nt ri eP lu B

CAMPUS
12 APRIL 20

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FROM THE EDITOR

RICE OF INTTERRACIAL MARRIAGE IN NC

08 11 16

THE NEW HUMAN RIGHTS CENTER

Dear Readers, UNC-Chapel Hill students are known for how much they are socially-conscious and involved in their community. Whether its working on projects that make a difference for people a world away, or advocating for and working with people in our own backyard, UNC students embody the optimism, energy and drive to make a difference that is so commonly attributed to the educated youth of our country. In this issue, we cover topics such as socially-conscious divestment in UNCs endowment, a conference hosted by UNCs Law School on Race, Class, Gender and Ethnicity, immigration as a human rights issue, political protest music, profiling the local Human Rights Center, the negative impact of Amendment One on our university, an annual week of advocacy and awareness raising for human rights, and, finally, an investigative report on our very own housekeepers uphill battle in seeking fair treatment. Whether its reach is broad geographically or the impact is right at home, UNC students are fighting for social justice and human rights. Happy reading! Chelsea Phipps Editor-in-Chief 2

FAIR TREATMENT FOR LOW-WAGE EMPLOYEES

On the Cover: Reincarnation by Asia Morris

STAFF
chelsea phipps editor-in-chief sarah bufkin assistant editor grace tatter, wilson parker managing editors carey hanlin creative director cari jeffries, tyler tran photo editors michael dickson, hayley fahey, molly hrudka, carey hanlin, akhil jariwala, audrey ann lavallee, ellen murray, rachel myrick, jennifer nowicki, wilson parker, libby rodenbough, luda shtessel, grace tatter, neha verma, kyle villemain, peter vogel, kelly yahner staff writers cassie mcmillan, jasmine lamb, janie sircey, paige warmus production and design anne brenneman, michael dickson, molly hrudka, cari jeffries, carey hanlin, wilson hood, molly hrudka, grace tatter, peter vogel, kelly yahner
copy editors

katie coleman, gihani dissanayake, izaak earnhardt, sarah hoehn, rodrigo martinez, hannah nemer, janie sircey, renee sullender, tyler tran
photographers

CONTENTS Super PACs and the Disclose Act Hate Crimes in North Carolina Endowment Transparency The States Foray into Shale Gas North Carolina Tax System Rise of Interracial Marriage Contemporary Political Music Profile: The Human Rights Center Housekeepers Seeking Fairness Seeking Economic Reinventions Immigration Policy UNC Human Rights Week Amendment One and UNC Photo Essay: The Arab Spring A New Approach to Evolution UNCs Cancer Fighting Efforts

3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 16 21 22 24 25 26 28 30

rachel allen, cynthia betubiza, sarah brown, michael dickson, hayley fahey, wilson hood, sam hughes, akhil jariwala janna jung-irrgang, jennifer nowicki, wilson parker, grace phillips, sarah rutherford, ellen werner, akhil jariwala, neha verma, bloggers travis clayton social media director

APRIL2012

THE YEAR OF THE S U P E R PAC S

CAREY HANLIN

t wont be Barack Obama who wins the coming electionbut it wont be Rick Santorum either. It wont be Mitt Romney, and neither will it be Newt Gingrich. Because no matter what the ballots say, and no matter who the voters choose, the Super PACs will be the ones that win this election. When the Supreme Court held last year, through Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, that the government could not restrict political expenditures by corporations and

IINFO FROM CITIZENVOX.ORG AND STATISTA.COM

raise practically unlimited sums of money for individuals, unions or interest groups. While Super PACs cant contribute directly to a candidate, they can assist the candidate by pouring outrageous sums of money into running favorable ads for him or her, or conversely, by running extremely unfavorable ads about the competition. And responsibility isnt always taken for the accuracy of the information run in these ads. So in April of last year, Rep. Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) intro$2.1 billion: amount spent on TV ads in the duced the Democ2008 election racy is Strengthened by Casting Light on Spending In Elec$3.2 billion: projected amount for the 2012 tions (DISCLOSE) election cycle. Act. If passed, the act would prohibit special interest influence $37 million: the total expenditure spent by the in federal elections Restore our Future pro-Romney super PAC in and would establish the campaign thus far. disclosure requirements for spending in such elections. The 0: The number of candidates in the 2012 bill garnered considelection without the help of a Super PAC. erable attention from Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), who tweeted that it would introduce a new politics free of special interests.

unions, they opened the monetary floodgates for any political candidate with connections to powerful organizations. The Super PAC was born. A political action committee campaigns for or against political candidates or legislation, but PACs used to be more restricted in size. The Super PAC is an entirely different animal, with the ability to

APRIL2012

( R E ) DEFINING HATE:
NC HATE CRIMES
AND THE LGBT COMMUNITY
PHOTO FROM WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

HAYLEY FAHEY

t a drive-thru in Boone, NC, Sarabeth Nordstrom and her friend, Appalachian State University student Erin Johnston, heard yells of faggot from a man and two women in another car. Later, the car followed them to Johnstons apartment complex, where the man assaulted first Nordstrom and then Johnston. A broken eye socket and fractured ribs are only a few of the injuries they suffered. On Feb. 16, police arrested the assailant, Ketoine Mitchell, on several charges for assault. Because of the nature of Mitchells verbal harassment, a large contingent of ASU students demanded that Mitchells actions be prosecuted as hate crimes. But in North Carolina, such a move would be impossible. North Carolina protects many individuals from hate crimes, said Paige Smith, a sophomore at ASU and leader of TransACTION, a student activist group. But sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression arent included in this protection. One of the first reactions to the assault came from Sara Beeken, an ASU sophomore olunteer at the ASU Wom4

ens Center and a close friend to Johnston and Nordstrom. When I said I wanted to plan an awareness event in response to the assaults, the Womens Center was one hundred percent behind me, as well as tons of other students who wanted to be involved, Beeken said. With the help of TransACTION, the GLBT Center and other student groups, Beeken hosted Stop the Hate, Spread the Love both to educate the community and raise funds for Nordstrom and Johnstons medical needs. The goal was to bring our community together in support of Sarabeth and Erin, Smith said. But we also wanted people to know more about North Carolinian hate crimes. Following the assault, Johnston and Nordstrom began a Change.org petition Amend NC Hate Crime Laws which has collected 7,751 signatures to date. We would like to get the words sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression added to the list of race, color, religion and national origin, Beeken said. This would classify crimes committed because of a perceived or known sexual orientation bias as hate

crimes. Mitchells assault is not the only i dication of the need for legislative changestatistics also support Beekens petition. Violence involved in hate crimes based on gender identity, sexual orientation and gender expression are seven times more violent than others, said Mark Rasdorf, an ASU graduate student and volunteer at the GLBT Center. And the assailants of hate crimes in those categories are likely to be complete strangers. Despite the outpour of support, it will be some time before the petition becomes reality. This is all the efforts of students, Rasdorf said. To get anything done, we need to find a legislator sympathetic to our interests. Still, Beeken finds hope in the communitys reaction to the assaults. College students have an incredible ability to affect social norms and influence their peers, Beeken said. I hope that in hearing about Erin and Sarabeths story, people will see the harsh reality of hate crimes and feel driven to sign the petition.

APRIL2012

ENDOWMENT TRANSPARENCY
RACHEL MYRICK

UNC Students Explore Possibility of Socially Responsible Investment

ollowing close on the heels of tuition-hike debates, UNCs estimated $2.2 billion endowment, often criticized for its lack of transparency, is a key source of controversy and confusion. Jon King serves as the president of UNC Management Company, a nonprofit that makes investment decisions for the endowment. He has spoken to many students already this year to clarify misconceptions and address critical concerns. An endowment is a pooled resource with thousands of different funds, each donated to support a specific program, King said. The UNC Chapel Hill Foundation Investment Fund is broken into two primary pools: one held by any foundations affiliated with the university (about $1 billion) and one controlled by the university directly (about $1.2 billion). From this pool, only $122 million (about four percent) of the endowment is invested in separate accounts, or individual stocks that can be easily manipulated. The remainder of the money resides in a variety of bundled investments, according to King. Karol Gray, the new Vice Chancellor for Finance and Administration, said that students are often confused by the complexities of the endowment. Money that is donated to the endowment is restricted money contributed by a donor to be used for a specific purpose, Gray said. The object of [managing] an endowment is to beat inflation

and preserve the corpus of the gift. This academic year marked the fourth consecutive year of declining state appropriations for the university. In light of a new campaign UNC has embarked upon to double the endowment, concerns have resurfaced about how the $2.2 billion is invested. In conjunction with a new capital campaign, some student organizations are leading conversations about sociallyresponsible investment. Chief among these is the Sierra Student Coalition, co-chaired by junior Stewart Boss. Boss first became involved with the Sierra Club as freshman, during the first Beyond Coal campaign. The coalition is embarking on a coal divestment campaign. Divestment is the opposite of investment one reduces an asset to support an ethical cause. Boss recommends that the university reduce the amount invested in energy and natural resources. We know that about eight percent of the endowment is invested in energy and natural resources, which includes natural gas, renewable energy and coal, Boss said. Boss believes that conversations about socially-responsible investment are critical. Divestment is more symbolic than anything else, he said. Pulling money out of coal companies is not going to completely shake the coal industrys financials. Conversations of divestment are not

new. In the 1990s, for instance, UNC divested from South Africa during apartheid. But King says times were different UNCs endowment in the 1990s didnt employ the complex model used today. While no university has completely divested from coal, many of UNCs peer institutions, including Dartmouth, Yale and Washington University, have committees on investment responsibility. King, who attended Dartmouth College as an undergraduate, is familiar with student committees on socially-responsible investment. He says the key difference is that private institutions often have a much higher percentage of money in their separate accounts. King said that once students understand the endowment and look at what the percentage of money that is actually accessible to be divested, they often realize it is not a battle worth fighting. Boss, however, is undeterred and believes that students and faculty alike should have a say in where their money goes. The university wants to raise about $2 billion more for the endowment, Boss said. Thats laudable, but there has to be some sort of student involvement in terms of what were invested in. If we are going to be raising all this money, lets include faculty, students, alumni and donors in a more open conversation. [Lets] have some community involvement in how those decisions are made. APRIL2012

