Jaerah Chamille B. Lelina MT11124 Define: 1.

Thermodynamics-it is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on
radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation. It is also the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency.

2. Entropy- is a thermodynamic property that can be used to determine the energy available for
usefulwork in a thermodynamic process, such as in energy conversion devices, engines, or machines. Such devices can only be driven by convertible energy, and have a theoretical maximum efficiency when converting energy to work. During this work, entropy accumulates in the system, which thendissipates in the form of waste heat.

3. Enthalpy- is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system. It includes the internal
energy, which is the energy required to create a system, and the amount of energy required to make room for it by displacing its environment and establishing its volume and pressure.

Differentiate: *System from surrounding and Open from close-isolated system. a) A system in thermodynamics is nothing more than a collection of matter that is being studied. A system could be the water within one side of the heat exchanger, the fluid inside the length of pipe, or the entire lubricating oil system for a diesel engine. While determining the boundary to solve a thermodynamic problem for a system will depend on what information is known about the system and what question is asked about the system. Everything external to this system is called thermodynamic surroundings, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. b) An open system in isolated system is a physical system without any external exchange. If it has
any surroundings, it does not interact with them. It obeys in particular the first of the conservation laws: its total energy - mass stays constant. Matter and energy cannot enter or exit, but can only move around inside. While a closed system can exchange energy (as heat or work), but not matter, with its surroundings. In contrast, an isolated system cannot exchange any of heat, work, or matter with the surroundings, while an open system can exchange all of heat, work and matter.

State and Explain a) 1st law of thermodynamics

The law states that energy can be transformed, i.e. changed from one form to another, but cannot be created nor destroyed. It is usually formulated by stating that the change in theinternal energy of a system is equal to the amount of heat supplied to the system, minus the amount of work performed by the system on its surroundings.

b) 2nd law of thermodynamics

is an expression of the tendency that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential equilibrate in an isolated physical system. From the state of thermodynamic equilibrium, the law deduced the principle of the increase of entropy and explains the phenomenon of irreversibility in nature. The second law declares the impossibility of machines that generate usable energy from the abundant internal energy of nature by processes called perpetual motion of the second kind. The second law may be expressed in many specific ways, but the first formulation is credited to the German scientist Rudolf Clausius. The law is usually stated in physical terms of impossible processes. In classical thermodynamics, the second law is a basic postulate applicable to any system involving measurable heat transfer, while in statistical thermodynamics, the second law is a consequence of unitarity inquantum theory. In classical thermodynamics, the second law defines the concept of thermodynamic entropy, while in statistical mechanics entropy is defined from information theory, known as the Shannon entropy.