Huawei BTS3606AE Troubleshooting Guide (V400R006 - 03)

Airbridge BTS3606AE CDMA Base Station V400R006
Troubleshooting Guide
Issue Date
03 2009-09-09
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
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Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and the customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within the purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information, and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or representations of any kind, either express or implied. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Airbridge BTS3606AE CDMA Base Station Troubleshooting Guide
Contents
Contents
About This Document.....................................................................................................................1 1 Safety Information.....................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Safety Precautions...........................................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Electricity Safety.............................................................................................................................................1-3 1.3 Inflammable Environment...............................................................................................................................1-5 1.4 Battery.............................................................................................................................................................1-5 1.5 Radiation.........................................................................................................................................................1-7 1.6 Working at Heights.........................................................................................................................................1-9 1.7 Mechanical Safety.........................................................................................................................................1-11 1.8 Others............................................................................................................................................................1-13
2 BTS Troubleshooting Process..................................................................................................2-1 3 Common Troubleshooting Methods for the BTS................................................................3-1 4 Clearing BTS Startup Faults.....................................................................................................4-1
4.1 Process of BTS Startup...................................................................................................................................4-2 4.1.1 Initialization of the BTS Boards.............................................................................................................4-3 4.1.2 Process of OML Setup...........................................................................................................................4-3 4.1.3 Process of Searching Satellites...............................................................................................................4-4 4.1.4 Loading of Software of BTS Boards......................................................................................................4-4 4.1.5 Process of Establishing the BTS Signaling Link...................................................................................4-5 4.1.6 Process of Establishing the BTS Service Link.......................................................................................4-5 4.1.7 Process for the Setup of BTS Cells........................................................................................................4-5 4.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Startup Failures......................................................................................................4-5 4.3 Case: BTS Startup Failures Caused by the Failure of the Load Process in the BAM..................................4-15 4.4 Case: BTS Startup Failures Caused by Signaling IP Configuration Inconsistency......................................4-16
5 Troubleshooting BTS Power Supply Failures......................................................................5-1

5.1 Overview of the BBU3900 Power Supply......................................................................................................5-2 5.1.1 Functional Structure of the UPEU.........................................................................................................5-2 5.1.2 UPEU Panel............................................................................................................................................5-2 5.1.3 Technical Specifications of the UPEU...................................................................................................5-4 5.2 Power Supply in the BTS3606AE Cabinets....................................................................................................5-4 5.2.1 Principles of Power Distribution in Cabinets.........................................................................................5-5 Issue 03 (2009-09-09) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. i
Contents
Airbridge BTS3606AE CDMA Base Station Troubleshooting Guide 5.2.2 PSUAC/DC Panel......................................................................................................................................5-5 5.2.3 Technical Specifications of the PSUAC/DC.............................................................................................5-6
5.3 Troubleshooting the BBU3900 Power Module Failures.................................................................................5-7 5.4 Troubleshooting the Power Module Failures................................................................................................5-10 5.5 Case: Frequent Restart of the BTS Due to Power Module Failures..............................................................5-14
6 Troubleshooting the BTS Environment Monitoring Failures...........................................6-1

6.1 Overview of BTS Environment Monitoring...................................................................................................6-2 6.1.1 Functional Structure of the Environment Monitoring Subsystem.........................................................6-2 6.1.2 Meanings of Terminologies Related to the BTS Environment Monitoring Instrument.........................6-3 6.1.3 Environment Monitoring Instrument.....................................................................................................6-4 6.1.4 BTS Environment Monitoring Specifications........................................................................................6-9 6.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Environment Monitoring Failures.........................................................................6-9 6.3 Case: False Alarms Caused by Incorrect Configuration of the EMUA........................................................6-14
7 Troubleshooting the BTS Clock Failures..............................................................................7-1

7.1 Overview of the BTS Clock............................................................................................................................7-2 7.1.1 Functional Structure of the Satellite Synchronization Antenna Subsystem...........................................7-2 7.1.2 BTS Clock Source and Local Time........................................................................................................7-3 7.1.3 BTS Clock Failure Alarms.....................................................................................................................7-4 7.2 Troubleshooting the Open-Circuit or Short-Circuit Failures in the BTS Antenna System............................7-5 7.3 Troubleshooting the Failure of Insufficient Satellites.....................................................................................7-9 7.4 Troubleshooting the BTS Phase-Locked Loop Failures...............................................................................7-14 7.5 Case: HCPM Startup Failures Caused by GPS Clock Failures.....................................................................7-17 7.6 Case: Interference in Voice Calls Caused by the Damaged GPS Feeder Connector....................................7-18
8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures................................................................8-1

