At first we commence with earthquake analysis grasping the method of dynamic analysis through time history and response spectrum method. The path leads to causes of Earthquake, transfer of seismic waves into the structure. Structural techniques concerned with the structural elements such as beams, columns, beam column integrity, boundary elements, hidden & reduced beams have been discussed. Generalized design concepts like short column effect; beam column design and inverse pendulum effect are also encountered. By considering these features we aimed at bringing a better structural integrity with desirable features. Keeping cost effectiveness in mind; instead of discarding the structure, rehabilitant measure with epoxy resin injection also have its position. With specific consideration to skyscrapers, we have reported some provision corresponding to bearings, dampers, and foundation isolation techniques. Special concern has to be given while designing shells, domes and other curved structures and hence this path leads to usage of pretension elements. A collection of these design details have been updated and fetched first in national level paper presentations and report submission. Our presentation will be enumerated through a dynamic model of a multistory building, explaining each and every concept mentioned as above with few design details. In short we cant fight against the earthquake altogether, but can bring down the damage from collapsible to non-collapsible range, since it is not only a life concerned thing, but a structural challenge too.

INTRODUCTION
The worst of all natural disasters, earthquake have become more pronounced and have climbed a large number of lives from the start of the history. This is a subject of growing concern among civil engineers and architects. This paper involves the various techniques that can be adapted to make the buildings more resistant to the earthquakes, this is important because it is not the earthquake that kills the people but it is the buildings they live in, so some kind of design specification has to be followed while designing and constructing the buildings. In short these are a collection of structural details that are pointed towards seismic resistant structures.

EARTHQUAKE AND SEISMIC ENERGY

Earthquake is a violent shaking of the Earth when large Elastic Strain Energy released spreads out through seismic waves and through the body and along the surface of the Earth, and due to the Elastic Rebound Theory the process of strain build-up at this modified interface between the rocks starts all over again.

Earthquake Forces Analysis Determination of design earthquake forces is computed as follows: Equivalent static lateral loading Dynamic Analysis The basic principle of design of earthquake resistant structures is by

Enhancing the ductility (rotation capacity) of the structural members. Increasing the energy dissipation capacity of the structure. If the structure is designed to have the above-mentioned properties, the induced seismic forces are considerably reduced resulting in an economical structure with the added advantage of reduced probability of collapse of the structural system. Typical structural systems, which are generally used to resist earthquakes, are Ductile moment resistant space frame. Dual system (Ductile moment resisting frame & Ductile flexural (shear) wall)

Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design seismic force, and its distribution to different levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral load-resisting elements, for the regular and irregular buildings. Regular buildings: Those greater than 40m heights in zones IV and V, and those greater than 90m in height in zones II and III. Irregular buildings: All framed buildings higher than 12m in zones IV and V, and those greater than 40m in height in zones II and III. Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the Time History Method or by the Response Spectrum Method. In either method, all the response quantities like member

forces, displacements, storey forces, storey shears and base reactions are taken into account and the design base shear shall be compared with the base shear calculated using a fundamental period. Time history method of analysis is performed using accepted principles of dynamics based on the appropriate ground motion. Response spectrum method of analysis is performed using a site-specific design spectrum value.

Dynamics analysis of building is carried out including the strength and stiffness effects if infill and inelastic deformations in the members, particularly, those in the soft storey, and the members designed accordingly.
. The further most advanced path has led to inelastic analysis of structures named push over analysis. As for our analysis paper is concerned we focus mostly towards general analysis and its design

Buildings Reaction towards Earthquake

Earthquake causes shaking of the ground and hence building resting on it will experience motion at its base. Even though the base of the building moves with the ground, tendency of roof is to stay in its original position due to inertia force. Due to wall and column connection, the force will drag the roof along with them. So its tendency is to attack from the base and at beam column joint and protrude through structure.

GENERAL DESIGN PHENOMENON

Beam Column Effect Moving for higher zones strong column and weak beam design proves better. Since damage of beam will cause localized effect but whereas when a column damages it leads to entire structural damage named globalize damage.

Joint displacement due to seismic waves

Column Beam Design Concept

Inverse Pendulum Effect

Due to space restraints reinforced concrete frame buildings in recent times have the ground storey left open for the purpose of parking i.e., columns in the ground storey do

not have any partition walls. These are named open ground storey buildings. It is analyzed to have more flexibility hence too weak to carry earthquake force due to its collapse at ground storey and this effect termed as inverse pendulum effect.

Design Phenomenon
Open ground storey buildings are inherently poor systems. In the current practice, stiff masonry walls are avoided and bare frames are considered in design calculations. In practical, steel sections will be raised as vertical reinforcement and hollow blocks will be hoisted as partitions. Thus, the inverted pendulum effect is not captured in design.

