The air quality standard for ozone (O3) is 0.08 ppm.

Express that standard in g/m3 at atm pressure and 20 oC .(no 1) The exhaust gas from an automobile contains 1.0 percent by volume of carbon monoxide. Express this concentration in mg/m3 at 25 oC and 1 atm.(no 2) Suppose the average concentration of SO2 is measured to be 400 g/m3 at 25oC and 1 atm. Does this exceed the (24-hr) air quality standard of 0,14 ppm? (no 3) Five million gallons per day (MGD) of a conservative substance, with concentration 10.0 mg/L, is released into a stream having an upstream flow of 10.0 MGD and substance concentration of 3.0 mg/L. assume complete mixing. (no 4) a. What is the concentration in ppm just downstream?
b. What is the mass rate of the substance in lb/day passing just downstream of the junction?

Note: 1.0m3=264 gal. A river with 400.0 ppm of salts (a conservative substance) and upstream flow of . (seperti gambar dibawah). The salts quickly become uniformly distributed in the river. A municipality just downstream withdraws water and mixes it with enough pure water (no salts) from another source to deliver water having no more than 500 ppm salts to its customers. What should be the mixture ratio F of pure water to river water?(no 5) A lake with constant volume 10.0*106 m3 is fed by a pollution-free stream with flow rate 50 m3/s. A factory dumps 5.0 m3/s of a non conservative waste with concentration 100.0 mg/L into the lake. The pollution is well mixed in the lake. Find the steady-state concentration of pollution in the lake. (no 6) The two pound system show in figure p1-7 is fed by a stream with flow rate 1.0 MGD (million gallons per day ) and a BOD (a non conservative pollutant) concentration of 20.0 mg/L. The rate of decay of BOD is 0.30/day. The volume of the first lake is 5.0 million, find the BOD concentration leaving each lake. (no 7) A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s of non conservative pollutant with concentration 30.0mg/L and reaction of less than 10.0 mg/L. assuming complete mixing, how large must the lagoon be? (no 8) A simple way to model air pollution over a city is with a box model that assumes complete mixing and limited ability for the pollution to disperse horizontally or vertically except in the direction of the prevailing winds (as, for example, a town located in a valley with an inversion layer above it). Consider a town having an inversion at 250 m, a 20 km horizontal distance perpendicular to wind, a wind speed of 2 m/s, and a carbon monoxide (CO) emission rate of 60 kg/s, (seperti gambar di

bawah). Assume the CO is conservative and completely mixed in the box. What would be the CO concentration in the box. (no 9) A 4*8-ft solar collector has water circulating through it at the rate of 1 gallon per minute (gpm) While exposed to sunlight with an intensity of 300 Btu/ft2-hr. (seperti gambar di bawah) no 10 Fifty percent of that sunlight is captured by the collector and heats the water flowing through it. What would be the temperature rise of the water as it leaves the collector? An uncovered swimming pool at 17 oF loses 1 in, of water off of its 1000 ft2 surface each week due to evaporation. The cost of energy to heat the pool is $10 per million Btu. A salesman claim a $500 pool cover that reduces evaporative losses by two-thirds will pay for itself in one 15-week swimming season? Can it be true? (no 11) A 33.3-percent efficient 1000 MWe nuclear power plant rejects the other two-third of the fuel energy into cooling water that is withdraw from a local river (there are no stack losses as is the case for a fosill-fuel-fired plant). The river has an upstream flow of 100 m3/s and a temperature of 20 oC.
a. If the cooling water is allowed to rise in temperature only by 10oC, what flow rate from the

river would be required? Compare it to the coal plant in example 1.9.

b. How much would the river temperature rise as it receives the heated cooling water? Again

compare it to example 1.9. (no 12) Mars radiates energy with peak wavelength of 13.2 m. treating it as a blackbody, what would its temperature be? (no 13) Compare the energy required to evaporate a pound of water at 17oC to that required to raise that pound 10.000 feet into the air. (1.0 Btu = 778 ft-lb) (no 14) A 600-MWe power plant has an efficiency of 36 percent, with 15 percent of the waste heat being released to the atmosphere as stack heat and the other 85 percent taken away in the cooling water (pada gambar di bawah). Instead of drawing water from a river, heating it, and returning it to the river, this plant uses an evaporative cooling tower wherein heat is released to the atmosphere as cooling water is vaporized. (no 15) At what rate must 17oC makeup water be provided from the river to offset the water lost in the cooling tower? An electric water heater held at 140 oF is keep in a 70 oF. when purchased its insulation is equivalent to R-5. An owner puts a 25 ft2 blanket on the water heater, raising its total R value to 15. If electricity costs 8.0 cents/kWhr, how much money will be saved in energy each year? (no 16)

A 15-W compact fluorescent light bulb produces the same amount of light as a 60-W incandescent while using only one-fourth the power. Over the 9000-hr lifetime of one of these bulbs, compute the carbon, SO2, and particulate emissions that would be saved if one of these bulbs replaces an incandescent and the electricity comes from the coal-fired power plant described in example 1.10. (no 17) No . 6 fuel oil has a carbon content 20 kg carbon per 109 J. if it is burned in a 40 percent efficient power plant, find the carbon emissions per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced, assuming all of the carbon in the fuel is released into the atmosphere. By law, in new oil-fired power plants SO2 and emissions are limited to 86 g/106 kJ (of heat input) and emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions per kilowatt-hour. (no 18) Consider the air over a city to be a box 100 km on a side that reaches up to an altitude of 1 km. clean air is blowing into the box along one of its sides with a speed of 4 m/s. suppose an air pollutant with reaction rate K=0,20/hr is limited into the box at a total rate of 10 kg/s. find the steady-state concentration if the air is assumed to be completely mixed. (no 19) If the wind in problem 1.19 suddenly dropped to 1 m/s, estimate the concentration of pollutant 2 hr later. (no 20) A lagoon with volume 1200 m3 has been receiving a steady flow of a conservative waste at the rate of 100 m3/day for a long enough time to assume that steady-state conditions apply. The waste entering the lagoon has a concentration of 10 mg/L. assuming complete mix conditions, what would be the concentration of pollutant in the effluent leaving the lagoon? If the input waste concentration suddenly increases to 100 mg/L, what would the concentration in the effluent be 7 days later? (no 21) Repeat problem 1.21 for a non conservative pollutant with reaction rate K= 0.20/day. (n0 22)