8.1 Overview of the BTS Transmission................................................................................................................8-3 8.1.1 IP-Based BTS Physical Links and Logical Links..................................................................................8-3 8.1.2 Abis Traffic Signal Flow in the BTS.....................................................................................................8-4 8.1.3 Abis Signaling Signal Flow in the BTS.................................................................................................8-5 8.1.4 CMPT Panel...........................................................................................................................................8-6 8.1.5 BTS Transmission Failure Alarms.........................................................................................................8-8 8.1.6 Principles of Locating the BTS Transmission Failures........................................................................8-11 8.2 Troubleshooting the Abis Transmission Link Failures.................................................................................8-15 8.3 Troubleshooting the Abis Signaling or Traffic Link Failures.......................................................................8-20 8.4 Clearing Abis Link Overload Faults.............................................................................................................8-23 8.5 Case: Unstable Service Quality Caused by Incorrect Link Configuration....................................................8-25 8.6 Case: BTS Transmission Link Intermittent Failure Caused by Poor Grounding..........................................8-26
9 Troubleshooting the BTS RF Failures....................................................................................9-1

9.1 Overview of the BTS RF.................................................................................................................................9-2 9.1.1 Configuration of the BTS RF Subsystem...............................................................................................9-2 9.1.2 OMTR Panel..........................................................................................................................................9-4 9.1.3 OMPA Panel..........................................................................................................................................9-7 ii Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Issue 03 (2009-09-09)
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9.1.4 Performance Specifications of the BTS.................................................................................................9-9 9.1.5 BTS RF Fault Alarms...........................................................................................................................9-13 9.1.6 Working Principles of the BTS RF Modules and Data Point Tracking...............................................9-14 9.1.7 Test and Analysis of BTS Reverse RSSI.............................................................................................9-17 9.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Power Failures.....................................................................................................9-20 9.3 Troubleshooting the BTS Standing Wave Failures.......................................................................................9-23 9.4 Troubleshooting the BTS Predistortion Failures...........................................................................................9-27 9.5 Troubleshooting the BTS Reverse RSSI Failures.........................................................................................9-29 9.6 Case: Clearing BTS Standing Wave Alarms.................................................................................................9-32
10 Clearing BTS Service Failures.............................................................................................10-1

10.1 Overview of BTS Services..........................................................................................................................10-3 10.1.1 Basic Knowledge About BTS Access................................................................................................10-3 10.1.2 Basic Knowledge About BTS Voice Service.....................................................................................10-5 10.1.3 Basic Knowledge About BTS Call Drop...........................................................................................10-6 10.1.4 Basic Knowledge About BTS Data Service.......................................................................................10-7 10.1.5 Basic Knowledge About BTS Handoff..............................................................................................10-8 10.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Access Failures................................................................................................10-10 10.3 Clearing BTS Voice Service Failures.......................................................................................................10-13 10.4 Troubleshooting the BTS Data Service Failures.......................................................................................10-18 10.5 Troubleshooting the BTS Handoff Failures..............................................................................................10-21 10.6 Case: Failure of Random Access to the Carriers Caused by HCPM Failures...........................................10-23 10.7 Case: Voice Service Failures Caused by Cell Radius Too Small.............................................................10-24 10.8 Case: Slow Call Access in the Coverage Caused by Antenna System Failures........................................10-25
11 Clearing BTS OM Failures...................................................................................................11-1

