CHAPTER ONE 1.0 1.

1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND

Tourism is, however a recent invention, the word was unknown in English language until the last century, and increasingly came to have somewhat suspect meaning, describing group travel of the cheaper kind, with an element, of an insular dislike of strangers and foreigners. While there had always been some travel due to wars or on pilgrimages, by government officials, landowners, devices , university students and teachers , their volume was very small and entirely purposeful or specialist . The expansion of tourism with the growth in population and wealth in 18th century was stimulated by the classy determinants of demand leisure time, money and interest or what is now termed consumer preference. Gradual increase in wealth, the extension of the merchant and professional classes, the effects of the reformation and the secularization of education stimulated interest in other countries, and the acceptance of travel itself as an educational force. Rapid growth of population and wealth created an enormous new market in short period of time. Mass travel was invented and with it resort development and the introduction of the travel trade of agents and tour operators with new marketing methods such as organized tours, travels packages and posters and brochures. These remain as key marketing tools today. In Kenya , before modern tourism developed, east Africa had very early contacts with ancient Greece , Arabia , Persia and India . More recently before 1890, visitors were usually adventurous explores and missionaries. Many of these suffered at the hands of warlike tribesmen and slaves traders, commercial tourism did not exist. However in 1929, the British commercial services linked easy Africa by the air with European cities. At this time Europe became a possible source of tourist to the region. In 1948 on wards, the three east African territories; Kenya , Uganda & Tanzania , shared many services, these services were essential for the development of tourism and includes east African railways and harbors, East African Airways , east African Post & Telecommunication, Immigrations and Customs . In addition the British administration helped create inform laws and regulation for the conservation of National Parks and Tourism. At about the same time in Europe, industries were rapidly developing; labour laws were developed to protect the rights and interest of the increased workforce. The international labour organization supported the right of workers to receive paid holidays. As a result, a wider section of the community had the freedom to travel where wished.

Tourism had greatly developed in Kenya and especially the coast circuit due magnificent scenery, miles of beaches , goods & favorable climatic conditions , physical features, hotels wildlife and birdlife , rich cultures among other things that encourage and promotes the development of tourism . The coast is particularly attractive because tourist can combine a beach holidays with excellent wildlife viewing. Despite the fact that tourism is major foreign exchange earner of the government, its currently facing many challenges. One of the major challenges is domestic tourism, as most of the tourist who visit the various destinations and attractions are foreign tourist, while the level of local tourist participation in tourism is still low

1.2

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Tourism forms the backbone of many Kenyans especially the coastal people who depend on tourism for their live hoods. But most of tourists who contribute towards tourism development are foreign tourist, while the local / domestic tourists contribute minimal towards the development of the Tourism Industry. This research project therefore has purposely been carried out in order to establish the contributions of domestic tourist towards tourism development in the country

1.3

AIM & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.3.1 Aim Of Study

The aim of the study is to establish the contribution of the domestic tourist to tourism development 1.3.2 Objectives Of The Study The specific objectives of the study are:1. To identify indicators of tourism development as a result of domestic tourists 2. To find out the problems facing domestics tourist 3. To establish ways in which the government & private sector can use to encourage and develop domestic tourist

1.4

RESEARCH QUESTIONS The researcher would like the following questions answered by undertaking the study:1. What are indicators of tourism development as result of domestic tourism development as a result of domestic tourist? 2. What are the problems facing domestic tourist? 3. What are the ways that the government & private sector can use to encourage and develop domestic tourist?

1.5

ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY The following are the assumptions of the study 1. Assumptions that the respondents will give true and relevant information 2. Assumptions that the information or findings of research will be relevant 3. Assumptions that the area of the study is of importance to tourism industry 4. Assumptions that the questions asked in the questionnaire will cover all areas of the projects title

1.6

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 1. Hostility from the respondents Some of the people were not willing to answer the questionnaire while others were not willing to participate in the research 2. Lack of enough finance The researcher had limited finance to hire research assistance to travel to various destinations to carry the research and proper printing of research. 3. Lack of time The research lacked time to carry out the research especially travelling to very far places where it required much time 4. Unprofessional respondents Some respondents were not professional in their immediate fields and this affected the kind of response they gave.

