Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

maths

Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

maths
Margaret Grove

Text 2010 Grove and Associates Pty Ltd Illustrations and design 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Additional owners of copyright are acknowledged in on-page credits Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyrighted material. The authors and publishers tender their apologies should any infringement have occurred. Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the institution (or the body that administers it) has sent a Statutory Educational notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) and been granted a licence. For details of statutory educational and other copyright licences contact: Copyright Agency Limited, Level 15, 233 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000. Telephone: (02) 9394 7600. Website: www.copyright.com.au Reproduction and communication for other purposes Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the written permission of McGraw-Hill Australia including, but not limited to, any network or other electronic storage. Enquiries should be made to the publisher via www.mcgraw-hill.com.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Author: Grove, Margaret. Title: Maths in focus: mathematics extension 1 HSC course/Margaret Grove. Edition: 2nd ed. ISBN: 9780070278592 (pbk.) Target Audience: For secondary school age. Subjects: Mathematics. MathematicsProblems, exercises, etc. Dewey Number: 510.76 Published in Australia by McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Level 2, 82 Waterloo Road, North Ryde NSW 2113 Publisher: Eiko Bron Managing Editor: Kathryn Fairfax Production Editor: Natalie Crouch Editorial Assistant: Ivy Chung Art Director: Astred Hicks Cover and Internal Design: Simon Rattray, Squirt Creative Cover Image: Corbis Proofreaders: Terence Townsend and Ron Buck CD-ROM Preparation: Nicole McKenzie Typeset in ITC Stone serif, 10/14 by diacriTech Printed in China on 80 gsm matt art by iBook

Contents
PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CREDITS FEATURES OF THIS BOOK SYLLABUS MATRIX STUDY SKILLS Chapter 1: Geometry 2 INTRODUCTION PlaNe FIgURe geOmeTRy SURFaCe aReaS aND VOlUmeS COORDINaTe meThODS IN geOmeTRy CIRCLE PROPERTIES TeST yOURSelF 1 ChalleNge exeRCISe 1 Chapter 2: Geometrical Applications of Calculus INTRODUCTION gRaDIeNT OF a CURVe TyPeS OF STaTIONaRy POINTS hIgheR DeRIVaTIVeS SIgN OF The SeCOND DeRIVaTIVe DeTeRmININg TyPeS OF STaTIONaRy POINTS CURVe SkeTChINg FURTHER CURvE SKETCHING maxImUm aND mINImUm ValUeS PROblemS INVOlVINg maxIma aND mINIma PRImITIVe FUNCTIONS TeST yOURSelF 2 ChalleNge exeRCISe 2 Chapter 3: Integration INTRODUCTION aPPROxImaTION meThODS INTegRaTION aND The PRImITIVe FUNCTION DeFINITe INTegRalS INDeFINITe INTegRalS aReaS eNClOSeD by The x-axIS aReaS eNClOSeD by The y-axIS SUmS aND DIFFeReNCeS OF aReaS VOlUmeS INTEGRATION USING SUBSTITUTION TeST yOURSelF 3 ChalleNge exeRCISe 3 Practice Assessment Task Set 1 viii viii viii viii ix x 2 3 3 16 21 25 43 45 50 51 51 57 61 62 70 73 77 79 83 95 100 102 104 105 105 117 120 123 128 133 136 138 145 150 151 153