11.1 Overview of the BTS OM Channels...........................................................................................................11-3 11.2 Troubleshooting the Remote OM Failures..................................................................................................11-3 11.3 Clearing Faults in Local OM.......................................................................................................................11-7 11.4 Case: BTS Data Upload Failures Caused by Incorrect FTP Properties......................................................11-9 11.5 Case: BTS Board Software Loading Failure Caused by Incorrect FTP Virtual Directory Setting...........11-10 11.6 Case: Red or Grey Cross Indicating Connection Failures Displayed on the Service Maintenance System ...........................................................................................................................................................................11-11
12 List of BTS Troubleshooting Tools....................................................................................12-1
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Figures
Figures
Figure 1-1 Wearing an ESD wrist strap...............................................................................................................1-5 Figure 1-2 Lifting a weight................................................................................................................................1-10 Figure 1-3 Slant angle........................................................................................................................................1-11 Figure 1-4 One meter higher than the eave........................................................................................................1-11 Figure 2-1 BTS troubleshooting process..............................................................................................................2-2 Figure 2-2 Procedure for determining the level of a fault....................................................................................2-6 Figure 4-1 BTS startup flow.................................................................................................................................4-2 Figure 4-2 Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS startup failures...................................................................4-10 Figure 5-1 Functional structure of the UPEB.......................................................................................................5-2 Figure 5-2 UPEU panel........................................................................................................................................5-3 Figure 5-3 Power distribution in a cabinet...........................................................................................................5-5 Figure 5-4 Appearance of the PSUAC/DC Panel....................................................................................................5-6 Figure 5-5 Procedure for troubleshooting the BBU3900 power module failures................................................5-9 Figure 5-6 Procedure for troubleshooting the power module failures...............................................................5-12 Figure 5-7 Installation of the power wiring posts..............................................................................................5-13 Figure 6-1 Functional structure of the environment monitoring subsystem of the AC cabinet...........................6-3 Figure 6-2 Principle of the extended port alarm...................................................................................................6-4 Figure 6-3 Front view of the PMU Panel.............................................................................................................6-6 Figure 6-4 DIP switches of the PMU...................................................................................................................6-8 Figure 6-5 Procedure for troubleshooting the faults in the communication between the environment monitoring instrument and the BTS.......................................................................................................................................6-12 Figure 7-1 Functional structure of the satellite synchronization antenna subsystem...........................................7-2 Figure 7-2 Procedure for troubleshooting the open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system ...............................................................................................................................................................................7-7 Figure 7-3 Procedure for troubleshooting the fault of insufficient satellites received by the BTS....................7-11 Figure 7-4 Visual angle of the vertical antenna..................................................................................................7-12 Figure 7-5 Installation position of the GPS antenna in a complicated electromagnetic environment...............7-13 Figure 7-6 Procedure for troubleshooting the PLL failure.................................................................................7-16 Figure 8-1 CMPT panel........................................................................................................................................8-6 Figure 8-2 Normal connection and crossed pair connection..............................................................................8-11 Figure 8-3 Section-by-section loopback test......................................................................................................8-12 Figure 8-4 Procedure for troubleshooting the Abis transmission link failures..................................................8-17 Figure 8-5 E1/T1 Transmission Environment for the BTS................................................................................8-19 Figure 8-6 Procedure for troubleshooting the Abis transmission link failures..................................................8-22 Issue 03 (2009-09-09) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. v
Figures
Airbridge BTS3606AE CDMA Base Station Troubleshooting Guide Figure 8-7 Procedure for clearing Abis link overload faults..............................................................................8-24
Figure 9-1 Configuration of the RFC...................................................................................................................9-3 Figure 9-2 Appearance of the OMTR panel.........................................................................................................9-4 Figure 9-3 Panel of the OMPA.............................................................................................................................9-8 Figure 9-4 Forward channel structure of the RF modules..................................................................................9-15 Figure 9-5 Cable connection for the local reverse RSSI test..............................................................................9-18 Figure 9-6 Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS power failures....................................................................9-22 Figure 9-7 Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS standing wave failures.......................................................9-25 Figure 9-8 Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS predistortion failures..........................................................9-28 Figure 9-9 Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS reverse RSSI failures.........................................................9-30 Figure 10-1 Procedure of signaling exchange over the air interface for the calling MS to access the network .............................................................................................................................................................................10-4 Figure 10-2 Procedure for troubleshooting the access failures........................................................................10-12 Figure 10-3 Signal flow of the voice services..................................................................................................10-14 Figure 10-4 Procedure for handling voice service failures..............................................................................10-17 Figure 10-5 Procedure for troubleshooting the data service failures...............................................................10-20 Figure 10-6 Procedure for troubleshooting the handoff failures......................................................................10-22 Figure 11-1 OM signal flow...............................................................................................................................11-3 Figure 11-2 Procedure for troubleshooting the remote OM failures..................................................................11-5 Figure 11-3 Procedure for handling the faults in local OM...............................................................................11-8 Figure 11-4 Adding WSs....................................................................................................................................11-9
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Tables
Tables