Beams as a Structural Member Beams are the horizontal members in a structure. It is likely to have two types of failure. One is the flexural failure, which is the propagation on vertical cracks; this can be contracted by provision on longitudinal bar along the length. If the structure is likely to experience more thrust then we will be having longitudinal bars on both faces.

Open Ground Storey

Design Practice having lightweight walls

Shear Failure will result in propagation of inclined cracks. To counteract this we hereby provide closed loops called stirrups. The ends are bent to an angle of 1350 to resist the thrust effectively. Loops are provided closely at ends and laps. Density can be reduced at mid span. Its presence will carry vertical shear, protect bulging of concrete.

Column as a Structural Member

Columns, the vertical members in RC buildings, contain two types of steel reinforcements. Long straight bars placed vertically along the length to sustain axial force and transverse ties placed horizontally at regular intervals along its full length. Columns can sustain two types of Damage, namely axial-flexural (or combined compression bending) Failure and shear failure. Shear damage is brittle and must be avoided in columns as by providing transverse ties at close spacing, which carry the horizontal shear forces and hold concrete and vertical bars together.

Horizontal Bands and its Role

Horizontal bands are the most important Earthquake-resistant feature in masonry buildings, since it hold a masonry building as a Single unit by tying all the walls together. There are four types of bands in a typical Masonry building, namely gable band, roof band, lintel Band and plinth band.

Horizontal Bar (Location, Design)

Lintel band is the most Important of all, since it ties the walls together and also breaks the monotonous continuity of wall. The gable band is employed only in Buildings with pitched or sloped roofs. In buildings with flat R.C or reinforced brick roofs, the Roof band is not required. In buildings with pitched or sloped roof, the Roof band is very important. Plinth bands are primarily used where uneven settlement of foundation in soil undergoes bending and pulling actions. It will be better to use RC bands.

Shear Wall
Reinforced concrete buildings often have vertical plate-like RC walls called Shear Walls. These walls generally start at foundation level and are continuous throughout the building height. Their thickness varies from 150mm to 400mm. Shear walls are usually provided along both length and width of buildings.

Shear wall (Provision, Location)

Shear walls are like vertically oriented wide beams that carry earthquake loads downwards to the foundation. Just like reinforced concrete (RC) beams and columns, RC shear walls also perform much better if designed to be ductile. Overall geometric

proportions of the wall, types and amount of reinforcement, and connection with remaining elements in the building help in improving the ductility of walls.

Boundary Elements Under the large overturning effects caused by horizontal earthquake forces, edges of shear walls experience high compressive and tensile stresses. To ensure that shear walls behave in a ductile way, concrete in the wall end regions must be reinforced in a special manner to sustain these load reversals without loosing strength. End regions of a wall with increased confinement are called boundary elements, which have high bending strength.

Boundary Elements (Design, Location)

Short and Long Columns

During past earthquakes, reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings that have columns of different heights within one storey, suffered more damage in the shorter columns as compared to taller columns in the same storey. Short Column Behavior
Poor behavior of short columns is due to the fact that in an earthquake, a tall column and a short column of same cross-section move horizontally by same amount. However, the short column is stiffer as compared to the tall column, and it attracts larger earthquake force. Therefore it causes X-shaped cracks.

Short Column (Failure, Location with Mezzanine floor)

Stiffness of a column means resistance to deformation the larger is the stiffness, larger is the force required to deform it. This behavior is called Short Column Effect.

Design Phenomenon
If it is not possible to avoid short columns, this effect must be addressed in structural design. As per Indian Standard the reinforcement must extend beyond the short column into the columns vertically above. In case of stone or brick masonry the width has to be increased accordingly for short column.

Beam Column Joint The points where the beams and columns intersect is a beam column joint. Since they too made of same material we cant expect to have more strength. So have to take care on these unavoidable joints. During earthquake the upper bars and lower bars act in a different direction causing elongation or damage of joint.

Design Strategy
In design practice large column size, having large closed loops are placed inside. These should follow some design specification. Normally we will go for the anchoring of the bars at the ends. Micro concreting can be gone in the congested junction.

Beam Column Joint (Location, Failure without proper anchorage)

Concrete Repair Epoxy Resin Injection

For the reuse of damaged concrete we can go for epoxy resin injection. The concrete surface is done with initial preparation by Wire brushing by hand, compressed air. Once the surface was prepared, entry ports were placed along the crack and an epoxy surface seal was applied depending upon the size to the exposed surface of the crack.