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Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions INTRODUCTION DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS LOGARITHMS DERIVATIVE OF THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION INTEGRATION AND THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION TEST YOURSELF 4 CHALLENGE EXERCISE 4 Chapter 5: Trigonometric Functions INTRODUCTION CIRCULAR MEASURE TRIGONOMETRIC RESULTS FURTHER TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS CIRCLE RESULTS SMALL ANGLES TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS INTEGRATION OF SIN2 X AND COS2 X TEST YOURSELF 5 CHALLENGE EXERCISE 5 Chapter 6: Applications of Calculus to the Physical World INTRODUCTION RATES OF CHANGE RATES INVOLVING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY A MORE COMPLEX FORMULA FOR GROWTH AND DECAY MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN A STRAIGHT LINE MOTION AND DIFFERENTIATION MOTION AND INTEGRATION VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION IN TERMS OF X SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION PROJECTILES TEST YOURSELF 6 CHALLENGE EXERCISE 6 Practice Assessment Task Set 2 Chapter 7: Inverse Functions INTRODUCTION INVERSE FUNCTIONS GRAPH OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS INTEGRATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TEST YOURSELF 7 CHALLENGE EXERCISE 7

160 161 161 169 172 183 187 190 191 194 195 195 199 204 209 218 222 236 240 244 247 248 250 251 251 255 260 269 275 283 290 294 302 313 324 326 329 334 335 335 339 352 363 370 373 374

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Chapter 8: Series INTRODUCTION geNeRal SeRIeS SIgma NOTaTION aRIThmeTIC SeRIeS geOmeTRIC SeRIeS aPPlICaTIONS OF SeRIeS PROOF BY MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION TeST yOURSelF 8 ChalleNge exeRCISe 8 Practice Assessment Task Set 3 Chapter 9: Polynomials 2 INTRODUCTION ESTIMATION OF ROOTS TEST YOURSELF 9 CHALLENGE EXERCISE 9 Chapter 10: The Binomial Theorem INTRODUCTION COMBINATIONS BINOMIAL THEOREM FURTHER WORK WITH COEFFICIENTS TEST YOURSELF 10 CHALLENGE EXERCISE 10 Chapter 11: Probability INTRODUCTION SImPle PRObabIlITy mUlTI-STage eVeNTS COUNTING TECHNIqUES BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION TeST yOURSelF 11 ChalleNge exeRCISe 11 Practice Assessment Task Set 4 Sample Examination Papers Answers

376 377 377 383 385 394 410 431 436 438 440 446 447 447 464 465 466 467 467 474 483 494 495 496 497 497 509 521 533 543 545 548 552 562

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PREFACE
This book covers the HSC syllabus for Mathematics and Extension 1. It follows the same style as the Year 11 Preliminary course, and provides a thorough coverage of the HSC syllabus. The extension material is easy to see as it has purple headings and there is purple shading next to all extension questions and answers. The syllabus is available through the NSW Board of Studies website at www.boardofstudies .nsw.edu.au. You can also access resources, study techniques, examination technique, sample and past examination papers through other websites such as www.math.nsw.edu.au and www.csu.edu .au. Searching the Internet generally will pick up many websites supporting the work in this course. Each chapter has comprehensive fully worked examples and explanations as well as ample sets of graded exercises. The theory follows a logical order, although some topics may be learned in any order. Each chapter contains Test Yourself and Challenge exercises, and there are several practice assessment tasks throughout the book. If you have trouble doing the Test Yourself exercises at the end of a chapter, you will need to go back into the chapter and revise it before trying them again. Dont attempt to do the Challenge exercises until you are confident that you can do the Test Yourself exercises, as these are more difficult and are designed to test the more able students who understand the topic really well.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks go to my family, especially my husband Geoff, for supporting me in writing this book.

CREDITS
Istockphoto: p 105 Margaret Grove: p 3, p 25, p 92, p 94, p 144, p 195, p 231, p 234, p 235, p 260, p 265, p 266, p 267, p 268, p 269, p 274, p 322, p 414, p 415, p416, p 497, p 508, p 519, p 520, p 535, p 541 Shutterstock: p 21, p 251, p 301, p 335, p 514