Environment

FRACKINGS NEXT DUMPING GROUND

THREATS AND POLICIES REGARDING SHALE GAS IN NORTH CAROLINA
AKHIL JARIWALA

magine holding a lighter to your water faucet and watching your kitchen come ablaze. With hydraulic fracturing knocking on Chapel Hills door, this future might not be so distant. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process in which millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals are injected into impermeable shale rock at very high pressures in order to extract otherwise-inaccessible natural gas. This is not a nascent industry; according to investigative nonprofit ProPublica, fracking is already used in nine out of every ten natural gas wells in the U.S. No one can argue with the benefits. Fracking offers the U.S. a 100-year supply of fuel that might free us from foreign energy. Natural gas plants are 50 percent cleaner burning than coal and, according to Bloomberg News, shale gas has lowered wholesale electricity prices by 50 percent since 2008. Fracking could produce thousands of jobs and millions in tax revenue for rural areas of states that are starved for economic developmentincluding areas in North Carolina. Yes, believe it or not, North Carolina is moving to become a player in the burgeoning shale gas boom. In 2009, the NC Geological Survey announced that the Sanford shale was home to 59,000 acres of shale gas. Though small compared to states like Pennsylvania and

West Virginia, this is no negligible resource. Gas companies are salivating to put their drills into the groundground that is literally in Chapel Hills backyard. But at what costs? Although gas companies claim that their product is completely safe, a seminal report from Duke University found methane contamination in some of the underground water wells that exactly matched the chemical formula of shale gas. This is no harmless occurrence. Methane in water wells causes headaches, respiratory issues, rashes and neurological damage. And if youve seen Gasland, the inspirational 2010 documentary by Josh Fox, you know that methane in very high concentrations can be a fire hazard. But thats not all: the fracking fluid used to extract the methane contains toxic chemicals like benzene, toluene, xylene and lead, which can seep into drinking water through water wells. Fracking itself requires millions of gallons of water and puts huge stress on district water supplies. And lets not forget to mention that a multitude of seismic earthquakes have centered around fracking operations in Ohio, New York and Texas, according to NPR. North Carolina is not ready for shale gaswe havent had a drilling industry for 70 years. All we have to protect ourselves from the dangers of shale gas is dated legislation from the 1940s, which effectively bans hydraulic fracturing and

horizontal drilling and has slowed drilling in our state, but things are changing fast. By overriding Senate Bill 781 last July, Republicans crippled the states regulatory system. They are now looking to fast-track fracking in North Carolina before the science can catch up. Even though a study by the NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources to investigate the potential economic, social and environmental impacts is scheduled to come out this May, the results will be vastly underfunded and incomplete. Even if the NC General Assembly was to acknowledge the importance of developing a regulatory regime for fracking, it is uncertain that the DENR would even be able to follow through with its duties after its budget was cut in the last Republican session by 12 percent. It would also be a mistake to think that someone else will solve North Carolinas problems; special interests have already manipulated Congress into providing regulatory exemptions from the Safe Drinking Water Act for all toxic fracking chemicals. We must be careful. Without strong precaution, North Carolinas groundwater, rivers and reservoirs could be dumping grounds for shale gas corporations. In the end, it doesnt matter how much money or how many jobs we have when there is no water left to drink.

APRIL2012

NC TAX SYSTEM
Current Tax System Puts NC at a Competitive Disadvantage
WILSON PARKER

axes, as Franklin D. Roosevelt once put it, are the dues we pay for the privilege of membership in an organized society. But even as the debate over how to mend our ineffective federal tax system rages inside the Washington beltway, another important conversation is occurring inside the Raleigh beltline about our states revenue system, which is even more outdated and regressive. Generally, according to Andrew Haile, a law professor at Elon University, North Carolinas problem is that its taxes appl[y] too high a rate to too narrow a base. In other words, our tax system allows taxpayers to avoid paying taxes on a large portion of their income by offering them deductions, but applies a rate that is too high to the portion that they do pay. This creates several problems. First, it allows North Carolinas wealthiest taxpayers to a pay a lower average rate than its poorest residents. According to the North Carolina Budget and Tax Center, families whose earnings put them in the bottom fifth of all North Carolina households (making an average of $11,000 per year) pay 9.5 percent of their income in

state and local taxes, compared to only 6.8 percent for households with earnings in the top one percent (who make an average of $930,000 per year). In fact, the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy found that only six states require their poorest citizens to pay a higher proportion of their income in taxes than North Carolina. Even as our state forces its poorest citizens to bear a heavy tax burden, it also imposes a high income tax rate on businesses and individuals who are unable to take advantage of our systems loopholes. By starting with a narrower tax base, North Carolina has to apply a higher tax rate to generate the same amount of revenue as other states, Haile wrote in the North Carolina Law Review. North Carolinas top marginal income tax rate is the highest in the Southeast. It is the thirteenth highest in the nation. The high rate puts North Carolina at a competitive disadvantage in attracting high-earning individuals (and the businesses for which they work) to the state. Finally, the states overreliance on the income tax, which fluctuates heavily as

economic conditions change, prevents it from being able to maintain a reliable stream of revenue. North Carolinas disproportionate dependence on the individual income tax makes the states revenue stream relatively volatile, Haile wrote. When salary cuts, job losses, and investment losses occur, as they have in the most recent recession, tax revenues fall more precipitously in North Carolina than in states that depend less on the individual income tax. The consequences of such an unreliable system have been felt by every UNC student; the legislature faced a massive budget shortfall driven largely by the effects of the recession on revenue and forced students to shoulder much of the financial burden. North Carolina needs a tax system that can equitably distribute the burden of supporting the states government, making the state more competitive in the national marketplace and guaranteeing a reliable source of revenue to fund the states schools, hospitals and transportation system. Sadly, the current system fails on all counts. APRIL2012

Love
GRACE TATTER

in a warming climate Interracial marriage is on the rise, and so is American support of it.

hen Rosalyn and Donald Pelles married in Chapel Hill in 1977, most of the country opposed their union. Donald is white; Rosalyn is black. And according to a Gallup poll from 1972, 60 percent of Americans opposed interracial marriages. Until ten years before the Pelleses were married, interracial marriage was illegal in North Carolina. The first couple to legally wed didnt do so until 1971. The number of interracial married couples has steadily risen since the Pelleses were married, and now its at an alltime high: according to a Pew Research poll released in February, 15 percent of new marriages in the United States, and about 13 percent in North Carolina, were between people of different races in 2010. And as more interracial couples have headed to the altar, more Americans have approved. Today, more than 60 percent polled said they would be accepting if a family member married someone of a different race or ethnicity.

Legalizing Love Although theyve only been legally recognized in the past fifty years, interracial unions are an American tradition older than the country itselfwhite Americans and African-Americans often had relationships and children together. According to Robin Lenhardta Fordham University Law professor and panelist at UNCs March 2 discussion of interracial marriages legal history courts began to seriously grapple with interracial marriage in 1948 with Perez v. Sharpe. The plaintiffs in the California casea black man and a Hispanic womaninsisted they had a right to marry. The case was the first since Reconstruction to attack the anti-miscegenation laws that were the basis for discrimination against interracial lovers. The justice who oversaw the case recognized that one could not apply the landmark court opinion from Plessy v. Ferguson to marriage and argue the separate but equal position.

Its not the case that you can equalize love like you can trains or schools, Lenhardt said. Theres no equal replacement in this context. In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled that the laws banning interracial marriage were illegal with Loving v. Virginia, paving the road for couples like the Pelles. Tensions once the battle was won Donald Pelles said the couple never faced discrimination when they lived in Durham. Maybe it was the people we associated with, Donald said. I dont know what people might have thought when they saw us walking down the street, but no one confronted us or anything. Yet they did face opposition from his family. My mother warned me that our children would face all kind of barriers and prejudice from white and black people, Donald said. Donalds stepfather was particularly bothered by Donalds marriage, and his

APRIL2012

A map showing the relative dates that anti-miscegenation laws were repealed in the US, giving interracial couples the right to marry.