Four Point Loading

Concrete Repair (Plot Placing, Epoxy Injection)

Rubber grommets (ports) with a small inside diameter were used to inject epoxy resin of grade 1, 2 and 3 corresponding to the size of cracks. Then after nailing, epoxy resin should be filled completely, until it flowed out from adjacent side. Four points loading is done for testing and as its alternate loading.

Hidden Beams These are also called as concealed beams which have their depth equal to that of the slab. These can be provided either on longer or on the shorter span. When provided along longer span it is found that the load carrying capacity increase to 135% with an economical increase of just 0.4 0.5%.

Reduced Beam Section

This is a section of beam, which is provided along the length of beam. These will have their area of cross section lesser than the proceeding section to an extent that it will just act as a plastic hinge. In case of steel section also a circular arc will be cut in the required portion of span

Reduced Beam Section

Hidden Beam

Pre tensioning Technique

In case of domes and shell structures, the lateral thrust experienced will be more. This fault is answered well by pre-tensioned concrete. In case of huge structures like nuclear rectors, large spanning domes we will be having a thin walled cylindrical tube of diameter about 10 to 15 cm and steel rods will be packed tightly.

Then stressing will be done as per design and then the micro concrete is injected in pressure into the tube. This setup is then done with normal concreting. It will resist the lateral thrust in an effective manner.

Pre tension elements (After & Before Concreting)

Techniques to Adopt on Sky Scrappers

While speaking about large multistoried buildings we cant simply go in for normal strengthening of beams, columns, and other structural elements. There we had an alternative to speak about some elements such as Bearing, Bracing, Friction pendulum and Dampers, which are primarily meant to take Vibration produced by lateral force.

Rubber Bearings
Rubber bearings are made from layers of rubber with thin steel plates between them, and a thick steel plate on the top and bottom. The bearings are placed between the bottom of a building and its foundation . The bearings are designed to be very stiff and strong for vertical load to carry the weight of the building and designed to be much weaker for horizontal loads, so that they can move sideways due to lateral thrust.

Rubber Bearing

Viscous Dampers

Viscous Dampers
Viscous fluid dampers are meant as shock absorbers. They consist of a closed cylinder containing a viscous fluid and a piston having small holes in its head. As the piston move in and out of the cylinder oil is forced in and out causing friction. The damper is usually installed as part of a building's bracing system using single diagonals. As the building sways to and fro, the piston is forced in and out of the cylinder.

Friction Dampers
Friction dampers are designed to have moving parts that will slide over each other. The damper is made up from a set of steel plates, with slotted holes in them, and they are bolted together. At high enough forces, the plates can slide over each other creating friction causing energy dissipation. The plates are specially treated to increase the friction between them .

Friction Dampers

Cross Bearings (In foundation)

Cross Bracings
These are very common in case of vertical load distribution. But we can also adopt this technique to foundation, in which the entire building will be laid in a cross horizontal bracing rather than placing it directly on foundation. It will distribute the load to joints and through foundation finally.

Friction Pendulum
Considering about the large multistory buildings, we can always expect some appreciable movement in it base due to the vibration. Instead to resist against it completely we can allow the structure to deform at its foundation level by provision of friction pendulum without damaging the structural integrity.

Friction bearing (Location, Appearance)

CONCLUSION
The cities of the world are undergoing vertical development with the construction of more and more skyscrapers, which are very densely populated. Still a lot of studies have been going in bracing and bearings. Strengthening of structural elements had taken a different path like rebuked section and large spanning elements are also shown special considerations. Constraint is that, human has to satisfy his unlimited wants through limited resources. The techniques, which have been detailed here, are those, which already exist in the field. As a part of the civil engineering world, we all have a role to play in developing newer and more effective techniques to increase the seismic resistance of buildings to make them invulnerable to an appreciable intensity of earthquakes.

REFERENCE
I Journals (a) New Building Material and Construction World (b) Civil Engineering and Construction Review (c) American society for Civil Engineers II Textbooks:

(Contents)

(a) Disaster Management S L Goel (b) Design of reinforced concrete elements P C Varghese (c) Earthquake Architecture Belen Gavcice (d) Design of Concrete Structures S N Sinha

III Pictures:
(a) www.ideers.com (b) www.nicee.org (c) www.mceer.org (d) www.mfaaa-epd.org

IV Papers:

(Over view)

(a) National Conference on Disaster Resisting Techniques (b) Testing of Epoxy Resins Injection and repair on Concrete (c) Basic concepts of Seismic codes - 1980

V IS Codes:

(Design Details)

(a) IS 1893: 2002 (b) IS 4326:1993

(c) IS 13935:1993