FEATURES OF THIS BOOK

This second edition retains all the features of previous Maths in Focus books while adding in new improvements. The main feature of Maths in Focus is in its readability, its plentiful worked examples and straightforward language so that students can understand it and use it in self-paced learning. The logical progression of topics, the comprehensive fully worked examples and graded exercises are still major features. A wide variety of questions is maintained, with more comprehensive and more difcult questions included in each topic. At the end of each chapter is a consolidation set of exercises (Test Yourself) in no particular order that will test whether the student has grasped the concepts contained in the chapter. There is also a Challenge set for the more able students. The four practice assessment tasks provide a comprehensive variety of mixed questions from various chapters. These have been extended to contain questions in the form of sample examination questions, including short answer, free response and multiple choice questions that students may encounter in HSC assessments. The second edition also features a short summary of general study skills that students will nd useful, both in the classroom and when doing assessment tasks and examinations. A syllabus matrix is included to show where each syllabus topic ts into the book. Topics are generally arranged in a logical order but there is room for some topics to be done in a different way. For example, probability can be done at any time.

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SYLLABUS MATRIX
This matrix shows how the syllabus is organised in the chapters of this book.

Mathematics (2 Unit)
Coordinate methods in geometry (6.8) Chapter 1: Geometry 2

Applications of geometrical properties (2.5)

Chapter 1: Geometry 2

Geometrical applications of differentiation (10.1 10.8)

Chapter 2: Geometrical applications of calculus

Integration (11.1 11.4)

Chapter 3: Integration

Trigonometric functions (13.1 13.6, 13.7)

Chapter 5: Trigonometric functions

Logarithms and exponential functions (12.1 12.5)

Chapter 4: Exponential and logarithmic functions

Applications of calculus to the physical world (14.1 14.3)

Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world

Probability (3.1 3.3)

Chapter 11: Probability

Series (7.1 7.3) and Series applications (7.5)

Chapter 8: Series

Extension 1
Methods of integration (11.5E) Chapter 3: Integration

Primitive of sin 2x and cos 2x (13.6E)

Chapter 5: Trigonometric functions

Equation

dN = k(N - P) (14.2E) dt

Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world

Velocity and acceleration as a function of x (14.3E)

Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world

Projectile motion (14.3E)

Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world

Simple harmonic motion (14.4E)

Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world

Inverse functions and inverse trigonometric functions (15.1 15.5E)

Chapter 7: Inverse functions

Induction (7.4E)

Chapter 8: Series

Binomial theorem (17.1 17.3E)

Chapter 10: The binomial theorem

Further probability (18.2E)

Chapter 11: Probability

Iterative methods for numerical estimation of the roots of a polynomial equation (16.4E)

Chapter 9: Polynomials 2

STUDY SKILLS
You may have coasted through previous stages without needing to rely on regular study, but in this course many of the topics are new and you will need to systematically revise in order to build up your skills and to remember them. The Preliminary course introduces the basics of topics such as calculus that are then applied in the HSC course. You will struggle in the HSC if you dont set yourself up to revise the preliminary topics as you learn new HSC topics. Your teachers will be able to help you build up and manage good study habits. Here are a few hints to get you started. There is no right or wrong way to learn. Different styles of learning suit different people. There is also no magical number of hours a week that you should study, as this will be different for every student. But just listening in class and taking notes is not enough, especially when learning material that is totally new. You wouldnt go for your drivers licence after just one trip in the car, or enter a dance competition after learning a dance routine once. These skills take a lot of practice. Studying mathematics is just the same. If a skill is not practised within the rst 24 hours, up to 50% can be forgotten. If it is not practised within 72 hours, up to 8590% can be forgotten! So it is really important that whatever your study timetable, new work must be looked at soon after it is presented to you. With a continual succession of new work to learn and retain, this is a challenge. But the good news is that you dont have to study for hours on end!