PHOTO FROM WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

mother refused to visit Donald and Rosalyn until her husbands death eight years ago, claiming he would leave her if she did. Now she has a loving relationship with them and their son, Donald said. I was surprised and angry, Donald said of his familys reaction. But I hadnt been that close to them anyway, so it didnt really affect us that much. The reaction of Donalds mother think of the children!is a common reason cited by those who oppose interracial marriage, according to research done by Wake Forest University professor Earl Smith. Despite his mothers warnings, however, the Pelles son was never discriminated against because of his dual lineage. He was certainly no worse off than anyone else who was black, Pelles said. I dont think there was any prejudice against mixed-race children in the black community. They would simply be regarded as black, by black and white alike. Conversely, Rosalyns family welcomed Donald immediately. This, too, is in keeping with statistics found by Smithwhite people are more likely to oppose interracial marriage than any

other racial group, and black people are the most likely to accept it. Donald attributes this to the remnants of white supremacy from the slavery and Jim Crow eras. White supremacy was, among whites in the south, considered a way of life that they had to defend pretty much anyway they could: with laws, with violencewith social ostracism and social pressure, he said. And that was never the case in the black community. Looking to the future Like Donald Pelles, Christopher Putney is a white man in an interracial marriage. But he married in a far more accepting environmentin Massachusetts, in the spring of 2011. And people who oppose his marriage tend to do so based on his sexuality. If anyone shakes fingers, he said, its not about race. But PutneyUNC Director of Slavic and East European Languages and Literaturesand his husband John have not been targeted at their homes in North Carolina or Florida for either their race or sexuality, although they could not legally get married in either state. I think its very clear when were to-

gether that were very much in love, and I think people respond well to that, if they see a couple who are really crazy about each other and meant for each other, he said. It seems to eclipse any kind of prejudices [they] might have. The latest Pew poll on the topic shows Americans are becoming accepting of gay marriage as well. In 2011, almost as many people supported it (45 percent) as opposed it (44 percent). In the meantime, lawyers are using the same court cases to fight for gay Americans rights as they did to ensure interracial marriage. The Perez case is one of the most commonly cited cases in civil rights litigation, and it argues marriage is a right, Leinhardt said. Regardless of legislation or public opinion, both the Pelleses and the Putneys say their marriages are no more challenging than any other. [Marriage] really is always a culture clash, and you have to resolve that, Donald said. Some of that might be race, but a lot of it is just growing up in different families with different traditions and values. In a marriage, you learn to assimilate with each other and tolerate those differences.

APRIL2012

Music

CONTEMPORARY
Where Have All The Protest Singers Gone?
LIBBY RODENBOUGH
Photo of Woody Guthrie
PHOTO FROM THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

POLITICAL MUSIC:

ot infrequently in the last several cerned citizens in the artistic sphere. or they refuse to be consistently or years of my life, I have heard wist- When did protest art really accomplish identifiably political. The classic protest ful, baby-boom hippies bemoan the anything, anyway? And even as a form singers not only accepted their desigstate of political song in the 21st cen- of expression rather than an agent of nation; they claimed it with pride. tury. More specifically, they ask, Where change, isnt the protest song of the Reading over a number of transcripts are todays protest singers? 50s and 60s pitifully small-sighted, from interviews with Phil Ochs, particuThe older generations long for todays targeting explicit societal ills that are larly following the Democratic National answer to Phil Ochs, Pete Seeger and symptomatic of broader, largely impen- Convention of 1968, I was struck by the Joan Baez: acoustic guitar- or banjo-tot- etrable truths about humanity and the growing disillusionment apparent in a ing songsters who unabashedly tack- modern world? character I have known only as a conled (and continue to tackle) sociopolitiMy youthful cynicism, I know, is hack- summate idealist. He soon thereafter cal issues head on. descended into manic deTo many of their folk conpression. It seems that not The classic protest singers not only temporaries, and to many even protest singers can songwriters of succeeding accepted their designation; they claimed keep up the dedication for generations, these protest a lifetime. it with pride. singers were hopelessly But my mind returns to nave. Their proclivity to Pete Seeger, who I saw pertake uncompromising stands on hot- neyed. Perhaps its a valid question: are form last summer at a festival. He was button issues and to demand, Which todays thinking musicians wise to the rarely to be found outside the childrens side are you on? of their listeners was ineffectuality of politics, or are they just tent, wherein he sang allegorical tunes almost embarrassing. lazy? about equality and love, veritably emaI can identify with such head-shaking. One of the immediate difficulties in nating devotion to those ideas from his Although I know a handful of Phil Ochs examining this question is that the pores. Although he has spent his lifetunes by heart and have a Pete Seeger sphere of recorded music today is vast- time overtly condemning war, racism poster on my bedroom wall, my fasci- er and more varied than most listeners and capitalistic structures, Pete Seeger nation with the protest-song phenom- could claim to comprehend. But even does not deserve my affectionate conenon is essentially detached from any within my limited scope of knowledge, descension, and neither do his comallegiance. The appeal of such music, there are, undeniably, a plethora of art- patriots. Maybe, if only for longevitys to some extent, derives from its kitschi- ists who address specific contemporary sake, it wouldnt hurt for todays musiness. issues. cal envelope-pushers to hearken back, Thats why Im inclined to roll my The difference between them and Joan on occasion, to the once-radical art of eyes at the nostalgia of grey-haired, Baez, though, is that they either seem protest song. While enlightened apaPhil Ochs t-shirt-wearing folkies who to hop on a topical train only when it thy may be hipper, its rarely the kind of lament that my generation has no con- becomes fashionable (see Band Aid) value that sustains a lifes work. 10

APRIL2012

M O H

R FO

HUMAN RIGHTS
Seven or eight years ago,

AN INSIDE LOOK AT THE HUMAN RIGHTS CENTER OF CARRBORO AND CHAPEL HILL
ELLEN MURRAY

human rights
were barely

discussed.
And when they were, they were discussed as

criminal acts. - Judith Blau

PHOTO BY ELLEN MURRAY

A child at the Human Rights Center smiles sheepishly during playtime.

APRIL2012

11

t takes approximately eight minutes chase the two small apartments in the Asif Khan. After taking Blaus course on for me to drive from the front step of Abbey Court complex that would house Economic and Social Justice and beginmy historic dorm to Building E in Ab- the center. ning to work with the center last fall, he bey Court. In eight minutes I leave the That very first month, I crossed the now serves as the only student on its beautiful campus of UNC-Chapel Hill, green commons and there was some- advisory board. drive by many familiar landmarks on one sitting on the grass reading to The purpose of the center is very Franklin Street, continue a few blocks some children, Blau said. The woman broad, Khan said. It is like the Campus into Carrboro, and enter into Abbey told me she was a teacher at Scroggs Y of non-profits. Court, the low-income apartment com- Elementary School, and I said You dont From the apartments in Abbey Court, plex that has housed the Chapel Hill- need to sit here in the grass anymore. the HRC runs a number of programs for Carrboro Human Rights Center for the Blau laughs as she recalls the afternoon. the local community. There is an afterpast three years. When I step out of the That was the beginning of our after- school program from three-to-five, four car, the sight that greets me days of the week, weekly seems much farther than soccer games and a Girl The purpose of the center is very eight minutes from the leafy Scout troop. They offer ESL broad, Khan said. It is like the green quads and refined courses, a computer literacy Campus Y of non-profits. buildings of academia. class and a variety of other The Human Rights Center educational and advocacy. is the brainchild of Professor Judith school program. We dont have any funding, menBlau, a professor in UNC-Chapel Hills I walk across that same grass to reach tions Khan, but all the programs still reSociology Department. the two apartments Blau purchased in main free and open to all under-served Seven or eight years ago, Blau said, Building E. As I approach, I notice that children and their families. In addition human rights were barely discussed. while young students still study out- to the number of activities at the center, And when they were, they were dis- side, the entire strip of the building that he says the the HRC has collaborations cussed as criminal acts. houses the Human Rights Center now with many other local organizations Society perpetuates this view of hu- bustles with activity. such as Ten Thousand Villages and the man rights as something that relates The HRC delineates its purpose by Occupy Movement. primarily to criminal actions. a list of five goals: To promote interKhan himself leads a new outreach Taglines for human rights are always cultural understanding and peoples program through the center that deals horrific crimes, such as the Kony issue full recognition of the dignity and fun- with refugees. that is becoming quite widespread, damental rights of the others; to be adThere is not much formal information Blau explains. Human rights are in- vocates and provide resources for those about refugees in Orange County, Khan teresting for sociologists because we who suffer; to provide opportunities for said. Statistics say there are as many want to understand what type of soci- college students in courses that high- as 1,000 in the county, but my first eties embed these rights. light experiential learning; to work with question when starting this committee In addition to her personal scholarly community organizations and local was immediately, Where are they? interests, Blau wanted to start a center residents to combat poverty, racism, exKhan intends to work from the botfor human justice to provide a place for clusion, abuse of workers and tenants, tom up in a very scientific research college students who needed hands sexism, xenophobia, and homophobia; manner to successfully manage his on contact with people who were really to promote awareness of the signifi- committee for the HRC. suffering in this country. cance of human rights among residents My first goal is to find where these The HRC formally opened on Feb. 11, of Chapel Hill & Carrboro. refugees were in places such as Abbey 2009 after it received official 501.c.3 staOne such UNC-Chapel Hill student Court, he said. Next, we must become tus, meaning that it is an officially tax- who developed a passion for the work aware of what kinds of issues they are exempt non-profit organization. Blau done in his experiential learning course facing as refugees. Many are from comused her own personal funds to pur- with Blau is junior psychology major pletely foreign countries such as Bur12

APRIL2012

PHOTO BY ELLEN MURRAY.