1.7

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 1) The Government of Kenya The Ministry of Tourism ad Wildlife will fill this information helpful in determining the various factors affecting productivity of the industry and also gauge the contribution of domestic tourist towards tourism development

2) Ministry of Education Science and Technology The Ministry will use this information to administer the standardizations of tourism training programmes and at the same time establish adequate training instructions which will increases manpower skills & knowledge 3) Kenya Tourism Board (KTB) & Kenya Tourism Development Co- operation (KTDC) These bodies which are responsible for truism marketing and development respectively will find this information important in promoting and marketing Kenya as tourist destinations locally 4) Hoteliers & Tourism Operations These associations will use this information to valuate the performance of domestic tourist in tourism development

1.8

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 1. Tourism - Temporary movements of people to destinations outsiders their normal places of work or residents, the activities undertaken during their stay and the facilities created to cater for them. 2. Domestic tourism To travel by national or foreign within their national boundaries 3. Foreign tourism - travel that involves crossing of national boundaries and travel documents and formalities are involved 4. Tourists persons traveling for pleasures , health reasons and representatives of any kind or for business reasons 5. Domestic tourist - persons who travels away from his area of residence in his own country for business , pleasure , representatives capacity e.t.c and at the destinations for at least 24 hours 6. Foreign tourists persons visiting a country other than the one he/ she resides for a period of 24 hours but less than one year 7. Tourist circuit an area with attractions that are falling in the same geographical areas 8. Destinations a place or country with certain diverse tourist attractions 9. Off peaks ; - time of the year when the number of tourists influx is low 10. Peak / high season ; - time of the year when the number of tourists influx is high

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses domestic tourist and tourism development as an important element of tourism development in Kenya Literature from various authors is considered under the following sub titles a) b) c) d) Definition of the topic review Indicators of tourism development as a result of domestic tourist Problems facing domestic tourist Ways in which the government can employ to encourage domestic tourism

2.2

DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC

While all embracing definitions of tourism and are desirable, in practice tourists represents a heterogeneous group with different personalities, demographics and experiences. A basic distinction can be made between domestic and international tourist. Domestic tourist refers to travel by locals within their country of residence. There is rarely currency, language or visa implications in contrast to international tourism (cooper. C. 2005 et al) Domestic travel for pleasure began in the eighteenth century with the emergence into the fashionable era of spas and seaside resorts. Only in the recent pars, the concept of leisure, in the modern emerged. Travel in the 18th century was an activity undertaken by small, wealthy ad mostly landed elite, vast majority populations hardly travelled beyond their village and nearest market town. The idea leisure and holiday in the modern sense did not exist (Ghosh. B. 2004)

2.3 INDICATORS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AS A RESULT OF DOMESTIC TOURISTS The performance of any industry is judged by how its able to sustain itself. Tourism is no exception. Globally, domestic tourism is regarded as the backbone of sustainable tourism development and international tourism as the off short; this is because international tourism depends on domestic tourism products and attractions

The end products of enhanced domestic tourism include Integration through knowledge and understanding of other areas and tribes hence promoting national unity Sharing the government investment in tourism infrastructure as this would spread to al parts of the country with tourism attractions Increased superstructure/ investment from domestic tourism Redistribution of wealth /income across the country Conserving foreign currency by keeping the tourism money in the country. Enhanced interest and responsibility in conserving and preserving the natural and cultural attractions (www.tembeakenya.co.ke)

2.4

PROBLEMS FACING DOMESTIC TOURIST

Cost Most people do not afford the expenses of travel due to its high cost Lack of time Is a characteristic of those who are not in position to leave their jobs, business or professional for the purposes of vacation. Health reason; - Many people especially the old cannot travel due to poor health and other physical limitations Ignorance: - Unawareness or lack of knowledge about other places and people is major barriers to travel Family stage: - Parents of very young children may not be able to travel because of family obligations and inconveniences in their travelling with the children or leaving them behind Lack of interest: - On has to have interest in travelling so as to seek information about travel destinations that would bring pleasurable satisfaction Fear and safety: - War, political instability, negative publicity about an area will create doubt and fear in the minds of perspective travelers (Wanjala. 2008) The problems confronting the tourism industry in the country includes the degradation and reductions of the quality of the tourism products, decreasing per capital tourist revenues and an inequitable distribution of the county tourism earning among different stakeholders Kenya workers incomes are too low to pay for tourism even at the concessionary rates offered by hotels each year when international tourism is off season. Middles class Kenyans who contribute

to industry by taking advantage financially very attractive residents rate in beach resorts and safari lodges are now staying at home for fear of running into violent confrontations on the roads or simply wanting to watch our their homes and business due to post elections violence (Tourism. Go .ke)