Table 2-1 BTS data backup..................................................................................................................................2-3 Table 2-2 Fault information..................................................................................................................................2-3 Table 2-3 Common faults in the BTS...................................................................................................................2-4 Table 2-4 Levels of BTS faults.............................................................................................................................2-5 Table 2-5 Faults and associated troubleshooting procedures...............................................................................2-7 Table 4-1 Symptoms of the initialization of boards.............................................................................................4-3 Table 4-2 Phenomenon when a BTS downloads the configuration files.............................................................4-4 Table 4-3 Symptoms of the BTS startup failures.................................................................................................4-5 Table 4-4 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS startup failures.....................................................................4-6 Table 5-1 Description of the UPEU ports............................................................................................................5-3 Table 5-2 Description of the indicators................................................................................................................5-4 Table 5-3 Description of the PSU indicators........................................................................................................5-6 Table 5-4 Symptoms of the BBU3900 power module failures............................................................................5-7 Table 5-5 Possible causes and analysis of the BBU3900 power module failures................................................5-7 Table 5-6 Symptoms of the power module failures...........................................................................................5-10 Table 5-7 Possible causes and analysis of the power module failures...............................................................5-11 Table 6-1 Functions of the PMU and EMUA.......................................................................................................6-4 Table 6-2 Description of PMU Ports....................................................................................................................6-6 Table 6-3 Indicators on the PMU panel................................................................................................................6-7 Table 6-4 DIP switches of the PMU.....................................................................................................................6-8 Table 6-5 Symptoms of the environment monitoring failures.............................................................................6-9 Table 6-6 Possible causes and analysis of the environment monitoring failures...............................................6-10 Table 7-1 Clock failure alarms.............................................................................................................................7-4 Table 7-2 Symptoms of the open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system............................7-5 Table 7-3 Possible causes and analysis of the open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system ...............................................................................................................................................................................7-6 Table 7-4 Symptoms of the insufficient satellites received by the BTS..............................................................7-9 Table 7-5 Possible causes and analysis of the insufficient satellites received by the BTS................................7-10 Table 7-6 Symptoms of the BTS PLL failures...................................................................................................7-14 Table 7-7 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS PLL failures.......................................................................7-15 Table 8-1 Features of physical links.....................................................................................................................8-4 Table 8-2 Description of the CMPT ports............................................................................................................8-6 Table 8-3 Description of the indicators................................................................................................................8-7 Table 8-4 Alarms related to the E1/T1 link..........................................................................................................8-8 Issue 03 (2009-09-09) 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Tables
Airbridge BTS3606AE CDMA Base Station Troubleshooting Guide Table 8-5 Description of the FE link alarm..........................................................................................................8-9 Table 8-6 Description of the IMA/UNI/FRAC/PPP link alarms........................................................................8-10 Table 8-7 Symptoms of the Abis transmission link failures..............................................................................8-15 Table 8-8 Possible causes and analysis of the Abis transmission link failures..................................................8-16 Table 8-9 Symptoms of the Abis signaling or traffic link failures.....................................................................8-21 Table 8-10 Possible causes and analysis of the Abis signaling or traffic link failures.......................................8-21 Table 8-11 Symptoms of Abis link overload faults............................................................................................8-23 Table 8-12 Possible causes and analysis of Abis link overload faults...............................................................8-24 Table 9-1 Major modules in the RFC...................................................................................................................9-3 Table 9-2 Description of the OMTR ports...........................................................................................................9-5 Table 9-3 Description of the OMTR indicators....................................................................................................9-5 Table 9-4 Description of the OMPA ports...........................................................................................................9-9 Table 9-5 Transmit specifications in band class 0 (800 MHz).............................................................................9-9 Table 9-6 Receive specifications in band class 0 (800 MHz)............................................................................9-10 Table 9-7 Transmit specifications in band class 1 (1900 MHz).........................................................................9-10 Table 9-8 Receive specifications in band class 1 (1900 MHz)..........................................................................9-10 Table 9-9 Transmit specifications in band class 5 (450 MHz)...........................................................................9-10 Table 9-10 Receive specifications in band class 5 (450 MHz)..........................................................................9-11 Table 9-11 Transmit specifications in band class 6 (2100 MHz).......................................................................9-11 Table 9-12 Receive specifications in band class 6 (2100 MHz)........................................................................9-11 Table 9-13 Transmit specifications in band class 15..........................................................................................9-12 Table 9-14 Receive specifications in band class 15...........................................................................................9-12 Table 9-15 ODU cascading specifications of the BTS3606AE.........................................................................9-12 Table 9-16 BER threshold specifications of the BTS on the transmission links................................................9-13 Table 9-17 Alarms related to RF subsystem faults.............................................................................................9-13 Table 9-18 Data Point Tracking Parameters.......................................................................................................9-15 Table 9-19 Symptoms of the BTS power failures..............................................................................................9-20 Table 9-20 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS power failures..................................................................9-20 Table 9-21 Symptoms of the BTS standing wave failures.................................................................................9-24 Table 9-22 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS standing wave failures.....................................................9-24 Table 9-23 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS predistortion failures.......................................................9-27 Table 9-24 Symptoms of the BTS reverse RSSI failures...................................................................................9-29 Table 9-25 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS reverse RSSI failures.......................................................9-30 Table 10-1 Possible causes and analysis of the access failures........................................................................10-11 Table 10-2 Possible causes of MOC failures....................................................................................................10-15 Table 10-3 Possible causes of MTC failures....................................................................................................10-15 Table 10-4 Symptoms and possible causes of voice quality problems............................................................10-16 Table 10-5 Possible causes of the data service failures....................................................................................10-19 Table 10-6 Possible causes and analysis of the handoff failures......................................................................10-21 Table 11-1 Possible causes of the remote OM failures......................................................................................11-4 Table 11-2 Possible causes of the faults in local OM.........................................................................................11-7 Table 12-1 Troubleshooting tools.......................................................................................................................12-1
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About This Document
About This Document
Purpose
This document describes the fault symptoms, troubleshooting methods, and troubleshooting procedures of the BTS3606AE.
Related Version
The following table lists the product version related to this document. Product Name BTS3606AE Product Version V400R006
Intended Audience
This document is intended for:
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Site maintainers Field engineers System engineers Network shifts
Change History
Version 03(2009-09-09) Change History The modifications in this version are as follows:
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Upgrade the BBU3606 to the BBU3900.