A student mentors a child as part of one of the services offered by the Human Rights Center.

ma, which even have many sub-ethnicities that are all very different from one another. I want to connect the existing refugee neighborhoods to services that already exist for minorities. Khan himself is not a native English speaker. He understands from personal experience the difficulties that face many of these refugees and other people who come to the HRC to learn English. I want to give the idea of self-empowerment, he said. We need to empower these refugee communities so they can speak for themselves. Khans refugee outreach program is just one committee out of many that driven students at UNC-Chapel Hill work on with Blau and other adult volunteers at the HRC. The HRC is very grassroots in its nature. It is not a bureaucracy, and it is different from other non-profits in that students are its bloodline. Anyone, he

stresses, can feel free to go there and pitch their ideas about what they want to do. It is very unique in that this wide variety of people are coming together to promote justice and to donate what they can. It is this core belief in promoting justice that gives Blau the strength to continue to devote so much time to the HRC. She recalls meeting less fortunate children from the local communities and thinking These are some of the smartest, most creative, brightest, most talkative children. The first child to approach me at Abbey Court is a young Hispanic girl. She boldly and curiously points at the pendant on my necklace and asks, Como es? High school Spanish may have been years ago, but I recall enough to sputter back an intelligible answer. She laughs and then begins to chatter away in English. I am just teasing you, the girl of

maybe seven or eight announces. I know what your necklace is, and I can speak Spanish and English. Come, sit down and read with me. I continue to wander around the two small apartments and observe many young students cheerfully interacting and studying with college-age or adult volunteers. Chloe Imus, a first-year volunteer at the HRC from UNC-Chapel Hill, became involved with the center through the Campus Y and the student group, Linking Immigrants to New Communities. Imus sits with two young boys who are working on a computer. This one boy is from Burma, Chloe tells me. The other has Hispanic parents. I enjoy seeing such students of all different backgrounds work together. Another UNC student volunteering at the HRC is senior Amblessed Onuma. Like Khan, Onuma is not originally from the United States. APRIL2012

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PHOTO BY ELLEN MURRAY

A child stops play at the Human Rights Center in Carrboro to smile at the camera.

Working with these people and children reminds me to think about myself and my own past, Onuma said. I enjoy getting to know the kids well and giving back. On any given day at the HRC afterschool program there are also a few teachers from local public schools, such as Susan Brown, a physical education teacher at Mary Scroggs Elementary School. Brown has worked with Blau to further expand the center since its inception. We try to give these kids the opportunities that others have, Brown explains. We have technology such as iPads and computers and the necessary tutors to help these kids, and any adults who come to the HRC, to succeed. Thats why I continue to spend time here. It is the right thing to do. What seems morally right though for the HRC did not align with the owners of Abbey Court. Because there were often so many 14

people in the two apartments, we did overstep our bounds because we were not in compliance with the town zone variance, admits Blau. At the same time, the owners of Abbey Court originally were not making a fuss until this past fall, when they sent me a letter with a potential fine. The fine would effectively spell the end for the center. The letter told me that we would have to pay $300 each day we continued to stay at Abbey Court, Blau said. Legally, they do have a right to do that. Khan points out that this letter may have stemmed from the stigma of there being a non-profit there, or maybe because the property value was going down because of constant activity. The basic fact, he summarizes, is that they wanted to kick us out. We were struggling then. The students who run the center, however, took action before the center could be ousted. By the time there was

a town board meeting to decide on the fate of the HRC, the Advocates for Human Rights group within the Campus Y at UNC-Chapel Hill had created a petition that included 2,200 signatures to save the HRC. Blau went to the meeting on Dec. 1, 2011 armed with the petition and drawings made by the children at the center. We lost, Blau says flatly. The board was supposed to be representative of people who own the condos, but there was only one lawyer, one CEO of a large firm and one other person. The $300 fine was rescinded, but we were told we could only stay until March 1, 2012. The boards ruling set off a hunt for a new home for the center. I discovered something I really didnt want to know about Carrboro and Chapel Hill while searching for a new location Blau admits. There is a lot of nibyism, or the idea of not in my backyard. Chapel Hill and Carrboro pride themselves on being bastions of liberal-

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ism and progressive thought, but Blau are interested in community and workI drove away from the HRC on Feb. found that each community could come ing with others. 29--the last day that it opened its doors up with a reason not to have the HRC in Blau herself hopes to develop a pro- at Abbey Court for the after-school proits neighborhood. gram that advocates for justice for day gram. Blau planned on opening their After an extensive search, she nego- laborers. new center in just a few days, so that tiated the purchase of a house at 107 They are treated really badly and are when the UNC-Chapel Hill students reBarn Street in Carrboro for the new victims of wage theft, Blau explains. turned from spring break, they could location of the head right to 107 HRC. Barn Street. I discovered something I really didnt want to know The new loI continue to about Carrboro and Chapel Hill while searching cation is a lot work with human smaller, Khan rights and the HRC for a new location Blau admits. There is a lot of said, but we because it is somenimbyism, or the idea of not in my backyard. owe it all to Prothing I intellectufessor Blau for ally believe in and keeping this alive because she again Contractors will hire day laborers who something Ive given emotional enerhad to use a lot of her own money to need the money and will work for sev- gy, Blau said. buy and renovate the home. eral days, but later theyll drop people To each student at UNC-Chapel Hill, it The new HRC on Barn Street may be off on a corner and not give them any means something different. Just a few smaller in physical size, but the stu- money. I hope to establish a work- minutes down the road, students are dents and Blau still have large hopes ers center where employers can come able to interact with and assist those for the its success. in and register. Also, we would like to who may not be as fortunate as the avUNC-Chapel Hill students are smart, have day laborers take more programs erage Tarheel. want to go far and have big careers, but at the HRC such as ESL and computer I am always honored, says Khan, to they have big hearts, Blau says. They classes. serve humanity.

PHOTOs BY ELLEN MURRAY.

Children play and study at the Human Rights Center in Carrboro.

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SEEKING FAIR TREATMENT

The University System Contemplates the Elimination of State Protections for Low-Wage Employees
SARAH BUFKIN

fter four months searching for a out as well, following a series of com- Stevens (R-Raleigh) first introduced last stable job, Amanda Hulon found a plaints and widespread protest from April in Senate Bill 575, would streamposition with the UNC housekeeping the housekeepers. line the Universitys personnel systems department. But after only four shifts But in Hulons caseas in many oth- by putting the current SPA employees, cleaning UNC buildings, her supervi- ersthe proper University channels who include housekeepers, facilities sor made her an offerhave sex with could not address the problems its staff, police officers and office support, me, and things will go a lot easier for housekeepers struggle with day in and under the same employee system as you here at work. Say anything, and Ill day out. professors, research assistants, uppermake your life hell. Dependent on her And if a proposed initiative is pushed level management, and the senior acasalary, Hulon suffered through weeks through the NC General Assembly this demic officials. of sexual harassment and abuse, filing spring, the University of North Carolina The University is aggressively pursugrievances with the Facilities Depart- system will eliminate the last defense ing and made clear that they want to ment that brought no relief. Fed up, she of state oversight by removing around see it passed in this legislature, said filed a law suit against Ardis Watkins, the diher supervisor and the rector for legislative In Hulons caseas in many othersthe University in August affairs at SEANC. proper University channels could not address Although SB 575, 2011. But Hulon is not alone. the problems its housekeepers struggle with which included the A recent report compiled measures, has exday in and day out. by the PRM Consulting pired and can no lonfirm on UNC-Chapel Hills ger be considered in housekeeping department found that 15,400 employees from the protections this legislative session, Sen. Stevens employees had witnessed or were of the State Personnel Act. told Campus BluePrint that he has not the target of what they felt were inapFrom wages to benefits to health care ruled out introducing the proposal yet propriate behaviors, including being to the grievance process [to] raises again by including it in this years budtouched, pushed, fondled, and spoke to basically everything that really decides get. Stevens acted as one of the two in a sexually explicit manner. the conditions for university employees original sponsors of SB 575 and currentThe report caps off a year rampant with would be under the authority of the ly chairs the Appropriations Committee, controversy for the university facilities Board of Governors, junior and Stu- which gives him quite a bit of power. department. In September, UNC fired dent Action with Workers co-chair Zaina Stevens holds, as does the Office of former director of housekeeping Bill Alsous said. UNC System President Tom Ross, that Burston after employees filed numerthe removal of university system emous complaints against him for sexual A Grab for Greater System-wide ployees from the SPA gives the univerharassment. Only three months later, Flexibility and Efficiency sities more flexibility in dealing with assistant director Tanya Sell was forced The measure, which state Sen. Richard their employees without taking away 16

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They tell us that its benefiting because youll get more out of this and more out of that. But we already know [better]. - Odessa Davis, Housekeeper

PHOTO BY IZAAK EARNHARDT

UNC housekeepers hold a sign protesting the removal of University employees from the State Personnel Act.

employee protections. In order to guarantee that employees wont lose rights without state supervision, the Board of Governors discussed in February a set of guiding principles that would inform its new personnel system, if allowed by the state. I have offered to the employees group and to President Ross that if it would help clarify things, Ill put those [guiding principles] in the statute saying that in adopting personnel rules the University shall follow the following principles, Stevens said. Theyre good solid sound personnel procedures that also provide protections for employeesIf the University is not compliant with the statute, then theyre not in compliance with the law. The University has not yet responded to such a proposition. And so SEANC and UNC housekeepers have good reason to worry.

