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Jeff Jacobson http://www.jeffjacobsonphotography.com

Consciously viewing/seeing

Not Passively consuming

Dont just point, shoot, and hope for the best!

Here comes the LIGHT

Photo = light

Graph = draw or write

Photography = light writing or light drawing

Camera Obscura

Lenses and Optics - 17th century: Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens perfected the understanding of optics and the process of making high quality glass lenses.

Soon there were small, portable camera obscuras,

in 1827 Joseph Nicphore Nipce added *film* to create the first successful photograph, and the modern camera was born: A glass lens, a dark box, and film.

William Henry Fox-Talbot invented light sensitive photographic paper in 1839.

Abelardo Morrell, Camera Obscura: View of Central Park Looking North-Fall, 2008

Abelardo Morrell, Camera Obscura: View of Manhattan, 2008

Color negative film, also called print film, The process used to develop these is called C41, and so these are sometimes called "C-41 films".

Slide film, or reversal film, gives a positive image. Use the E-6 process to develop.

Traditional black-and-white films are usually negative films, but they're black-and-white. These, again, use a very different process to all the other types of film. There's a special subset of black-and-white films: those that can be developed in the same C-41 process used for color negatives. Ilford XP2 and Kodak BW400CN are two of them. These have all the properties of color negatives, except for the color part.

100

3200

ISO = International Standard Organization number. ISO is a numerical rating that describes the sensitivity to light of film or of a digital cameras sensor. The ISO rating doubles as the sensitivity to light doubles. increase in ISO will be noisier shots. A digital

camera usually have several ISO options.

Faster films (high ISO) will allow you to capture a subject in low light but more grain in your pictures) Slower films (low ISO) have less grain, but require more light. This isn't a problem for landscapes in daytime through to sunset, but it does become a problem indoors, or shooting things that move quickly. Choose film speed according to the condition you want to take. For beginner choose ISO 100 or 200 for outdoor and ISO 400 for indoor.

You can use a chart sometimes packaged with film. Decide what kind of light is on the scene, and set the shutter speed and aperture accordingly. The chart is based on SUNNY 16 rule = on sunny day set aperture to f/16 and use the shutter speed closet to ISO number. (example above)

Situations where you might need to push ISO to higher settings include: * Indoor Sports Events where your subject is moving fast yet you may have limited light available. * Concerts also low in light and often no-flash zones * Art Galleries, Churches etc- many galleries have rules against using a flash and of course being indoors are not well lit. * Birthday Parties blowing out the candles in a dark room can give you a nice moody shot which would be ruined by a bright flash. Increasing the ISO can help capture the scene.

The Shutter or exposure time (think - eyelid) You adjust the length of time the shutter remains open to control the amount of light that reach the lightsensitive surface.

Each full stop shutter setting is half or double the time of The next one.

The Leaf or between-the-lens-shutter

The Focal-Plane Shutter

Actual time in seconds

Shutter speeds your camera may display Full stop 1/3 stop 1 1.3 1.6 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 13 15 20 25 1/2 stop 1 1.5 2 3

1 sec

1/2 sec

1/4 sec

4 6 8 11 15 20

1/8 sec

1/15 sec

15

The Term Stop in photography refers to a change in illumination, whether the shutter speed or the aperture Is change to achieve it.

The agreed standards for shutter speeds are: * 1/1000 s * 1/500 s * 1/250 s * 1/125 s * 1/60 s * 1/30 s * 1/15 s * 1/8 s * 1/4 s * 1/2 s *1s

Each standard increment either doubles the amount of light (longer time) or halves the amount of light (shorter time). For example, if you move from 1 sec to 1/2 second, you have effectively halved the amount of light entering the shutter.

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TIP: Think about what is GOING to happen, rather than trying to catch up to what has already happened.