2.5 STRATEGIES THAT THE GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTOR CAN EMPLOYEE TO ENCOURAGE AND DEVELOP DOMESTIC TOURIST Tourism Minister has expressed fears over the growth of domestic tourism saying it was pegged on an improved economy. He said that domestic tourism council would be assisted to ensure it carried out its mandate of promoting, educating and carrying out campaigns for benefit of Kenyans The domestic council chairperson said that the council strategic plans aims at ensuring the sector grows by more than 50% by the 2012. She said the council in collaboration with tourism Ministry was planning to organize the tembea Kenya expo where the hotelier and tours operators would converge to showcase their products to locals (Philip Mwakio, the standard 1st July 2008) Retail giant Nakumatt holdings have invested Kshs 3.7 billion in its third tourism promotion campaign in row, targeting its visa credit card holders. The customers reward promotion dabbed the Nakumatt buy and fly promotion features a grand prize of trip to Malaysia and a host of local tourism packages for lucky customers using their credit cards (Jevans nyabiaga, daily nation Friday 4th July 204) The government in conduction with stakeholders has established the Domestic Tourism Council of Kenya (D.T.C.K). D.T.C.K has come up with a strategic plan that incorporated an innovative range of activities to enhance holidays practices by the residence. It also in process of identifying attractions and facilities that suit the domestic market tastes and preferences. Theses tastes and preferences help to motivate Kenyans to travel and include achievable initiatives (www.tembeakenya.co.ke) To minimize the negative impacts of tourism, Kenya needs alternative tourism strategy which derives from the country dynamic and evolving social economical and environmental demands. Consequently policy and institutional mechanism needs to be put in place which encourage local participation of tourism project design and management will increases the leakage of

tourism industry with other domestic economic sectors will decrees the leakages rates and increases the multiplier effect. To encourage domestic tourism certain structural adjustments leading to the tourism productivity diversification and spatial deconcetration of facilities will cater for broader cross sections of people. Such changes would be realized by creating small and medium sized hotels in the rural areas throughout the country (tourism.go.ke) Government Ministries involved in infrastructure development have been asked to improve the energy and road network to Lamu to boost the tourism profile. Although there were already positive indications of improving the power supply, which has been one of the major problems facing the island town. Tourism minister Najib Balala said a permanent solutions needs to be found. Lamu is an important heritage and cultural products that can only grow and benefit the local people if tit has necessary infrastructure (Mazera Ndurya, Daily Nation 10th September 2008)

CHAPTER THREE 3.0 3.0 METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the procedure and strategies used in the study, involves the design of the study, locale, population, sample & sampling instruments used, data collection, analysis and interpretation

3.1

DESIGN OF THE STUDY

The researcher study was carried out through descriptive survey design. Involved observing domestic tourism in its natural setting without manipulating the researchers preferences this kind of research because:a) There was no manipulation of ideas about domestic tourist b) The data collected was correct, since were pure facts c) The information collected was found in their social settings

3.2

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

The researcher was carried out in the coastal circuit, involves Mombasa town, north coast, the area north of Nyali Bridge which spans some 70 kms up to Kilifi & South coast, the area south of Likoni ferry spanning some 50 kms up to Diani beach. The research was carried out in this area because it has greatly developed in terms of tourism compared too other circuits; this it had lot of population from which the research got the information

3.3

POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher got information of the study from the following population a) Hotels b) Tour companies c) Kenya Wildlife Services (k.w.s)

3.4

SAMPLE & SAMPLING STRATEGY

The researcher used purposive sampling to select the three sources because this method gives greater confidence that the sample adequately represents the population of the study. Stratified sampling was employed to determine the respondents whereby in each source, the population was divided into strata. From each strata, five respondents selected; the total number of the respondents was 15. Information was thus extracted from the following respondents Table. 3.5 (a) Sampling frame Organization Hotels Tour Companies K.W.S Total Respondents Managers Managers Managers Number of respondents 5 5 5 15 respondents

3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS The study used the following research instruments a) Questionnaires b) Interview a) Questionnaires The closed, simple and straight to the point questions formulated by the researcher himself to extract information from the respondents. Most of the questions were derived from the three objectives of the researcher study Questionnaires were faster and accurate method of conducting the research b) Interviews Structured interviews were in used data collection. These intervention composed of a series of research related questions with pre determined answer that were constant

3.6

DATA COLLECTION TECHNICIAN & STRATEGY

The sources selected at purposive sampling were visited and the researcher introduced himself and the purpose of the exist to the various authorities.