Projected and Potential Consequences of Removing SPA Protections Without the threat of state oversight or any binding legal contract, employees could find themselves at the whim of a future, more conservative Board of Governors. Theyre going to make all these promises, but after there are no legal conditions, Alsous said. These words and these promises can change at any time, and no one will know the difference. And on top of that, the Board of Governors can change at any time. It already isnt exactly a pro-worker body, but if you can imagine it even more conservativewhich is totally possible in a changing political landscapethe state of workers would be completely up in the air. Without the SPA provisions, Watkins says, university employees essentially become at-will employees, which

means that they can be fired at any time without a justifiable cause. Senior Laurel Ashton, who serves as the second co-chair of SAW and who completed an honors thesis on the state of housekeepers rights at UNC, thinks the University system wont make any dramatic changes to the housekeepers personnel systemat least not at first. Whats important about [this SPA measure] is that it can happen, Ashton said. When they need to make the changes, thats when theyll do it. But Ashton does warn that removing the housekeepers and other lowincome employees from the SPA will have immediate consequences on both morale and their ability to ask for help. The fear is already so heightened, Ashton said. Its so engrained in the workers everyday experiences on the job, and theyre not at-will employees. There is a process that has to be taken to eventually terminate an employee, APRIL2012

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and that has been the reason that so many housekeeper organizers are still around because they have these protections. And if youre at-will, then you dont. You can be fired for any reason. Removing the SPA protections would hold widespread implications, from health-care benefits to the guaranteed grievance process to job security to a set wages. Under the State Personnel Act, wages are codified and organized so if you work for a certain amount of time, you get x raise, Alsous said. But if this only were under the auspice of the Board of Governors, wages could totally fluctuate dependent on personal favoritism or there could no raises. There is no oversight. There is no one to hold the University accountable. Bolstering Public Awareness But even though such a move could have potentially huge consequences for the housekeeping staff, the University has not made much of an effort to publicize it among employees. Odessa Davis, who has worked as a housekeeper at UNC for close to 20 years, has found it difficult to get information out of the university. They dont tell us, Davis said. We have to find out in bits and pieces. But we know better. They tell us that its benefiting because youll get more out of this and more out of that. But we already know [better]. SEANCs more than 55,000 public employees voted to make opposition to the SPA repeal the unions third highest priority for this legislative session. And much of the UNC housekeeping staff is also aware of the measure and has expressed their opposition. The newlyconstituted Employee Forum recently approved a resolution criticizing the switch to a single personnel system. Davis is one of the housekeepers tak18

UNC housekeepers seek to stop legislation that could remove employee protections.

ing the lead in raising awareness on campus about this issue. If we get that bill, we wont have no say-so, Davis said. They can just fire us just like that. With no excuse. So I think its very important that they know as much as they can about that bill. Mobilizing against the measure certainly presents an uphill battle. The low-income university employees have traditionally featured as a marginalized and easily trampled group in the power schemata of North Carolina politics, and the Board of Governors is pushing for Sen. Stevens to introduce this initiative again this session. The Board of Governors has so much power over those positions, and we rarely talk about them, Ashton said. Thats just not even a part of our rhetoric before this. We need to be looking at the Board of Governors. Its not about [particular] people, its about the social position that theyre holding and that they are under the thumb of the Board of Governors. The Struggle for Labor Rights in its Context But this latest attempt to void the SPA protections for university system em-

ployees follows in a long tradition of conflict between organized labor and public institutions. UNC has a long history of using its influence in the state house to negatively affect university workers, Ashton said. When [the State Personnel Act] was first being revised, UNC insured that its lowest wage workers would not even be considered SPA. Its not necessarily surprising because this is a history that we are just kind of continuing, but its sad. Labor has always found it difficult to organize in the state of North Carolina; the state legislature eliminated collective bargaining rights back in 1959. We have the lowest unionization rate in the country [at] 2.9 percent, Ashton said. I dont know when North Carolina hasnt been at the very bottom. We like to think of ourselves [as the Progressive South], but when it comes to labor, its just not the case. Looking back over his history working to unionize and represent public-sector workers, Watkins confirms Ashtons assessment of the topography. North Carolina is one of the most hostile states to workers in terms of worker rights, Watkins said. Were try-

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PHOTO BY IZAAK EARNHARDT

Students protest as a part of a letter delivery to Chancellor Thorp regarding the removal of SPA.

A protestor holds a sign for the Orange County Peace Coalition protesting the removal of SPA.

ing as an organization to ensure that public workers rights are maintained to the best extent that they can. In light of all of the recent labor skirmishes in states like Wisconsin and California, Ashton finds it noteworthy that the University system could take away what few tools workers have to stand up for their own rights. Theres already so little power in labor in North Carolina, Ashton said. Who thinks its so necessary to take

this last push when other states are rioting because they are taking away the rights that we havent had in 50 years? Why are they doing this now? Only the Latest Incident for the Housekeepers This SPA initiative is just the icing on the cake for the UNC housekeepers, who already face a gamut of problems, ranging from harsh chemicals to unfair management to abuse to perceived job

insecurity. To work as a one of the least visible and most marginalized positions on a college campus often times makes employees much less likely to feel as if they can stand up for themselves. The PRM report noted on multiple occasions that the consultants feared many of the housekeepers, particularly those among the non-English speaking population, were not answering their questions honestly out of a fear of retaliation. During the interview process, several employees, particularly the Burmese employees, made it clear that they were not going to say anything bad about management, for fear of losing their jobs, the report concluded. Yet even with the silencing of some housekeepers, the report paints a troubling picture of what it is like to work as a housekeeper on campus. As many as 33 percent of the current staff doesnt agree that Housekeeping management cares about and is interested in the welfare of its employees. Furthermore, 34 percent opposed the statement, I believe Housekeeping management promotes an environment free from harassment, discrimination and intimidation. The list of perceived unfairness and mistreatment goes on and on. The ombudsmen have heard all of this, Alsous said. Chancellor Thorpe has heard all of this.When Human Resources is receiving grievancesgrievance upon grievance upon grievance that this is going on[and yet nothing happens,] you really start to question who is supposed to be taking responsibility here. Since PRM Consulting released its report to the University and to the public last October, Chancellor Thorpe promised to develop and implement an action plan that incorporates many of PRMs ideas. But since September, the housekeepers have seen only a few suAPRIL2012

PHOTO BY IZAAK EARNHARDT

PHOTO BY IZAAK EARNHARDT

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perficial changes go into effect, according to Davis. The only thing that Ive seen change is that they got rid of some of the bad managers, Davis said, but weve still got some. And thats about it. For Ashton, the problems plaguing the housekeeping department go much deeper than just the individual managers. One woman [I spoke with] had a really interesting perspective on it: we still havent cut off the head of the snake, Ashton said. The PRM report does a lot of things, but you can tell that they arent taking it where they need to take it. And I think theres a reason. They were hired by the university. Theyre not going to implicate the administration in the problems of the housekeeping departmentManagers are the pawns of those above them. And the power dynamic between the housekeeping staff and the University administration makes the possibility of real change all the more elusive. Lets just call it the elephant in the room, Alsous said. The majority of housekeepers are minority women. Its just a historically-marginalize and silenced communityOn top of that, they are minority women from impoverished communities who are not paid a living wage. Taking Steps Forward Both SAW members agree on a couple of actionable steps that the University should be taking to better conditions for its workersnamely, providing adequate translation services for non-English speakers and eliminating a stifling team-cleaning policy. The PRM report highlighted the clear need for more translators within the housekeeping department, yet Ashton has found little to no action has been taken thus far. Last month at least, we went with 20

a Spanish-speaking housekeeper to Human Resources to translate for her, because they didnt have a Spanishspeaking translator, Ashton said. I mean, Spanish. Thats so much easier that Burmese, Karen. You dont have [a Spanish] translator yet? When did this report come out? Months and months ago? Why did it need to have a report to happen? The PRM report says that 40 percent of housekeeping is nonEnglish speaking, and you dont have translators in Human Resources. That is beyond me. The housekeepers also complain about the Universitys gradual transition away from a zone-cleaning policy, in which each employee is given the liberty to clean a set space regularly, to a restrictive, team-cleaning policy known as OS1. Housekeeper James Holman, who serves as the Grievance Support Person on both the Employee Forum and within SEANCs 25th District, wrote a statement on behalf of the housekeepers criticizing the OS1 policy. [The team-cleaning process] reduces the UNC housekeeping employee to a less-than-respected cipher in the system, rather than supporting them as intelligent, hard-working and conscientious employees, Holman wrote. This team cleaning system specifies the exact quantities of supplies and the exact techniques that should be used to do each individual task during a work dayand the exact number of minutes it should take to do each task. Worker productivity is evaluated based on adherence to the time and supply restrictions that this system specifies. Ashton puts it in blunter terms. OS1 means that you are given a task, she said. So you might clean toilets every day for two weeks, and thats all you do is clean toilets. And you have two minutes to clean every single toilet and you have a packet of soap this

big, and you can only use one packet per toiletIts very dehumanizing, the whole process.Who just wants to be cleaning toilets from building to building the entire day? Davis also criticizes the rigidity of the new cleaning model, saying that the University forces them to use certain chemicals on certain tasks, even if the employee has a harsh reaction to them. As an asthmatic, she struggles with the cleaning fluid used on kitchen equipment and was promised a mask, but none has yet been forthcoming. For Holman, the housekeepers arent asking for muchsimply safe and respectful conditions in which to do their jobs. There are approximately 400 housekeeping employees who have the expectation of being treated respectfully and fairly, of working in an environment free from threats, intimidation and harassment, and of being enabled to do their best job for the University, Holman wrote. If the NC General Assembly passes this measure to remove the housekeepers and other low-wage employees from the State Personnel Act and all of its safeguards, achieving Holmans goals will become much more difficult. For Alsous, this is the issue that will define her college career. Just the fact that their jobs and their livelihoods are at risk for asking for basic treatment and basic conditions, she said, it just blows you awayThis culture of disrespect, this culture of marginalization is so pervasive. For me, the reason why I got involved is not even the unfairness of wages and the unfairness of business practices. To me, it was as a student, this is the narrative that is being perpetuated about me. Workers are being told that I want this for them. And thats something that I refuse to accept.