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In the classroom
In order to remember, first you need to focus on what is being said and done. According to an ancient proverb:

I hear and I forget I see and I remember I do and I understand

If you chat to friends and just take notes without really paying attention, you arent giving yourself a chance to remember anything and will have to study harder at home. If you have just had a fight with a friend, have been chatting about weekend activities or myriad of other conversations outside the classroom, it helps if you can check these at the door and dont keep chatting about them once the lesson starts. If you are unsure of something that the teacher has said, the chances are that others are also not sure. Asking questions and clarifying things will ultimately help you gain better results, especially in a subject like mathematics where much of the knowledge and skills depends on being able to understand the basics. Learning is all about knowing what you know and what you dont know. Many students feel like they dont know anything, but its surprising just how much they know already. Picking up the main concepts in class and not worrying too much about other less important parts can really help. The teacher can guide you on this. Here are some pointers to get the best out of classroom learning: Q Take control and be responsible for your own learning Q Clear your head of other issues in the classroom Q Active, not passive learning is more memorable Q Ask questions if you dont understand something Q Listen for cues from the teacher Q Look out for what are the main concepts Note taking varies from class to class, but there are some general guidelines that will help when you come to read over your notes later on at home: Q Write legibly Q Use different colours to highlight important points or formulae Q Make notes in textbooks (using pencil if you dont own the textbook) Q Use highlighter pens to point out important points Q Summarise the main points Q If notes are scribbled, rewrite them at home

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At home
You are responsible for your own learning and nobody else can tell you how best to study. Some people need more revision time than others, some study better in the mornings while others do better at night, and some can work at home while others prefer a library. There are some general guidelines for studying at home: Q Revise both new and older topics regularly Q Have a realistic timetable and be flexible Q Summarise the main points Q Revise when you are fresh and energetic Q Divide study time into smaller rather than longer chunks Q Study in a quiet environment Q Have a balanced life and dont forget to have fun! If you are given exercises out of a textbook to do for homework, consider asking the teacher if you can leave some of them until later and use these for revision. It is not necessary to do every exercise at one sitting, and you learn better if you can spread these over time. People use different learning styles to help them study. The more variety the better, and you will find some that help you more than others. Some people (around 35%) learn best visually, some (25%) learn best by hearing and others (40%) learn by doing. Here are some ideas to give you a variety of ways to study: Q Summarise on cue cards or in a small notebook Q Use colourful posters Q Use mindmaps and diagrams Q Discuss work with a group of friends Q Read notes out aloud Q Make up songs and rhymes Q Do exercises regularly Q Role play teaching someone else

Assessment tasks and exams

Many of the assessment tasks for maths are closed book examinations. You will cope better in exams if you have practiced doing sample exams under exam conditions. Regular revision will give you confidence and if you feel well prepared, this will help get rid of nerves in the exam. You will also cope better if you have had a reasonable nights sleep before the exam. One of the biggest problems students have with exams is in timing. Make sure you dont spend too much time on questions youre unsure about, but work through and find questions you can do first. Divide the time up into smaller chunks for each question and allow some extra time to go back to questions you couldnt do or finish. For example, in a 2 hour exam with 6 questions, allow around 15 minutes for each question. This will give an extra half hour at the end to tidy up and finish off questions.

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Here are some general guidelines for doing exams: Q Read through and ensure you know how many questions there are Q Divide your time between questions with extra time at the end Q Dont spend too much time on one question Q Read each question carefully, underlining key words Q Show all working out, including diagrams and formulae Q Cross out mistakes with a single line so it can still be read Q Write legibly

And finally
Study involves knowing what you dont know, and putting in a lot of time into concentrating on these areas. This is a positive way to learn. Rather than just saying, I cant do this, say instead, I cant do this yet, and use your teachers, friends, textbooks and other ways of finding out. With the parts of the course that you do know, make sure you can remember these easily under exam pressure by putting in lots of practice. Remember to look at new work Q today Q tomorrow Q in a week Q in a month Some people hardly ever find time to study while others give up their outside lives to devote all their time to study. The ideal situation is to balance study with other aspects of your life, including going out with friends, working and keeping up with sport and other activities that you enjoy.

Good luck with your studies!