Bridge Engineering

Chapter 2: Preliminary Design

Dr. Adel Al-Assaf

LRFD Philosophy

Qi represents the demand action forces, due to applied loads, at certain section.
Rn represents capacity/resisting forces of the structural element at certain section.

Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Load Modifiers
Strength 1.05 1.00 0.95 Service 1.00 Fatigue 1.00

Nonductile components and connections nonredundant members important bridges

conventional designs and details Enhanced Ductility, complying with beyond AASHTO AASHTO
conventional levels exceptional levels of redundancy of redundancy typical bridges relatively less important bridges.

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Load Combinations
Four main types of design limit states
1.

Strength Limit State:

Extreme Limit State:

Yielding of steel / Crushing in concrete Ductility limits Yielding in steel / Crushing in concrete Service stress limits Crack width Deflection Stability: Soil-structure interaction, slope-stability

2.

3.

Service Limit State: to check the following:

4.

Fatigue Limit State:

Check the failure of steel elements, components, and connections under cyclic tensile load due to a single design truck.

Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Load Combinations - Strength

STRENGTH IBasic load combination relating to the

normal vehicular use of the bridge without wind.

STRENGTH IILoad combination relating to the use of the

bridge by Owner-specified special design vehicles, evaluation permit vehicles, or both without wind. exposed to wind velocity exceeding 90 km/hr. dead load to live load force effect ratios.

STRENGTH IIILoad combination relating to the bridge

STRENGTH IVLoad combination relating to very high

STRENGTH VLoad combination relating to normal

vehicular use of the bridge with wind of 90 km/hr. velocity.

Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Load Combinations - Extreme

EXTREME EVENT I: Load combination including

earthquake.

EXTREME EVENT II: Load combination relating to

ice load, collision by vessels and vehicles, and certain hydraulic events with a reduced live load other than that which is part of the vehicular collision load, CT.

Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Load Combinations - Service

SERVICE ILoad combination relating to the normal operational use of the bridge with a 90 km/hr. wind and all loads taken at their nominal values. Also related to deflection control in buried metal structures, tunnel liner plate, and thermoplastic pipe, to control crack width in reinforced concrete structures, and for transverse analysis relating to tension in concrete segmental girders. This load combination should also be used for the investigation of slope stability. (Used to check compression in prestressed concrete components and tension in prestressed bent caps are investigated using and to check deflection). SERVICE IILoad combination intended to control yielding of steel structures and slip of slip-critical connections due to vehicular live load (Applicable only to Steel Structures).

SERVICE IIILoad combination for longitudinal analysis relating to tension in prestressed concrete superstructures with the objective of crack control and to principal tension in the webs of segmental concrete girders (should be used to investigate tensile stresses in prestressed concrete components). SERVICE IVLoad combination relating only to tension in prestressed concrete columns with the objective of crack control.

Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Load Combinations - Fatigue

FATIGUEFatigue and fracture load

combination relating to repetitive gravitational vehicular live load and dynamic responses under a single design truck having the axle spacing specified in Article 3.6.1.4.1.

Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Loads (Definitions)

Design LaneA notional traffic lane positioned transversely on the roadway. Dynamic Load AllowanceAn increase in the applied static force effects to account for the dynamic interaction between the bridge and moving vehicles. Influence SurfaceA continuous or discretized function over a bridge deck whose value at a point, multiplied by a load acting normal to the deck at that point, yields the force effect being sought. LaneThe area of deck receiving one vehicle or one uniform load line. Lever RuleThe statical summation of moments about one point to calculate the reaction at a second point. LoadThe effect of acceleration, including that due to gravity, imposed deformation, or volumetric change. Roadway WidthClear space between barriers and/or curbs. TandemTwo closely spaced axles, usually connected to the same undercarriage, by which the equalization of load between the axles is enhanced. WheelSingle or dual tire at one end of an axle. Wheel LineA transverse or longitudinal grouping of wheels.

Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Loads Categories
PERMANENT LOADS
Dead Loads: DC, DW, and EV Earth Loads: EH, ES, and DD

LIVE LOADS

Gravity Loads: LL and PL Dynamic Load Allowance: IM Centrifugal Forces: CE Braking Force: BR Vehicular Collision Force: CT

WATER LOADS: WA WIND LOAD: WL AND WS ICE LOADS: IC EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS: EQ EARTH PRESSURE: EH, ES, LS, AND DD FORCE EFFECTS DUE TO SUPERIMPOSED DEFORMATIONS: TU, TG, SH, CR, SE FRICTION FORCES: FR VESSEL COLLISION: CV

Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Bridge Loadings
Besides the commonly known basic load cases, such as, dead load, earth pressure, wind load, Earthquake loads, ..etc), the following should be considered:

BR = vehicular braking force CE = vehicular centrifugal force CT = vehicular collision force CV = vessel collision force FR = friction IM = vehicular dynamic load allowance LL = vehicular live load LS = live load surcharge PL = pedestrian live load

WA = water load and stream pressure WL = wind on live load

Note! AASHTO-BDS-LRFD Loads and Load Combinations are applicable for bridges with span not more than 60 meters. Special loading provisions shall be considered otherwise. In case of flexible superstructures with relatively long fundamental natural period, special analysis schemes shall be considered for vehicular and wind loads.
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AASHTO Load Combinations & Load Factors

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

AASHTO Load Factors

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Dead Loads
Dead load shall include the weight of all

components of the structure, appurtenances and utilities attached thereto, earth cover, wearing surface, future overlays, and planned widenings (Including DC, DW and EV)

In the absence of more precise information, the

densities, specified in Table 3.5.1-1 (Densities), may be used for dead loads.