The research had prepared several questions, which were aimed at full extraction of information. These questions were derived from the research objectives, which enhanced collection of relevant information. These questionnaires were distributed to the selected respondents and collected after two days since they could not have answered promptly All questionnaires supplied by the researcher were handed over and conclusions were noted down. The researcher also conducted interviews as a means of data collection. Research related interviews were conducted in all organizations. Majority of the interviews were co-operative and willing to give out full information on the matter concerned All information collected through questionnaires and interviews was summarized and tabulated

3.7

DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES & INTERPRETATION

The data collected was analyzed by use of percentages and presented by use of tables, bars graphs and pie charts.

CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSIONS 4.1 INTRODUCTION. This chapter analyses, presents and discusses the results of data collected. The findings are presented inform of frequency distribution tables and bar graphs and narratives form The respondents opinion and perceptions are also considered in analysis.

4.2

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS

The research was conducted among managers of hotels, tour companies and Kenya wildlife Service (K.W.S) because they are the people who direct link with tourist. They were able to provide the necessary information the about domestic tourist Table 4.1 Organization Hotels Tour companies K.W.S Total Respondents Managers Managers Managers Number 5 5 5 15 respondents Percentage (%) 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% 100%

4.3 QUESTIONNAIRE & INTERVIEW SCHEDULE RETURN RATION The return ration of both questionnaires and interviews was good and was adequate for analysis The researcher gave out 15 questionnaires of which all of them were retuned thus 100%. The researcher also scheduled for 15 interviews, only 12 took place thus 80% according to the researcher thus was good and adequate for data analysis. Table 4.2 questionnaires & interviews return ratio Item No. given out No. returned Questionnaires 15 15 Interviews 15 12

Percentage % 100% 80%

4.4 TYPE OF DOMESTIC TOURIST The researcher sought to find out the type of domestic tourist who travels. Table 4.3 below shows the summary of the analysis Item Respondents Group tourist Mass tourist Same- day tourists Independents tourist Total 6 3 4 2 15

Percentage 40% 20% 26.7% 13.3% 100%

Table 4.3 above shows that majority (40%) the respondents reported that those who travel are group tourist because group tourist travel is cheaper or less costly and also less time is required on planning for a tour. However very few (13.3%) of the respondents reported that those who travel are independents tourist because they meet greater flexibility and independent during the travel. This information is presented in the bar graph below Fig 4.1 Type of Domestic Tourist
45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Group tourist Mass tourist Same- day tourists Independents tourist 13.30% 20% Series1 26.70%

40%

4.5

MAJOR PROBLEMS AFFECTING DOMESTIC TOURIST

The researcher sought to find out that the major problem affecting domestic tourists Table 4.4 below shows the summary of findings Item Lack of finance Ignorance Lack of time Lack of interest Total Respondents 6 4 3 2 15 Percentage 40% 26.7% 20% 13.3% 100%

Table 4.4 above shows that most (40%) of the respondents reported that lack of finance is the major problem that affect domestic tourist because of the tourist to not afford the expenses of travel due to it high cost. However minority (13.3%) of the respondents reported that lack of interest among domestic tourist was also a problem affecting them, because one has have interest in traveling so as to seek information about travel destinations that would bring pleasurable satisfaction This information is presented in the bar graph below Fig 4.2 the major problem affecting domestic tourist

Chart Title
45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Lack of finance Ignorance Lack of time Lack of interest

percentage

Series1

respondents

4.6

SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME PROBLEMS AFFECTING DOMESTIC

TOURIST The researcher sought to find out the solutions to overcome problems affecting domestic tourist majority of the respondents reported that the most appropriate solutions is through exploring and coming up with reduced hotels rate, public transport costs, lower entrances fees to national parks & game reserves and museums for the for the locals. Other respondents reported that incentive holidays both by public and private sector should be introduced; lowering priced packaged holidays; availing tourism information by stakeholders and to parts of the country through targeted media campaigns magazines. However minority of the respondents reported that their should be a strong collaboration between the public and private sector in all issues touching on domestic tourist

4.7 TOURISM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT AS A RESULT OF DOMESTIC TOURIST The researcher sought to find out how the tourism industry has developed as a result of domestic tourist Table 4.5 below shows the summary of analysis Item Utilization of tourism products and facilities during the low season Encourage ethic integration and peaceful co-existence between Encourage equal development in all areas of the country Maintaining and preserving wildlife and cultural heritage Conserving foreign currency Total 1 3 3 15 6.7% 20% 20% 100% 3 20% Respondents 5 Percentage 33.3%

