Melt- when solids turn to liquids due to heat being added Evaporate- liquids turning to gas due to heat

being added Condensation- gas turning to liquids due to removing heat Freeze- liquid turning to solids due to removing heat Magnetism- an items ability to be attracted to a magnet Magnetic poles- the ends of a magnet where the magnetic force flows in and out Magnetized- to become a magnet Force- something that pushes, pulls, or moves objects Repel- to push away Atoms- tiny pieces that make up all materials Magnetic field- invisible shape of lines of force around a magnet Physical state- solid, liquid, or gas Density- the proportion of mass to volume Buoyancy- to push a liquid against another object Dissolve- particles have become smaller to the point of being unseen Conduct- carry transmit energy Solid- molecules are jammed packed together and it has a definite shape; think ice Liquid- molecules are scattered or have room to move and this takes the shape of its container; think water Gas- molecules are widely scattered and this also takes the shape of its container; think water vapor or steam Solvent- is the liquid Solute- the solid that dissolves in the solvent Saturated solution- solute dissolves in a solvent until no more will dissolve (additional material may sit at the bottom) Solubility- is the property that substances have dissolving in solvents Solution- is made of two parts, the solvent and the solute Concentrated- solutions with a high ratio of solid material to liquid (strong) Dilute- solutions with a low ratio of solid material to liquid (weak) Concentration- is the ratio of two materials in a solution Mixture- two or more materials, uniformly distributed throughout one another Crystal- a sold in which the molecules are packed very tightly Chemical reaction- the process that changes the relationships of the atoms in the reactants (new materials are formed) Suspension- mixture of two chemicals with the character that one does not rapidly settle out

Energy
Light energy- form of energy that travels in waves and visible with the eye Heat energy- form of energy created by motion of molecules, also called thermal Solar energy- energy from the sun, contains light and heat Heat transfer- transition of thermal energy from a heated item to a cooler item Sun- a star that produces energy in the form of sunlight Solar collector- device for extracting the energy from the sun into a more usable or storable form Absorb- to soak up and keep Geothermal- heat that comes from within the Earth Electrical energy- form of energy created by charged particles, can flow in a circuit or can be static Sound energy- energy that travels in waves and is created by a vibration, detected by the ear Mechanical energy- made up of two types- potential and kinetic Potential- energy that is stored in an object Kinetic- the energy of motion Shadow- is the dark area created by an object that blocks light Reflect- the bouncing back of light waves when they hit a surface Refract- bending of light when it passes from one substance to another Green house effect- the process of Earths atmosphere trapping heat near Earths surface Seasons- four natural divisions of the year, fall, winter, spring, summer Fossil fuel- a non-renewable fuel formed from decayed remains of plants and animals (coal, oil, natural gas)- a form of chemical energy Renewable- a resource which can be easily reproduced by nature Non-renewable- a resource that is not easily reproduced or replaced Fuel cell- an object that stores chemical energy that can be converted into other forms Atmosphere- the air that surrounds the earth, made of many different gases Compass- a tool which uses the magnetic poles to find direction Thermometer- a tool used to measure temperature Hydro- having to do with water Corona- shining outer layer around the edges of the sun Orientation- where an object is positioned