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Organization
Version 02(2009-04-14) 01(2007-10-30)
Change History The value of RSSI is modified and Modified some bugs. Initial release.
Organization
1 Safety Information 2 BTS Troubleshooting Process This describes the general BTS troubleshooting process. You must handle the faults in the BTS by following this process. 3 Common Troubleshooting Methods for the BTS Troubleshooting methods vary according to the fault types of the BTS. This topic describes common troubleshooting methods such as alarm analysis, subscriber tracing, interface tracing, traffic statistics, service test, instruments and meters, performance measurement, and comparison/replacement/switchover. 4 Clearing BTS Startup Faults BTS startup faults may involve one or more types of faults such as hardware faults and software faults. When an alarm is generated during BTS startup, boards do not work, or the BTS is repeatedly reset, you must clear the faults by following the procedure for clearing BTS startup faults. 5 Troubleshooting BTS Power Supply Failures The power subsystem of the BTS consists of the BBU3900 power module, the cabinet power module PSU, the power distribution module, the lightning protection module, and the monitoring module. If the BTS fails to be powered on, or if the BTS restarts frequently and the logged failure cause for each startup is different, then the failure might be a power supply failure. 6 Troubleshooting the BTS Environment Monitoring Failures The BTS environment monitoring subsystem monitors the DC and switching power supplies of the BTS, voltage of the storage battery, temperature and humidity of equipment rooms, smoke conditions, and unauthorized entry into the equipment room. If an environment alarm is generated on the BTS Alarm Management System or the ALM indicator on the monitoring instrument is on, a BTS environment monitoring failure might occur. 7 Troubleshooting the BTS Clock Failures When the BTS reports the GPS antenna open-circuit alarm, GPS antenna short circuit alarm, or phase-locked loop alarm, the switchover of the active and standby CMPTs may be triggered and the ongoing BTS services may be interrupted. Therefore, you need to locate and troubleshoot the BTS clock failures. The causes of BTS clock failures include GPS antenna open-circuit or short-circuit failure, phase-locked loop failure, and insufficient satellites received by the BTS. 8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures
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Organization
If the BTS generates link-related alarms and the LMT cannot send OM commands to the BTS (whose NE status is offline), you can troubleshoot the faults by following the procedure described in this topic. 9 Troubleshooting the BTS RF Failures The symptoms of BTS RF failures include generation of RF system alarms, weak signals, call drops, or a low access rate of MSs. 10 Clearing BTS Service Failures When MSs fail to access the network, voice discontinuity occurs, call drops occur during handoff, or data services fail, you must clear BTS service failures. BTS service failures are access failures, voice service failures, data service failures, and handoff failures. 11 Clearing BTS OM Failures The BTS OM channels can be divided into the local OM channel and the remote OM channel. When the BTS data uploading or downloading fails, board software loading fails, starting the LMT fails or login fails, or the reverse OM fails, you must clear the failures by following the procedure for clearing BTS OM failures. 12 List of BTS Troubleshooting Tools This topic describes the tools that you may use during BTS troubleshooting.
Conventions
Symbol Conventions The symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows. Symbol Description Indicates a hazard with a high level of risk, which if not avoided,will result in death or serious injury. Indicates a hazard with a medium or low level of risk, which if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury. Indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which if not avoided,could result in equipment damage, data loss, performance degradation, or unexpected results. Indicates a tip that may help you solve a problem or save time. Provides additional information to emphasize or supplement important points of the main text.
General Conventions The general conventions that may be found in this document are defined as follows.
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Organization
Convention Times New Roman Boldface Italic Courier New
Description Normal paragraphs are in Times New Roman. Names of files, directories, folders, and users are in boldface. For example, log in as user root. Book titles are in italics. Examples of information displayed on the screen are in Courier New.
Command Conventions The command conventions that may be found in this document are defined as follows. Convention Boldface Italic [] { x | y | ... } [ x | y | ... ] { x | y | ... }* Description The keywords of a command line are in boldface. Command arguments are in italics. Items (keywords or arguments) in brackets [ ] are optional. Optional items are grouped in braces and separated by vertical bars. One item is selected. Optional items are grouped in brackets and separated by vertical bars. One item is selected or no item is selected. Optional items are grouped in braces and separated by vertical bars. A minimum of one item or a maximum of all items can be selected. Optional items are grouped in brackets and separated by vertical bars. Several items or no item can be selected.
[ x | y | ... ]*
GUI Conventions The GUI conventions that may be found in this document are defined as follows. Convention Boldface > Description Buttons, menus, parameters, tabs, window, and dialog titles are in boldface. For example, click OK. Multi-level menus are in boldface and separated by the ">" signs. For example, choose File > Create > Folder.
Keyboard Operations The keyboard operations that may be found in this document are defined as follows.
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Organization
Format Key Key 1+Key 2 Key 1, Key 2
Description Press the key. For example, press Enter and press Tab. Press the keys concurrently. For example, pressing Ctrl+Alt +A means the three keys should be pressed concurrently. Press the keys in turn. For example, pressing Alt, A means the two keys should be pressed in turn.
Mouse Operations The mouse operations that may be found in this document are defined as follows. Action Click Double-click Drag Description Select and release the primary mouse button without moving the pointer. Press the primary mouse button twice continuously and quickly without moving the pointer. Press and hold the primary mouse button and move the pointer to a certain position.
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1 Safety Information
1
1.1 Safety Precautions
Following All Safety Precautions
Safety Information
This section describes certain safety precautions and helps to choose the measurement device and testing device. Read and follow these safety precautions before installing, operating, and maintaining Huawei devices.
Before any operation, read the instructions and precautions in this document carefully to minimize the possibility of accidents. The Danger, Caution, and Note items in the package of documents do not cover all the safety precautions that must be followed. They only provide the generic safety precautions for operations.
Symbols
DANGER
This symbol indicates that casualty or serious accident may occur if you ignore the safety instruction.
CAUTION
This symbol indicates that serious or major injury may occur if you ignore the safety instruction.
NOTE
This symbol indicates that the operation may be easier if you pay attention to the safety instruction.
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Complying with the Local Safety Regulations

