Frequency Respnose

Amit Kulkarni EC department

Signal processing application

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) Wireless : Communication part Sensor : Sensing and processing part

Networks : Information transfer over interconnected sensor

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Collaborative processing
By signal we understand 'something' that signifies some occurrence of events of our interest. It may be deterministic in nature or may not be. But it conveys some information Processing means understanding that signal, or to modify (transformation, selective retention) that signal in order to extract the information that it carries Collaboration means co-operation or working together . Hence, collaborative signal processing means to process the signals received by a group of elements which are sensors in case of WSN.
Amit Kulkarni 1/13/2012

Why it is needed in Sensor Network?

In case of WSN, the 'goal' is to detect, identify and track any target. Again sensors are powered by fixed energy sources which are supplied at the time of network forming. So, 'limited power' is key factor here. In order to achieve a bigger goal, information must be shared. Receiving, transmitting, and processing of data is to be done with that limited power for a certain time period

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Applications
The goal of DSP is usually to measure, filter and/or compress continuous real-world analog signals Audio and Speech signal processing Sonar and radar signal processing, Sensor array processing, Spectral estimation, statistical signal processing, Digital image processing Signal processing for communications, Control of systems, Biomedical signal processing, Seismic data processing, etc.
Amit Kulkarni 1/13/2012

Signal modifications/operations
Both in time and in frequency domain 1. Amplitude scaling 2. Shifting ( Delay or advancement) 3. Time and frequency scaling ( compression or expansion) 4. Reversal (phase shift) 5. Convolution 6. Correlation All the above operations can be done if we know or understand the behavioral characteristics of a systems (frequency response)
Amit Kulkarni 1/13/2012

Signals and their respective spectra?

Signal Type Continuous + Periodic Continuous + Aperiodic Discrete + Periodic Discrete + Aperiodic

Spectrum Discrete + Aperiodic Continuous + Aperiodic Discrete + Periodic Continuous + Periodic

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

What a spectrum means?

Why ideal filters are impossible to realize? Fourier spectra: 1. Amplitude Vs Frequency plot known as an amplitude spectrum
2.

Phase Vs Frequency Plot known as a phase spectrum

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Frequency Response
Frequency response is the quantitative measure of the output spectrum of a system or device in response to a stimulus, and is used to characterize the dynamics of the system.

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Frequency Response Plots

The frequency response is characterized by the magnitude of the system's response, typically measured in dB or as a decimal, and the Phase, measured in radians or degrees, versus frequency in radians/sec or Hertz (Hz).

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Related Plots
1.

Bode Plot: by plotting the magnitude and phase measurements on two rectangular plots as functions of frequency Nyquist Plot: by plotting the magnitude and phase angle on a single polar plot with frequency as a parameter Nichols Plot: by plotting magnitude and phase on a single rectangular plot with frequency as a parameter
Amit Kulkarni 1/13/2012

2.

3.

Tools to determine frequency response

Practically using an oscilloscope, which is not that accurate and it also difficult especially in the presence of noise and non-linear distortions in the out-put. Another method is Correlation that generally multiplies the out-put by the test signal and then integrates over a time duration lets say (-, ) in sec.

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

ESD and PSD

Since the correlation function for energy signal and its CTFT are transform pairs also The correlation function for power signal and its CTFT are transform pairs So transform comes into picture such as CTFT, Laplace Transform, and Z-transform.

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

An LTI/LSI system

Time Domain

Frequency Domain

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1/13/2012

A typical Responses

Band Pass Filter

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1/13/2012

One more example

Quadrature Filter:

Time Domain

Frequency Domain

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

A CT and DT example
CT DT

For this case Z-transform can help by which we can fine H(Z) and by taking inverse Z-transform we can find h(n) Now magnitude and phase can be determined and can be plotted.
Amit Kulkarni 1/13/2012

The Response

It is low-pass filter, an integrator, and a phase lag network

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Laplace Transform

System Function or a well known Transfer Function

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Pole-Zero plot

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Significance of Poles an Zeros

Zeros : Magnitude of a response Poles : Time Variations

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Answer
Frequency Domain Time Domain

Frequency response of an ideal LPF

But for physically realizable system h(t) must be causal, means

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Some research topics

For real-signal processing for WSN 1. Distributed Signal Processing Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks 2. Energy-Constrained Optimal Quantization for Wireless Sensor Networks 3. Ring-Based Optimal-Level Distributed Wavelet Transform with Arbitrary Filter Length for Wireless Sensor Networks

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012

Amit Kulkarni

1/13/2012