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REINVENTING OUR ECONOMIC NARRATIVE:

HOW THE WEALTH DIVIDE DISENFRANCHISES THE WORKING POOR
JENN NOWICKI

t a recent UNC-Chapel Hill confer- economic gap between classes widens, itybut we no longer have those high ence, academics from across the so does the education gap between the rates, said Professor Stephen Loffredo country dispelled common misoncep- rich and the poor, especially as tuition of City University of New York School of tion about income equality and social rates skyrocket. College has become Law. mobility in the United States. unaffordable for many in the United The intersection of limited mobilSpeakers from law schools nationwide States, and aid is becoming more merit- ity and the accumulation of wealth by met at the Law Schools annual Confer- based than need-based, which dispro- the nations top earners leads many to ence on Race, Class, Gender and Ethnic- portionately affects students attending wonder if reform of the current economity to discuss how the American Dream underachieving school districts. ic system is even possible. Linda Stout, is increasingly becoming a author of Bridging the Class myth for the working class. Divide, spoke at the conferWe are engaged in a treadmill Although they came from ence about how she considof destruction. We need to think varied backgrounds and ers a reinvention of todays critically about capitalism, professions, the speakers economic system the only agreed that, despite the repractical recourse if people -Angela Harris cent awareness stemming want to see actual change. from the Occupy protests, the disproParental wealth and income are Through collective rethinking to purportionate income distribution we see strong predictors of the likely economic sue societal change, we can generate today is not a new phenomenon. status of the next generation, said a vision that is long-term and sustainThis is not a productivity story be- Professor Lisa Pruitt of the University able, Stout said. tween the bottom 90 percent versus of California at Davis. Top universities During the conference, Stout recountthe top 10 percent, Seton Hall law pro- still preserve the better-off, and gaps by ed her youth as a poor woman growfessor Frank Pasquale said. Its an old social class and educational attainment ing up in rural North Carolina, where power story. are widening among Americans by al- she was routinely told that she could His speech during the conference most any measure. never go to college. She described the countered the claim made by many supAccording to Pruitt, lower levels of internalized oppression that the poor porting the current capitalist trend: that education decrease the number of eco- face on a daily basis, believing that the money absorbed by the wealthy nomic opportunities for working class they arent good enough to break free elite will trickle back down to the work- Americans, thereby diminishing the of their economic constraints, and she ing class. prospect for upward economic mobility. questioned how a system that encourThere is no trickle-down effect; the The mobility between classes has ages these beliefs could ever be elimiincome is simply being vacuumed back been decreasing in recent decades; in nated. up to the top two percent, Pasquale fact, the greatest mobility was in the We are engaged in a treadmill of desaid. 70s and 80s, Pruitt said. struction, said keynote speaker ProfesInstead, Pasquale said, the wealthy Extreme [economic] inequality is sor Angela Harris of the University of beget the wealthy and pass their finan- tolerable in a democratic society only California, Davis. We need to think criticial success down to their heirs. As the because we have high rates of mobil- cally about capitalism. APRIL2012

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OUR NATIONS SHIFTING REALITY:

JOSE VARGAS CALL FOR ELEVATING IMMIGRATION DISCOURSE
CHELSEA PHIPPS

he world changes according to the way people see it, and if you alter, even by a millimeter, the way people look at reality, then you can change it, Jose Antonio Vargas said, quoting the famous James Baldwin statement to explain why he disclosed his undocumented immigrant status in a June 2011 New York Times article. Vargas, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and the founder of Define American a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to elevating the conversation around immigration in this country - gave a talk at UNC-Chapel Hill on the nature of immigration discourse in the United States. The event, held on March 17, formed part of the UNC-Duke Immigrant Advocacy Networks Immigration Awareness week. Well-known for his profile of Facebook co-founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg in The New Yorker, and for his writing with both The Washington Post and the Huffington Post, Vargas is currently traveling the country to speak about how his story as an undocumented Filipino immigrant fits in the larger conversation about immigration. A self-termed minority bonanza and majority of one, Vargas does not fit the typical stereotype of an undocumented immigrant. After being informed at 16 years of age that his green card was 22

fake by a D.M.V. clerk, Vargas remembers cycling back home in a flurry of denial, thinking to himself, But Im not a Mexican! But changing misconceptions about the nature of immigration to the United States, and who the people immigrating actually are, is exactly why Vargas felt honesty about his immigration status was needed in response to the angry, ignorant rhetoric that currently dominates the national discourse. He was interested to learn that I had first read his famous article in a class on immigration at UNC-Chapel Hill and how my classmates discussion of immigration softened dramatically after reading it. What happens if college students have conversations about immigration filled with fury and abstraction, but then with this piece it suddenly has a face? But Im just one face; Im just one story, Vargas said. Emilio Vicente, one of the UNC student leaders of Students United for Immigrant Equality, the group that brought Vargas to campus to speak, is another one of those stories. He also chose to disclose his status as an undocumented immigrant in the November 2011 issue of Campus BluePrint. Like Vargas, the decision to be open about his immigration status stemmed

dually from being tired of living in fear while simultaneously hoping to change perceptions about undocumented immigrants. Im hoping that they get that immigration is not a Latino issue, its an American issue and it defines who we are as a nation, Vicente said. Having not just [undocumented] Latinos speak up is very important because we cant vote, but you can. Vargas pointed out, however, that because this is an election year, it is unlikely that there will be any legislative achievements for immigrants in the near future. Presently, instead of focusing on what Washington can do for us, he suggests we focus on elevating the discourse. According to Vargas, as a nation, we are currently facing two key human rights issues: gay rights and immigrant rights, and they both deal with identity. In addition to breaking his promise to institute immigration reform within his first year, identity politics has led President Obama to deport over one million undocumented immigrants in his three years of presidencymore than President Bush deported in his eight years of office. Republican presidential candidate and former Mass. Gov. Mitt Romney proposed yet another solution to the issue--self-deportation, a plan that even

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Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Jose Vargas speaks out about the nature of immigration discourse in the United States on the steps of UNCs South Building.

Newt Gingrich has called a fantasy. It would be comical if it wasnt so tragic, Vargas said in reference to Romneys self-deportation plan that would supposedly remove 5.5 million undocumented immigrants from the U.S. by 2016. I think were at a critical time with this issue because immigration...is about the changing American identity. Thats what this is about; this is way bigger than immigration. Its about who we are as a country and what we value. After all, despite the current immigration vitriol, the U.S. has historically prided itself as a nation of immigrants. Whats different about immigration today? The people who are coming now are not white, Vargas said. They dont look white. Theyre Asian; theyre Latino. They speak different languages, and

they have different cultures. But even the media has played its own role in perpetuating identity politics with respect to immigration. Statistics like the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policys study that found undocumented immigrants paid 11.2 billion dollars in 2012 in state and local taxes are almost never highlighted by the media. Despite taxpayer contributions by undocumented immigrants, federal law prohibits them from receiving taxpayer funded government services, including Medicaid, Medicare, food stamps, social security and childcare subsidies. Instead, the media gives the most spot light to the position that undocumented immigrants take our jobs. Even the fact that being an undocumented immigrant is a civil offense and not a crime is widely misunderstood.

Were not actually criminals, although thats what were called, sometimes misspelled, Vargas said. I just wish people would spell-check their hate. Although he received much of the negative reactions from the public that he expected, his email inbox has also been full of others sharing with him their immigration stories in solidarity and sometimes in desperate for help. Despite daring the system, Vargas has faced no legal repercussions for being public about his immigration status. Many others are not so lucky. Vargas says he is not an activist; hes just a journalist telling a story a story that happens to be his own. Being undocumented, being gay, being whatever is not something to be agreed with, he said, its who I am. APRIL2012

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PHOTO BY HANNAH NEMER

WE ARE ALL CO N N ECT E D

NEHA VERMA

UNC Human Rights Week Spreads Awareness and Encourages Action

n the midst of basketball season and midterms, a gap can quickly form between UNC students and world events. During the last week in February, however, UNCs Human Rights Week helped to bridge that gap. Two Campus Y committees Advocates for Human Rights and STAND as well as the UNC Chapter of Amnesty International collaborated on the weeks events, which ranged from a Di-Phi Debate on Refugee Rights on Monday to a Spoken Word for Human Rights event on Friday. We normally focus on one big event, but this year, we hoped to focus on a number of smaller events, AHR co-chair Rachel Myrick said. One of our goals was to reach out to different communities and students outside of the Campus Y. David Johnson, founder of the nonprofit Silent Images and a featured speaker on Tuesday night, summarized the importance of Human Rights Week during his lecture. We must recognize our connectedness to the injustices of the world, Johnson told students. The final stage of any injustice is apathy. But given that these injustices are often absent from news headlines, staying connected can be difficult. Being in college can be like living in a bubble, first-year and event attendee Julia Whitley said. Its hard to stay aware unless you really make an effort. 24