When operating the device, comply with the local safety regulations. The safety precautions provided in the documents are supplementary. You must comply with the local safety regulations.
General Installation Requirements

The personnel in charge of installation and maintenance must be trained and master the correct operating methods and safety precautions before beginning work. The rules for installing and maintaining the device are as follows:
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Only the trained and qualified personnel can install, operate and maintain the device. Only the qualified specialists are allowed to remove the safety facilities, and repair the device. Any replacement of the device or part of the device (including the software) or any change made to the device must be performed by qualified or authorized personnel of Huawei. Any fault or error that might cause safety problems must be reported immediately to the personnel in charge.
Grounding Requirements
The following requirements are applicable to the device to be grounded:
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Ground the device before installation and remove the ground cable after uninstall. Do not operate the device in the absence of a ground conductor. Do not damage the ground conductor. The unit (or system) must be permanently connected to the protection ground before operation. Check the electrical connection of the device before operation and ensure that the device is reliably grounded.
Safety of Personnel
Ensure the following:
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When lightning strikes, do not operate the device and cables. When lightning strikes, unplug the AC power connector. Do not use the fixed terminal or touch the terminal or antenna connector.
NOTE
The previous two requirements are suitable for the wireless fixed terminal.
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To prevent electric shock, do not connect safety extra-low voltage (SELV) circuits to telecommunication network voltage (TNV) circuits. To prevent laser radiation from injuring your eyes, never look into the optical fiber without eye protection. To prevent electric shock and burns, wear the electrostatic discharge (ESD) clothing, gloves and wrist strap, and remove conductors such as jewelry and watch before operation.
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Device Safety
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Before operation, the device must be secured on the floor or other fixed objects, such as the walls and the mounting racks. Do not block ventilation openings while the system is running. When installing the panel, tighten the screw with the tool.
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1.2 Electricity Safety

High Voltage
DANGER
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The high voltage power supply provides power for running the system. Direct contact with the high voltage power supply or contact through damp objects may result in fatal danger. Non-standard and improper high voltage operations may result in fire and electric shock. The personnel who install the AC facility must be qualified to perform operations on high voltage and AC power supply facilities. When installing the AC power supply facility, follow the local safety regulations. When operating the AC power supply facility, follow the local safety regulations. When operating the high voltage and AC power supply facilities, use the specific tools instead of common tools. When the operation is performed in a damp environment, ensure that water is kept off the device. If the cabinet is damp or wet, shut down the power supply immediately.
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Thunderstorm
The following requirements are suitable only for the wireless base station or the device with an antenna or GPS antenna.
DANGER
In a thunderstorm, do not perform operations on high voltage and AC power supply facilities or on a steel tower and mast.
High Electrical Leakage
CAUTION
Ground the device before powering on the device. Otherwise, the personnel and device are in danger.
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If the "high electrical leakage" flag is stuck to the power terminal of the device, you must ground the device before powering it on.
Power Cable
CAUTION
Do not install and remove the power cable with a live line. Transient contact between the core of the power cable and the conductor may generate electric arc or spark, which may cause fire or eye injury.
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Before installing or removing the power cable, turn off the power switch. Before connecting the power cable, ensure that the power cable and label comply with the requirements of the actual installation.
Fuse
CAUTION
To ensure that the system runs safely, when a fuse blows, replace it with a fuse of the same type and specifications.
Electrostatic Discharge
CAUTION
The static electricity generated by the human body may damage the electrostatic sensitive components on the circuit board, such as the large-scale integrated circuit (LIC). In the following situations, the human body generates a static electromagnetic field:
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Movement of body parts Clothes friction Friction between shoes and the ground Holding plastic in hand
The static electromagnetic field will remain within the human body for a long time. Before contacting the device, plug boards, circuit boards, and application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), wear a grounded ESD wrist strap. It can prevent the sensitive components from being damaged by the static electricity in the human body. Figure 1-1shows how to wear an ESD wrist strap.
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Figure 1-1 Wearing an ESD wrist strap
1.3 Inflammable Environment