Motion slows at the peak Of an action that reverses

Shutter speeds to stop action parallel to the image plane

Type of Motion Speed Camera-to-subject distance
25 feet 50 feet 100 feet

Very fast walker Child running Good sprinter Speeding car airplane

5 mph 10 mph 20 mph 50 mph ----

1/125 1/250 1/500 1/1000 -----

1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500

1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/1000

Additional setting: Bulb setting (B) Keeps the shutter open as long as the release button is held down. Time setting (T) opens the shutter with one press of the release, and close it with another.

Additional setting: Bulb setting (B) Keeps the shutter open as long as the release button is held down. Time setting (T) opens the shutter with one press of the release, and close it with another.

Fast Shutter Speed = Freeze the action

Left: 1/3200" Right 1/6400" - an important difference in sharpness

Slow shutter speed suggested movement motion (blur). - a longer time passes from the moment the shutter opens till the moment it closes. More time is available for movement in the subject to be recorded by the camera.

Oliver Follmi, Pilgrimage to Bodghaya, India, 2002 Slow shutter speed (long exposure)

Simon Bruty, Turin Winter Olympics Panning (moving the camera to follow the subject) & use slow shutter speed (long exposure).

Stefan Newell, Coloured Lights in Gran Canaria Long exposure (slow shutter speed) & move camera against stationary objects

The Aperture is the size of the lens opening that control the brightness of the light that reaches the sensor or film. (think pupil of an eye) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Eye_dilate.gif The size of an aperture is indicate by its f-number or f-stop. Lens is said to be stopped down when the size of the aperture is decrease. Fast lenses allow you to shoot more easily in low light or at higher shutter speeds. (large aperture) The faster the lenses = the more expensive (f/1.4 is faster than f/2)

Aperture setting your camera may display Aperture in full stop f/1.4 1/2 stop f/1.4 f/1.7 f/2 f/2.3 f/2.8 f/3.4 f/4 f/4.7 1/3 stop f/1.4 f/1.6 f/1.8 f/2 f/2.2 f/2.5 f/2.8 f/3.2 f/3.5 f/4 f/4.5 f/5

f/2

f/2.8

f/4

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Depth of field is the area from near to far In a scene that is acceptably sharp in a photograph.

This lens has depth-of-field scale

Most camera will automatically Show the scene through the widest aperture Tip: check your camera manual. It may have depth of field preview button!

Depth of field increases as the lens stopped down to smallest aperture (here at f/16)

Oliver Follmi

Large aperture, less depth of field blur the background--good for portrait

Small aperture = more depth of field > good for detail.

Using Shutter and Aperture together Both shutter speed & Aperture affect the amount of light entering the camera. Shutter Speed Aperture = Time = Amount

Light Compensation You can change one setting as long as you Change the other in the opposite way. You can use a larger aperture if you need a faster shutter speed or smaller aperture if you Need a slower shutter speed. Remember!
Shutter Speed affects the sharpness of moving objects Aperture affects depth of field-sharpness from near to far.

F/16 > small aperture = Deep depth of field 1/8 sec> slow shutter speed = motion burred

F/4 > medium aperture = less sharp background 1/125 sec> medium shutter speed = freeze some motion but the exposure is still too long to show the motion of the birds wings sharply.

F/2 > large aperture = Shallow depth of field = out of focus background. 1/500 sec > fast shutter speed = freeze all motion & produced motion sharp.

-------------l---l---l---I---l---l---------------

-2

-1

+1

+2

I = standard exposure level

Shutter Priority Aperture Priority = you set the desired shutter speed the camera sets the aperture = you set the desired aperture the camera sets the shutter speed

Exposure Compensation -Bright situations -Dark situations

"bracketing your exposure or use AEB (Automatic Exposure Bracketing )

0 compensation

+ 1.5 compensation

James Nachwey, Alabama, 1994 - Prisoner on the chain gang

Oliver Follmi

Simon Bruty, Embassy World Darts Championship

Wrong train
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/wrong-stationright-image/?scp=2&sq=lens&st=cse