Review of the first class

1. Exercises with linking words

Dear Mirabel, the sooner, the better, so that/because of/after all ! I haven't written to you for ages. For this reason/If not/ On the contrary I feel rather ill at ease. Moreover/In spite of/To this end, I haven't written to Nigel either ! As a matter of fact/By comparison/On the contrary I am very embarrassed : I agreed to marry your brother in spite of/instead of/because of his age by the way/but/since I must confess that it is now impossible. In other words/Then/As a result, I have met Walter and we have immediately fallen in love. In that case/Furthermore/Despite, Walter is American and wants me to live in Boston with him...On the one hand/On the other hand/By contrast , I 'll miss my friends and family , On the one hand /On the other hand/In other words I' ll lose Walter if I don't go. Therefore/If not/To this and, I have made up my mind. I will go to Boston. This is way/In the same way/Rather I won't marry Nigel... I hope it won't have any effect on our friendship. In spite of/In any case/To this and , I would be very happy to have you at home in Boston. Nevertheless/For/As a consequence, I would understand if you didn't come. In the first place/Though/In the same way, Nigel is your brother, in the second place/that is to say/therefore, it's a long way from Bath to Boston. If/however/since, you've been my friend for so many years that you're like a sister to me. 'Angela'. *To this end=in acest scop *to make up smo. mind=a se razgandi

2. Speaking
How to express ability
To express that someone has the power or skill to do something, can and be able are used. Examples: I can't help you.I am busy. I'm unable to help you. When I was young I was able to earn my living pretty well; I could work hard. Now I can't. I'm too old. I can stand on my head for five minutes. Can you speak Arabic? Yes, I can.

Review of the first class

Expressing ability In the present:

Express ability in the present as follows: I can speak good English. I can't stand on my head.

b. Expressing permission

Asking for Permission:

In the past
Express ability in the past as follows I was unable to visit him. I couldn't eat at all when I was ill.

In the future
Express ability in the future as follows I will be able to buy a house when I get a good job. The teacher can assist you after class if you have any questions.

Can I go out, please? May I open the window, please? Please, can I have a look at your photo album? Please, may I taste that hot spicy couscous dish? Do you mind if I smoke? Would you mind if I asked you something? Is it okay if I sit here? Would it be all right if I borrowed your mobile Phone?

Giving Permission:

Things to remember:

Can is always followed by an infinitive without "to." Examples: I can ride my bike and I can drive a car, but I can't drive a lorry. Can in the past is was able or could Examples: When I was young I was able to earn my living pretty well. Now I can't; I'm too old. I couldn't hear what he was saying. Can in the future is will be able. Example: When I finish my studies, I will be able to find a job.

Yes, please do. Sure, go ahead. Sure. No problem. Please feel free. No, please dont. Im sorry, but thats not possible. I'm afraid, but you can't.

Refusing to give permission:

Dialogue:
Liza, eight years old, is asking her mother for permission to use the computer...
Liza: Her mother: Liza: Her mother: Please mum, can I use the computer? No, dear you can't. It's time to go to bed. May I read a story before I sleep? Sure! But try to sleep early.

The months of the year

Review of the first class

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 January February March April May June July August September October November December Midnight Evening Night Noon Between sunset and night When it is dark The middle of the day The middle of the night

Plural

You He She It We You They

yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

The days of the week

1 Sunday 2 Monday 3 Tuesday 4 Wednesday 5 Thursday 6 Friday 7 Saturday

Times of the day

Morning From sunrise to the middle of the day From the middle of the day to sunset

Remember: 1. Days and months are always capitalized. Example: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday... January, February, March ... 2. The preposition that we use for days is "on". Example: I go to the cinema on Mondays 3. The preposition that we use for months is "in". Example: The school year starts in September. Complete these sentences: 1. There are 24 hours in a . 2. There are 7 days in a . 3. There are 4 weeks in a . 4. There are 12 months in a .

Afternoon

Subject Reflexive Singular I myself

I cut my hair myself. * In this example "I" does the action of cutting the hair and at the same time "I" gets the action of the hair being cut.

We defended ourselves brilliantly.

Review of the first class

* In this example the reflexive pronoun "ourselves" refers back to the subject of the sentence.

"myself" are the subjects. Reflexive pronouns cannot be subjects. This sentence is grammatically incorrect.

John talks to himself when he is nervous. * In this example "Himself" refers to John.

Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an interaction between the subject and an object. For example:

Because she was not hungry when the cake was served, Ellen saved herself a piece. * In the independent clause, "Ellen" is the subject and "herself" is a reflexive pronoun acting as the indirect object. This sentence is grammatically correct.

Jhon and myself are going to the movie. * In this sentence, "Jhon" and

2. GRAMMAR

Remember:

I, you, he, she, it, you, they are subject pronouns (also called subject pronouns.) am, are, is are forms of the verb to be in the simple present. 'm, 're, 's are short (contracted) forms of am, are, is 'm not, aren't, isn't are short (contracted forms) of am not, are not, is not Use the simple present tense to indicate: 1. Routine actions, habits 2. Facts

Things to remember about the simple present:

1.In the interrogative forms, we use "do" or "does".

"Do you like the house?" "Does she go to school?"

2; Verbs never take an "s" in the the negative and interrogative forms.

"Does he speak german?" "Do they play soccer?" She doesn't like ice cream.

3. don't is the short form of "do not". You can say either:

I do not speak Italian, or I don't speak Italian.

4.doesn't is the short form of "does not". you can say either:

He does not listen to jazz music, or He doesn't listen to jazz music.

Special verbs
There are verbs which are normally not used in the present continuous.

Examples:
be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell, think, understand, want, wish It's not correct to say:

He is wanting to buy a new car.* You must say:

He wants to buy a new car. Rememeber:

1. wasn't is the short form of was not. You can say either:

I was not in Paris, or I wasn't in Paris.

2. weren't is the short form of were not. You can say either:

we were not in Paris, or we weren't in Paris.

The spelling of the simple past form (-ed forms)

You will learn the spelling of the simple past form (-ed form.) But before you continue the lesson study the following examples and try to see how the verbs are spelled.
Verbs ending in a... 1. silent e 2. vowel + y 3. consonant 4. other forms +y visit = visited miss = missed watch = watched finish = finished fix = fixed buzz = buzzed

marry = close = closed married play = played carry = destroy = die = died carried destroyed phone = study = show = showed phoned studied

The rules of the simple past tense forms:

Here are the rules:
1. Regular verbs ending in a silent e take /-d/ in the simple past and past participle: Example: close=closed 2. Regular verbs ending in a vowel + y take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle:

Example: play=played 3. Regular verbs ending in a consonnant + y take /-ied/ in the simple past and past participle (the y becomes an i followed by /-ed/) Example: marry=married 4. All the other regular vebs take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle. Example: visit=visited

Special cases of the -ed forms:

Follow these rules when there is a consonnant after a vowel (stop, ban, open, offer...)

If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel at the end of the word, double the consonant stop stopped ban - banned swap - swapped If the vowel is not stressed, we do not double it: open - opened (Here the stress is on'o', not the 'e'.) offer - offered ( Here the stress is on 'o', not the 'e'.)

In British English we double the last l even though the last vowel is not stressed. Here are some examples:

travel - travelled cancel - cancelled level - levelled marvel - marvelled