DANGER
Do not place the device in the environment that has inflammable and explosive air or fog. Do not perform any operation in this environment. Any operation of the electrical device in the inflammable environment causes danger.
1.4 Battery
Storage Battery
DANGER
Before handling the storage battery, read the safety precautions for the handling and connection of the storage battery. Incorrect operation of storage batteries may cause danger. During operation, ensure the following:
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Prevent any short-circuit. Prevent the electrolyte from overflowing and leakage.
Electrolyte overflow may damage the device. It will corrode the metal parts and the circuit boards, and ultimately damage the device and cause short-circuit of the circuit boards.
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General Operations
Before installing and maintaining the storage battery, ensure the following:
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Use special insulation tools. Use eye protection devices and operate with care. Wear rubber gloves and an apron in case of an electrolyte overflow. Always keep the battery upright when moving. Do not place the battery upside down or tilt it.
Short-Circuit
DANGER
Short-circuit of the battery may cause injury. Although the voltage of a battery is low, high transient current generated by short-circuit will release a surge of power. Keep metal objects away from the battery to prevent short circuit. If they have to be used, disconnect the battery in use before performing any other operation.
Harmful Gas
CAUTION
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Do not use unsealed lead-acid storage batteries, because the gas emitted from it may result in fire or device corrosion. Lay the storage battery horizontally and fix it properly.
The lead-acid storage battery in use will emit flammable gas. Therefore, store it in a place with good ventilation and take precautions against fire.
High Temperature
CAUTION
High temperature may result in distortion, damage, and electrolyte overflow of the battery. When the temperature of the battery exceeds 60oC, check whether there is acid overflow. If acid overflow occurs, handle the acid immediately.
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Acid
CAUTION
If the acid overflows, it should be absorbed and neutralized immediately. When handling a leaky battery, protect against the possible damage caused by the acid. Use the following materials to absorb and neutralize acid spills:
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Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda): NaHCO3 Sodium carbonate (soda): Na2CO3
Antacids must be used according to the instructions provided by the battery manufacturer.
Lithium Battery
CAUTION
There is danger of explosion if the battery is incorrectly replaced.
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Replace the lithium battery with the same or equivalent type recommended by the manufacturer. Dispose of the used battery according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Do not dispose of the lithium battery in fire.
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1.5 Radiation
Electromagnetic Field Exposure
CAUTION
High power radio-frequency signals are harmful to human body. Before installing or maintaining an antenna on a steel tower or mast with a large number of transmitter antennas, the operator should coordinate with all parties to ensure that the transmitter antennas are shut down. The base transceiver station (BTS) has RF radiation (radiation hazard). Suggestions for the installation and operation of BTSs are given in the following section. Operators are also required to comply with the related local regulations on erecting BTSs.
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The antenna should be located in an area that is inaccessible to the public where the RF radiation exceeds the stipulated value.
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If the areas where RF radiation exceeds the stipulated value are accessible to workers, ensure that workers know where these areas are. They can shut down the transmitters before entering these areas. Such areas may not exist; but if they exist, the areas must be within a range of less than 10 m around the antennas. Each forbidden zone should be indicated by a physical barrier and striking sign to warn the public or workers.
Laser
CAUTION
When handling optical fibers, do not stand close to, or look into the optical fiber outlet without eye protection. Laser transceivers or transmitters are used in the optical transmission system and associated test tools. Because the laser that is transmitted through the optical fiber produces a small beam of light, it has a very high power density and is invisible to human eyes. If a beam of light enters the eye, the retina may be damaged. Normally, staring into the end of an unterminated optical fiber or broken optical fiber without eye protection from a distance of more than 150 mm [5.91 in.] will not cause eye injury. Eyes may, however, be damaged if an optical tool such as a microscope, magnifying glass or eye loupe is used to stare into the bare optical fiber end. Read the following guidelines to prevent laser radiation:
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Only the trained and authorized personnel can perform the operation. Wear a pair of eye-protective glasses when you are handling lasers or optical fibers. Ensure that the optical source is switched off before disconnecting optical fiber connectors. Never look into the end of an exposed optical fiber or an open connector if you cannot ensure that the optical source is switched off. To ensure that the optical source is switched off, use an optical power meter. Before opening the front door of an optical transmission system, ensure that you are not exposed to laser radiation. Never use an optical tool such as a microscope, a magnifying glass, or an eye loupe to look into the optical fiber connector or end.
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Read the following instructions before handling optical fibers:

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Only the trained personnel can cut and splice optical fibers. Before cutting or splicing an optical fiber, ensure that the optical fiber is disconnected from the optical source. After disconnecting the optical fiber, use protecting caps to protect all the optical connectors.
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1.6 Working at Heights

CAUTION
When working at heights, ensure that the objects do not fall. When working at heights, ensure that the following requirements must be met:
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The personnel who work at heights must be trained. The operating machines and tools should be carried and handled safely to prevent them from falling. Safety measures, such as wearing a helmet and a safety belt, should be taken. In cold regions, warm clothes should be worn before working at heights. Ensure that the lifting appliances are well prepared for working at heights.
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Lifting Weights
CAUTION
Do not access the areas under the arm of the crane and the goods in suspension when lifting weights.
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Ensure that the operators have been trained and qualified. Check the weight lifting tools and ensure that they are intact. Lift the weight only when the weight lifting tools are firmly mounted onto the weightbearing object or the wall. Use a concise instruction to prevent incorrect operation. The angle between the two cables should be less than or equal to 90o in the lifting of weights (See Figure 1-2).
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Figure 1-2 Lifting a weight
Safety Guide on Ladder Use

Checking the Ladder
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Check the ladder before using it. Check the maximum weight that the ladder can support. Never overload the ladder.
Placing the Ladder