Table 4.5 above shows that majority (33.3%) of the respondents reported that the tourism industry has developed as results of domestic tourist through utilization of tourism products & facilities during low season because this helps to keep the tourism industry busy profitable at

times when foreign tourist do not visit Kenya. However a few of the respondents (6.7%) reported that there we equal development in all areas of the country as a result of domestic tourist. This information is resented in bar graph below

Fig. 4.3 indicators domestic tourist

indicators of domestic tourist

35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% percentages

Series1

repospodents

4.8

STRATEGIES THAT THE GOVERNMENT & PRIVATE SECTOR CAN

EMPLOY TO ENCOURAGE AND DEVELOP DOMESTIC TOURIST The researcher sought to find out the major strategies that the government can employ to encourage and develop domestic tourist Majority of the respondents reported that the government should avail tourism information to parts of the country through targeted media campaigns and publication of magazines because this will create awareness & knowledge about tourism. Other respondents reported that incentives holiday both by the government and private sector should be introduced; lowering priced package holidays for locals; exploring coming up with reduced hotels rate, public transport cost

& lowering entrance fees to national parks, game reserves and museums. A few of the respondents reported that their should be also a strong collaboration between the public and private sector in all issues concerning domestic tourist.

4.9

THE SUCCESS OF THE STRATEGIES

The researcher sought to find out how the strategies have succeeded Table 4.6 Below Shows The Summary Of The Analysis Item There has been an increases in the number of domestic tourist Local investing more in tourism industry Creation of more employment Total 5 15 33.3% 100% 4 26.7% Respondents 6 Percentage 40%

Its evident from table 4.6 above that majority (40%) of the respondents reported that there has been an increase in the number of domestic tourist because of awareness and knowledge about tourism. However a few (33.3%) of the respondents reported that there has been creation of more employment opportunities This information is presented in bar graph below

Fig 4.4 how the strategies have succeeded

45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% There has been an increases in the number of domestic tourist Local investing more in tourism industry respondents Creation of more employment

percentage

Series1

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS This chapter presented and analyzed the finding of this study, the following is the summary of the findings:The study has established that most (40%) of domestic tourist are group tourist while (13.3%) are independent tourist the reason advanced are that group travel is cheaper and also less time is required when planning for tour compared to independent travel. It was also established that the major (40%) problem affecting domestic tourist is lack of finance; reason being that most of the people live below poverty line thus majority of the domestic tourist can not afford the expenses of travel due to its high cost. Moreover, it was established that there has been development in the tourism industry as a result of domestic tourist due to utilizations of tourism products and facilities during the low season as this helps to keep the tourism products busy and profitable at times when foreign tourist do not visit the country. Finally the researcher also established the strategies that the government can employ to encourage and develop domestic tourist, this include :- availing tourism information to parts of the country through media campaigns and publication of magazines; introducing incentives hotels rates; lowering priced package holidays ; exploring & coming up with reduced hotel

rates , public transport cost & lowering entrance fees to National Parks, Game Reserves & Museums to the locals and creating a strong collaboration between the public sector and private sector in all issues concerning domestic tourist CONCLUSIONS The aim of this study was to find out whether domestic tourism has had an impact on the development of tourism. The following conclusions were made:Domestic tourists have had a tremendous contribution towards the development of tourism in the coastal circuit. Domestic tourist have led to conservation of foreign currency by keeping the tourism money in the country ; enhancing interest and responsibility in conserving and preserving the natural and cultural attractions ; redistribution of wealth /income across the country ; sharing the government investment in tourism infrastructure as this has led to the spreading to all parts of the county with tourism attractions; domestic tourist have integrated through knowledge and understanding of other areas and tribes hence promoting national unity. Finally domestic tourist utilize tourism products and facilities during the low season as thus helps to keep the tourism industry busy and profitable at times when foreign tourist do not visit the country

RECOMMENDATIONS The government should explore and come up with reduced hotels rates , public transport cost lower entrance fees to national parks , game reserve and museums for local tourist , so that more populace could take part in tourism. All tourism stakeholders should avail information to all arts of the country through media campaigns and publications of magazines all aimed at enticing the public, popularizing and promoting domestic tourism.

Strong collaboration between the public and private sector be created in all issues concerning domestic tourist

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Further Research Is Recommended In The Following Areas:1. A similar study can be conducted in central circuit 2. A comparative study can be done within the east African region on domestic tourist