Johnson pointed out how, during the genocide in Darfur, many news sources were reporting on Anna Nicole Smith and Britney Spears. Its incredibly embarrassing that our

PHOTO BY GIHANI DISSANAYAKE

A cube outside of the UNC Student Union advertises Human Rights Week.

conversation centered on these blondes when a twenty-first century genocide was occurring, Johnson said. Human Rights Week managed to bring the often-neglected stories of hu-

man rights violations to the students at UNC. For example, the Genocide: Then and Now event on Tuesday presented statistics on past and present genocides, pointing out how genocide has always been, and still is, an important issue. The displays gave me a powerful look at social injustice, said first-year Nikhil Umesh, who saw the presentation in the pit. At Wednesdays Human Rights Dinner on Food Justice, Vimala Rajendran spoke to thirty students about her local restaurant Vimalas Curryblossom Caf. The restaurants everybody eats policy allows everyone, even those who cannot afford it, to come in and enjoy a wholesome meal. While the events of Human Rights Week increased awareness, they also encouraged students to remain more conscious of world events from now on. David Johnson, for example, urged his listeners to change their homepages to news websites, such as CNN or BBC in order to put world issues right in front of you. This message was one that was applicable to not just students interested in human rights, but everyone in the community. I think Human Rights Week was a great success this year because we were able to reach out to a lot of different campus communities and host a number of unique and interesting events.

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PROTECTING STUDENTS AND FACULTY

Why UNC-Chapel Hill Should Care About Stopping Amendment One
KYLE VILLEMAIN

he upcoming May 8 vote on a new North Carolina constitutional amendment, Amendment One, could have serious consequences for staff, faculty and student recruitment and retention at UNC-Chapel Hill. The amendment, subject to approval by 50 percent of voters, states, Marriage between one man and one woman is the only domestic legal union that shall be valid or recognized in this State. The laws supporters claim that the law is aimed at dealing with the issue of same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage is already banned in North Carolina. And the proposed amendment would do far more than simply further entrench this ban. It would also nullify civil-unions and domestic partnerships, even for heterosexual couples. The consequences of Amendment Ones enactment could significantly hurt UNC. Terri Phoenix, the director of the UNC LGBTQ center, fears a wide range of prospective students may be less likely to choose UNC system schools as places to pursue degrees. Phoenixs fear is supported by research. A 2010 University of Southern California study of LGBTQ high school and college students found that having a gay-friendly campus is an important factor in their college choice, close behind a schools academics, reputation and student organizations. Amendment One would make UNC a markedly less friendly campus for all sexualities. Students at UNC with a same sex partner would face decreased options

in terms of housing and health care. They would no longer be able to purchase health insurance for their partners nor live in on-campus family housing. Faculty and staff at UNC would face even greater consequences. Along with thousands of other public employees, staff would no longer enjoy the limited domestic partner insurance benefits that some governments provide. A number of local governments, includ ing the cities of Chapel Hill, Durham and Greensboro, as well as Mecklenburg and Orange counties, currently offer some form of benefits. They would be barred from doing so by Amendment One. Both students and faculty would also lose domestic violence protection. The proposed amendment would not allow anyone, even if the individual is heterosexual, to qualify for a domestic violence protection order against their partner unless the two were married. Part of the problem with the amendment is that it is unclear how the courts would interpret its language and how far-reaching it would ultimately be. According to a November 2011 writeup of the amendments potential effects by three UNC law professors, the law could potentially stop committed couples from identifying their partners remains, visiting their partners in the hospital and making emergency medical or financial decisions if their partner is incapacitated. The amendment would likely make

UNC student Austin Gilmore stands in the pit, selling Vote Against Amendment One t-shirts.

recruiting staff and students to live in a state where rights such as these are non-existent even more difficult. The amendment comes at a time when faculty retention is already low, in large part due to the budget cuts faced by UNC. A deterioration of the working and learning environment at UNC is just another of the unintended consequences the proposed amendment would inflict. As more North Carolinians learn of the full extent of the law, support for the amendment has steadily declined a decline that many university members, students and unmarried couples of all sexualities are likely hoping will continue.

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PHOTO BY TYLER TRAN

A HOUSE UNDER THE TENTS

1 2 4

3 7 5 9

10
PHOTOS BY AUDREY ANN LAVALEE

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A look into the lives of the Syrian refugees in Turkey

AUDREY ANN LAVALLE

ccording to Turkish officials, thousands of Syrians now cross the Turkish border daily to flee their precarious lives in their home country. The flow of refugees is not new. Last summer, I traveled to the Turkish border on an assignment for the French Canadian Press. I was to document the lives of the Syrian refugees who, since early April, started arriving from towns which the Syrian army had stormed. At that time, there were more than 15,000 refugees packed in three small installations at the border. The latest violence had forced citizens from Jisr-alShoughour, in the Idlib province, to flee from the army looking for armed-gangs and terrorists. Not long after this flow of refugees, we learned that Colonel Riad Assad, who defected from the Syrian Army and to assume control of the Free Syria Army, was now commanding his defected men from Yayladagi, a small town containing the white tents of the Turkish Red Crescent. Today, Idlib is ubiquitous in the news as it is emerging as a center of the revolution (after Deraa and HomsBaab-Aamru). This background information is useful to keep in mind as Turkey discusses creating buffer zones in Syria to halt the flow of refugees in its territory, a move that would enable the opposition to mobilize in a safe haven within the wartorn countrys borders. On June 19, 2011, I spent an hour in the Syrian refugee camp of Boynubuyu, a village located two kilometers away from Syria. The following photo essay does not take a stance on the legitimacy of Turkeys plan to create buffer

a zone in a sovereign territory. Nor is it an attempt to play with the audiences ethos and thereby convincing them of the necessity of such a political move. This photo essay is about the people that we met at a crossroad in their lives. These snapshots provide an insight on how they spend their days confined in their new village made-up of white tents. It is important to mention that the refugees expected our visit, which explains why some framed their message, an equally interesting aspect which helps us understand not only their experience of trauma but how they want this trauma to be understood by outsiders. The Main Camps 1) June 19, The camp in Boynubuyu. This is one of the three installations to receive Syrian refugees, after the camps of Yayladagi and Altinozu. The camp is fenced and covered with a white tarp, preventing the journalists from interacting with its occupants. On the day in question, Turkey discretely decided to allow journalists into the camps for a small tour. Journalists, including myself, were allowed to go in, but they had to forego their cameraman and translators. I remember Al-Jazeera`s Anita McNaught screaming: This is not journalism, this is tourism! 2) June 19, Children in Altinozu. At the time the picture was taken, the UNHCR and Angelina Jolie had just visited the camp to make sure the refugees were living in optimal conditions. These children did not seem distraught by the media attention that accompanied Jo-

lies visit. They preferred to stay on the other side of the tarp, as close as possible to the free side of the fence. 3) June 18, Children in Yayladagi. While I was in Yayladagi to take shots of the camp from outside, two women gave birth in the camp, attesting to the unexpected nature of the displacement. Life Inside the Camps 4) June 19, Old man sitting behind his tent. 5) June 19, Couple who came out to take a picture for the journalists. 6) June 19, Men having lunch in their friends tent. 7) June 19. Children take over the playground, raising the Syrian flag and screaming, The people want the downfall of the regime. 8) June 19, Children holding a small cardboard on which they drew tanks and compared the Syrian regime to the Israeli army that took the Golan Heights from Syria in 1967. 9) June 19, Grandmother and her son. A Heavy Atmosphere 10) Poster saying thank you to the Turkish government and we will not return to our country until the fall of the regime. The atmosphere in the camp was heavy. On the one hand, people were thankful of the measures taken by the Turkish government who provided them their basic needs. On the other, the people were upset not being able to express themselves in front of the media and tell their stories.

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THE NATURAL FLOW

INTERVIEW WITH
PHOTO COURTESY OF ADRIAN BEJAN.

ADRIAN BEJAN
ON THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW OF DESIGN IN NATURE
Professor Adrian Bejan of Duke University discusses the Constructal Law of Nature.

MOLLY HRUDKA

drian Bejan is challenging the commonly held notion of evolution. Bejan is a professor of mechanical engineering at Duke Universitys Pratt School of Engineering. In addition to being ranked among the 100 most-cited authors in engineering, Bejan has theorized the constructal law of design in nature, which challenges the age-old scientific notion that nature evolves without a particular design. Emerging from the field of thermodynamics, the constructal law revolves around the idea that, in order for a system, such as a river network, to survive, it must grow in a way that most facilitates the systems ability to flow, that is, to move forward without resistance. The theory, however, doesnt just apply to inanimate systems; it unites all systems, animate and inanimate, in predicting how everything including languages, snowflakes and human bodies, flow through space. Be-

jan explores this and other provocative insights about nature and design in his new book, Design in Nature. M: How does your theory, which some people say goes beyond Darwin, differ from evolution in the Darwinian sense? A: I think Darwin had the right hunch, but he did not have thermodynamics in his time the way I do in mine, so he did not explain what it means to be fit, or more fit, or the fittest. The survivor was the fittest. The definition of fitness or efficiency is really the purpose of a new law of physics, and that is what I have discovered with the constructal law. M: On one hand the constructal law is a very tangible theory; on the other, its quite abstract, because its difficult to think of

design without a designer. How does your theory handle this? A: This difficulty is only in English, not in other languages. It has to do with the fact that English is a very young language. In English, design has two meanings. It can mean the noun: the noun of a figure, configuration or pattern, something you look at and discern, the actual drawing. The other meaning comes from the verb to design, the activity of creating a contrivance, a machine. For that, of course, you need a human being who empowers himself or herself to contrive something thats useful. The constructal law of design in nature is not about the designer; its about the drawing as a phenomenon that happens by itself everywhere. It is a natural tendency like all the other things of physics. Take, for example, gravitational fall. Theres not a gravity maker that urges rocks to fall.