Use g= 9.81 m/s2, to convert mass density to

weight.

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Dead Loads - Densities

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Example Compute DC & DW

Find the total dead load for both the exterior and interior girders. Assume the following:

AASHTO Girder V, A = 250mm, Taxes Constant Slope Barrier Profile Do not include the diaphragm weight Assume 50 mm future wearing layer. Assume concrete strength = 55 MPa for girders and 35 MPa for deck slab.

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Solution

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Live Load
Lane 3000 mm to 3600 mm. Number of design lanes = INT(w/3600); such that w is the

clear roadway width in mm between curbs and/or barriers.

Each lane shall be loaded by HL-93 Load.

A multi-presence factor (m) shall/may be applied as

necessary.

Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) shall be applied to

truck/tandem loads only.

Assigned live loads shall be distributed to girders as per

Articles 4.6.2.2 and 4.6.2.3 or by means of 3-D influence line methods.

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

HL-93 Load

HL-93 Load consists of

Design truck or design tandem, and Design lane load.

The loads shall be assumed to occupy 3000 mm transversely within a design lane. Design Lane Load shall be 9.3 kN/m along the traffic, and shall be distributed over 3000mm width in the transverse direction. Design Truck (3.6.1.2.2) Design Tandem Load (3.6.1.2.3)

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Live Load
Multiple Presence of Live Load (AASHTO 3.6.1.1.2)
Consider each possible combination of number

of loaded lanes to maximize the effect and may be used otherwise.

This factor shall be applied to one lane loaded,

These factors are included in the distribution

factors (Articles 4.6.2.2 and 4.6.2.3), except when using Lever Rule is indicated.

For fatigue limit state, these factors shall be

taken out; that is, where the single-lane approximate distribution factors in Articles 4.6.2.2 and 4.6.2.3 are used, other than the lever rule and statical method, the force effects shall be divided by 1.20.
Dr Adel Al-Assaf

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Live Load
Dynamic Allowance Factor (AASHTO 3.6.2)
Multiply the load by (1+IM/100) Shall be Applied to:
Truck and Tandem Loads Short to Medium long spans

Need Not to be applied to:

CE, BR and LS loads Foundations of structures completely buried in soil

Can be recued in case applied on fill above deck

slab,

IM = 33(1.0 - 4.1x10-4 DE) 0.0; Where, DE= the minimum depth of earth cover above the structure (mm)
Dr Adel Al-Assaf

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Application of Live Load

Unless otherwise specified, the extreme force effect

shall be taken as the larger of the following:

of the design lane load, or

The effect of the design tandem combined with the effect The effect of one design truck with the variable axle

spacing specified in Article 3.6.1.2.2, combined with the effect of the design lane load, and

For both negative moment between points of contra

flexure under a uniform load on all spans, and reaction at interior piers only, 90 percent of the effect of two design trucks spaced a minimum of 15 000 mm between the lead axle of one truck and the rear axle of the other truck, combined with 90 percent of the effect of the design lane load. The distance between the 145 000-N axles of each truck shall be taken as 4300 mm.

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Deck Overhang Load (3.6.1.3.4 )

For the design of deck overhangs with a cantilever,

not exceeding 1800 mm from the centerline of the exterior girder to the face of a structurally continuous concrete railing, the outside row of wheel loads may be replaced with a uniformly distributed line load of 14.6 N/mm intensity, located 300 mm from the face of the railing.

Horizontal loads on the overhang resulting from vehicle

collision with barriers shall be in accordance with the provisions of Section 13.

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Live Load Distribution Procedure

Use this

procedure for Superstructure design

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Lever Rule
Example 1

Example 2

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Substructure Design

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

Fatigue Load (3.6.1.4)

Consider one HS-20 Truck with constant rear axel spacing = 9.00

meters.

Dynamic Impact factor = 1.15 Use m = 1.00. Use distribution factors in Article 4.6.2 or refined method in Article

4.6.3

A single design truck shall be positioned transversely and

longitudinally to maximize stress range at the detail under consideration, regardless of the position of traffic or design lanes on the deck.

Estimate the number of stress cycles over the bridge life, that is,

estimate the ADTTSL. This can be used in estimating the allowable fatigue stress (for metals) using the S-N curve. In this case use the total number of stress cycles during the design life of the bridge.
Dr Adel Al-Assaf

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Fatigue Estimate Capacity

Use the S-N Curve for steel and other metal

structures

Q: How to estimate the number of cycles? A: Refer to ASHTO-BDS-LRFD, and Discuss ADTT

For Concrete Structures use the equation

ff=145 - 0.33 fmin + 55(r/h)

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf

S-N Curve

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Dr Adel Al-Assaf