Changes Over Time

fossil- the remains or traces of an organism that lived long ago imprint- a mark made by pressing or stamping something on a surface mold- a fossil that formed when an organism pressed into mud, leaving a shape that is hardened in rock. conglomerate- made up of parts from various sources or from various kinds metamorphic- rock that formed when another kind of rock was squeezed and heated deep inside Earths crust. Ex: marble sequence- the following of one thing after another in a regular or fixed order sedimentary- rock that formed when sediments were pressed and cemented together. Ex: limestone ancient- very old remains- what is left behind or left over igneous- rock that is formed from cooled magma or lava. Ex: granite constructive- to build something new destructive- to destroy or tear down elevation- Vertical distance, or height, above sea level plate tectonics- the theory that explains how parts of Earths crust have moved over time. sea level- The average height of the oceans surface, zero elevation peak- The highest point of a mountain glacier- A large mass or body of moving ice valley- A low area between higher areas through which a river or stream often flows drainage basin- a system of rivers and streams that drains an area delta- a fan-shaped (triangular) deposit of earth materials at a mouth of a stream meander- a curve or loop in a channel erosion- the movement of weathered materials by water, wind, or ice canyon- a V-shaped valley eroded by a river or stream plateau- a large, nearly level area that has been lifted above the surrounding area channel- the course or path the water takes in a stream or river weathering- the breaking down and wearing away of earth materials caused by water, wind, or ice landform- a natural structure on Earths surface deposition- the process by which materials eroded by water, wind, or ice are dropped in a new place sediments- bits of rocks, soil, sand, shells, and the remains of organisms basin- a basin is a low area in which sediments are often deposited slope- the angle or slant of a stream, channel, or land surface flash flood- a sudden rush of water that overflows a stream after a heavy rain floodplain- the area around a river that is covered by water flowing over the riverbank during a flood alluvial fan- a fan-shaped landform deposited at the end of a steep canyon where the slope becomes flatter levee- an embankment along a stream that protects land from flooding rapids- are a part of a river channel where the water moves rapidly over obstacles, such as large boulders

Natural World
ecosystem- all the living and nonliving things that interact with each other in an environment habitat- the environment where an organism lives pollution- anything in the environment that can harm living things or damage natural resources producer- an organism that makes its own food pollutant- a harmful substance added to Earths land, water, or air carnivore- an animal that eats other animals omnivore- an animal that eats both plants and animals herbivore- an animal that eats only plants or plant products scavenger- a meat-eating animal that feeds on the remains of dead animals food web- overlapping food chains with different pathways for the flow of food energy in an ecosystem food chain- the path of food energy from one organism to another in an ecosystem. consumer- an organism that gets energy by eating other organisms aquarium- a container in which living aquatic animals and plants are kept terrarium- a container used for growing plants and small animals ecology- the study of how living and nonliving things interact life cycle- the stages of growth and development that an organism goes through in its lifetime. photosynthesis- the process of using the energy in sunlight to make food from water and carbon dioxide. terrestrial- organisms that live primarily on land aquatic- organisms that live primarily in water niche- the role that an organism plays in its habitat. organism- a living thing Carbon- a chemical element found in coal and diamonds and in all plants and animals Nitrogen- a colorless, odorless gas that makes up about four-fifths of the earths air Carbon dioxide oxygen cycle- the continuous movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen between organisms Nitrogen cycle- the continuous movement of nitrogen between organisms and their surroundings Fertilizer- nitrogen containing substances used to make soil better for growing plants Carbon Dioxide- a gas made of carbon and oxygen atoms that plants need for photosynthesis

Natural World
Oxygen- a colorless gas found in the air. Humans and animals need oxygen to breathe. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of earths atmosphere. Respiration- the process of breathing air to get oxygen and breathing out waste gases Decompose- to rot or decay Environment- the surroundings that an organism lives in biome- a very large area of land with a certain kind of climate and certain kinds of organisms living there prairie- a large area of flat or rolling grassland with few or no trees freshwater- to do with or living in water that does not contain salt saltwater- to do with water that is very salty, such as that found in the oceans conifer- a plant that produces seeds in cones deciduous- trees that shed their leaves every year forest- a large area thickly covered with trees and plants rainforest- a dense, tropical forest where a lot of rain falls desert- a biome that has very little rain and a few plants tundra- a biome with cold temperatures and not much rain trait- a characteristic of an organism learned behavior- a behavior that an animal develops by observing other animals or by being taught inherited trait- a characteristic that is passed from parents to their offspring adaptation- a structure or behavior that helps an organism survive in its surroundings vertebrate- an animal that has a backbone invertebrate- an animal that does not have a backbone survival- to continue to live or exist perish- to die or be destroyed