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M: I understand to an extent how M: This makes me think of urban in the main zones of the globe, the everything flows through space - design wind speeds and the temperature difhow your theory can explain why ferences from night to day. Climate is birds and airplanes fly, how cit- A: Correct. There isnt one guy who says, predictable because climate is really a ies and epidemics spread, even There should be streets. Streets hap- word for how the atmosphere and the how snowflakes oceans are flowing. form or how These are the wheels Egypt gained No, you cannot predict the urges of the individual, of the vehicle driven its pyramids. by the earth engine. but when you have many individuals behaving ac- The earth is an enBut what about cording to their urges, the large whole puts on something like gine thats producing display the urges that unite them. the evolution of power, and this powlanguage? er has to be spent. It is spent on moving A: Language is one of many parts of our pen. A central square happens. A belt- some big trucks called ocean currents design as humans. With language we way happens. They happen constantly, and air streams and all that. Our work communicate. We connect ourselves to and theyre not copying each other. No with the constructal law will tell you other humans on the landscape. Lan- live thing is copying another live thing. what the movement of all of us includguage is just like the school of fish where The dolphin is not copying the shark. ing the temperatures on the earth will each individual fish senses where the Those mass flow systems are evolving be 50 years from now. school is. With language, we move more toward flowing more easily. easily on the landscape, more safely, M: Is there anything the construcmore economically. Trade, currency, trea- M: What about the idea of per- tal law doesnt cover? ties--all these things we have invented fection? Can a system ever reach are ultimately better for living and creat- perfection? A: The answer so far is no. I was involved ing and peace. That is what language is with several geophysicists predicting for. A: Every design will be imperfect. Perfec- the earths climate. So it works there, it tion is impossible, but what is possible works in social dynamics, the evolution M: Does your theory take human is to change the configuration forever of urban design, and all sorts of other rationality into account? toward better and better so that the things that have to do with social orgaflow system becomes the less and less nization. Nothing so far has disqualified A: Any thinker of a law of physics of course imperfect over time. itself from belonging under the tent of respects greatly the urges and unpredictthe constructal law, and that is the way ability of the individual. For example, the M: I read a quote about construc- things should be. Like the two laws of urge of things to flow from high to low tal law providing us with an un- thermodynamics, a law of physics is for cannot tell you about every blob of water, derstanding of certain human everything. Constructal law explains the but broadly speaking, the water stream, challenges like immigration, cli- urge to change the social organization, as complicated as it is, with droplets mate change, improved housing, the urge to vote, the urge to have secusplashing in untold directions, flows from and roadway design. To me, that rity, to have freedom, to have opportuhigh to low. It is the same with the migra- seems quite abstract. How do you nity, to have obstacles out of the way. tion of animals. No, you cannot predict apply constructal law to things as All of these things are in everyone. The the urges of the individual, but when you abstract as this? world today shows there is a direction have many individuals behaving accordto this progression. ing to their urges, the large whole puts on A: The breakthrough with the condisplay the urges that unite them. They all structal law with regard to climate is flow from high to low; they all conserve that we have predicted climate as it is. energy, they all flow with [a certain] path. In fact, weve predicted temperatures APRIL2012

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Health

A CANCER VACCINE
PHOTO FROM WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

UNCs Efforts in the Fight Against Human Papillomavirus

LUDA SHTESSEL

he human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for almost all cervical cancers in women, and for almost all genital warts in both men and women. Since 2006, the Food and Drug Administration has approved wo vaccines that protect against some of the most common HPV strains. Doctors have routinely recommended these vaccinations for girls, and in 2011, following an announcement from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, they began recommending them for boys as well. The recommendation came just in time to address results from a new 2012 study showing that three times as many men are infected with oral HPV than women. Yet vaccination coverage still has a way to go as a majority of pre-teens remain unvaccinated. In addition to cervical and oral cancer, HPV infection can also cause cancers of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, head and neck. At least 15 percent of the U.S. population is infected with HPV, but because HPV can be naturally cleared by the bodys immune system, estimates show that many morea shocking 50 percenthave been infected at some 30

point in their lives. Despite these threatening statistics, only a third of women completed the entire three-dose vaccine course in 2010 nationwide, and a third of North Carolinian women received just one dose. Boys fared even worse. Only 1.5 percent of 13- to 17-year-old boys are vaccinated. Yet, 90 percent of men that received all three doses were protected from genital warts. And a striking 98 percent of vaccinated women were protected against cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancer. These statistics demand more aggressive and effective efforts to increase HPV vaccinations in the population. But social stigma and inadequate access to information continue to hinder these efforts. The CDC hope that the 2011 change in guidelines from a permissive to a routine vaccination recommendation for boys will increase their vaccination rates. Public health researchers at UNC launched the Cervical Cancer-Free NC initiative in May 2010 with a $1.5 million dollar grant from GlaxoSmithKline. The push hopes to increase both cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination,

with the ultimate goal of eliminating cervical cancer statewide. Dr. Joel Brewer, an associate professor at the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, is CCFNCs director. Work from his lab that reveals that the concerns pre-teens and parents have about HPV vaccination is impacting the way parents are educated about the benefits. Crucial to decreasing the number of people afflicted with HPV is identifying which factors are limiting the vaccines acceptance. In a July 2010 publication, Brewers lab reported that when men were told about the associated cancer risks of HPV, they were much more accepting of the HPV vaccine than when they were just told about the risk of contracting genital warts alone. Additionally, a publication from August 2011 identified that peer acceptance can boost vaccine uptake in boys. Schatzi McCarthy, the associate director of CCFNC, emphasized the close relationship research and implementation share at UNC. Its very integrated. Its the core of what we do, Schatzi said. She described how increasing access

APRIL2012

At le and ast 15 50% % o Onl hav f U.S. y 1/ eb p ent een opula ire 3 of w infe tion vac cte cine omen d a is infe rec t so cted in 2 me 010 eived . poi with H the nt i n th PV, eir live s Yet , wer 98% vag e pro of vac ina c t l an ected inate d dv ulga from wom en r ca nce cervia l, r.

. Onl y are 1.5% vac o cina f boy s 13 ted . -1

Yet , nat 90% ed of m pro tec en w vacc t tal iwar ed fro ere mg ts. eni School of Journalism and Mass Communication, has also worked with different types of communication tools. Parents liked protective emotions pictures with two parents with their child, she said. Cates is also part of UNCs Interdisciplinary Health Communication program, which aims to identify and teach effective health communication strategies. Her personal experiences with parents have revealed some important differences in trying to vaccinate boys as opposed to girls. Theres a greater desire for parents of girls to think that girls wont be sexually active, Cates said. As all of these different efforts come together, the researchers hope to see drops in the rates of HPV-related cancers in both men and women across North Carolina and the U.S. But ultimately, it is up to the parents and children to choose to get vaccinated. We lay the facts out as best we can and answer concerns, Cates said. Thats all you can do. APRIL2012

to information about the HPV vaccine improves its acceptance. Going through school-based health centers has been an effective strategy. Parents receive not only school-recommended vaccination forms but also information pamphlets. The information describes the crucial benefits of the HPV vaccine as well as how the virus is transmitted, which can sometimes lead to unfamiliar and uncomfortable discussion between parents and kids. [When it comes to their kids,] sex and cancer are two things that parents dont want to discuss, Schatzi said. Although most parents allowed their children to be vaccinated for all vaccines by checking the all vaccines box on the form, some complained once they found out that their sons were vaccinated against HPV. Because it hasnt been widely publicized, parents start wondering What are you giving my son a girls vaccine for? But having an all box for vaccines translates into meaningful changes in uptake, Schatzi said.

Since its inception, CCFNC has been assessing local strategies for increasing HPV vaccination coverage, and now two years worth of data is beginning to pour in. Dr. Melissa Gilkey, a post-doctoral associate in Brewers lab, is tasked with processing all of this information. She compares vaccine uptake between two scenariosone where parents received information pamphlets and one where they did not. We look at practices at baseline and then analyze how well the interventions are working, Gilkey said. One of the best ways to convince parents [to vaccinate their kids] is through health care providers. Through this work, Gilkey and others hope to extract the most effective methods of increasing HPV vaccination rates. The ease of completing vaccination forms is one thing that can hinder these rates. The information is meant to be inviting and visually interesting, Gilkey said. Dr. Joan Cates, a lecturer at UNCs

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Published with support from: Campus Progress, a division of the Center for American Progress. Campus Progress works to help young people advocates, activists, journalists, artists make their voices heard on issues that matter. Learn more at CampusProgress.org
This publication was funded at least in part by Student Fees which were appropriated and dispersed by the Student Government at UNC Chapel Hill.

Campus BluePrint is a non-partisan student publication that aims to provide a forum for open

dialogue on progressive ideals at UNC-Chapel Hill and in the greater community. 32

APRIL2012