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The slant angle is preferred to be 75o. The slant can be measured with the angle square or with arms, as shown in Figure 1-3. When using a ladder, place the wider end of the ladder on the ground and take protective measures on the base of the ladder against slippage. Place the ladder on a stable ground.
When climbing the ladder, ensure the following:

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The gravity of the body does not shift from the edge of the ladder. Keep balance on the ladder before performing any operation. Do not climb higher than the fourth highest step of the ladder.
If you tend to climb to the roof, the length of the ladder should be at least one meter higher than the eave, as shown in Figure 1-4.
Figure 1-3 Slant angle
Figure 1-4 One meter higher than the eave
1.7 Mechanical Safety

Drilling
CAUTION
Do not drill on the cabinet without permission. Inappropriate drilling on the cabinet may damage the electromagnetic shielding and internal cables. Metal shavings from the drilling may result in a short-circuit of the circuit board if they get into the cabinet.
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Before drilling a hole on the cabinet, remove the cables from the cabinet. During the drilling, wear blinkers to protect your eyes. During the drilling, wear the protective gloves. Prevent the metal shavings from getting into the cabinet. After drilling, clean the metal shavings in time.
Handling Sharp Objects
CAUTION
When carrying the device by hand, wear the protective gloves to prevent injury by sharp objects.
Handling Fans
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When replacing a component, place the component, screw, and tool at a safe place to prevent them from falling into the running fan. When replacing the ambient equipment around the fan, do not place the finger or board into the running fan until the fan is switched off and stops running.
Moving Heavy Objects

Wear the protective gloves when moving heavy objects.
CAUTION
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Be careful when moving heavy objects. When moving the chassis outwards, be aware about the unfixed or heavy objects on the chassis to prevent injury. Two persons should be available to move a chassis; one person must not move a heavy chassis. When moving a chassis, keep your back straight and move stably to prevent a sprain. When moving or lifting a chassis, hold the handle or bottom of the chassis. Do not hold the handle of the installed modules in the chassis, such as the power module, fan module, or board.
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1.8 Others
Inserting and Removing a Board
CAUTION
When inserting a board, wear the ESD wrist strap or gloves. Insert the board gently to prevent any bent pins on the backplane.
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Insert the board along the guide rail. Avoid contact of one board with another to prevent short-circuit or damage. Do not remove the active board before powering off. When holding a board in hand, do not touch the board circuit, components, connectors, or connection slots.
Bundling Signal Cables
CAUTION
Bundle the signal cables separately from the strong current cables or high voltage cables.
Cabling Requirements
At a very low temperature, movement of the cable may damage the plastic skin of the cable. To ensure the construction safety, comply with the following requirements:
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When installing cables, ensure that the environment temperature is above 0oC. If cables are stored in the place below 0oC, move the cables into a place at a room temperature and store the cables for more than 24 hours before installation. Move the cables with care, especially at a low temperature. Do not drop the cables directly from the vehicle.
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2 BTS Troubleshooting Process
BTS Troubleshooting Process
This describes the general BTS troubleshooting process. You must handle the faults in the BTS by following this process. Figure 2-1 shows the general troubleshooting process for the BTS.
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Figure 2-1 BTS troubleshooting process
NOTE
Currently, the BTS3606AE supports the IP over E1/T1 mode only.
Backing Up BTS Data

Before troubleshooting, you must back up BTS configuration data, running logs, alarm information, and command logs, as described in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1 BTS data backup Num ber 1 2 3 4 Data to Be Backed Up Configuration data Running logs Alarm information Command logs Instruction Refer to Setting Automatic Backup for BTS Configuration Data. Refer to Manually Backing Up BTS System Running Logs. Refer to Manually Backing Up BTS Alarm Logs. Refer to Manually Backing Up BTS Operation Logs.
Collecting Fault Information

After a fault occur, collect and back up information of the fault in time. If you need technical support from Huawei, send the fault information to Huawei for analysis. Collecting fault information is the first step in troubleshooting a fault. Therefore, the maintenance personnel must collect sufficient fault information for analysis. Table 2-2 lists the fault information to be collected. Table 2-2 Fault information Num ber 1 2 3 4 Fault Information Detailed symptoms When, where, and how often the fault occurs Scope and impact of the fault Running status of the system before the fault occurs Operations performed before the fault occurs Measures taken after the fault occurs and effectiveness of these measures Information of alarms associated with the fault Status of the board associated with the fault Query alarm information, command logs, and BTS logs. Observe board indicators. Content Consult equipment maintenance personnel and the person who reports the fault.
Perform service tests, performance measurement, and interface tracking. Observe the board indicators, the Service Maintenance System, and the Alarm Management System. Consult equipment maintenance personnel.
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Determining the Scope, Type, and Level of the Fault

After collecting symptoms of a fault, determine the scope and type of the fault. In the BSS, the scope of the fault covers the areas affected by the fault, thus providing the basis for determining the level of the fault. Based on the fault information, determine the type of the fault. Table 2-3 describes the symptoms of the different types of faults. Table 2-3 Common faults in the BTS Fault BTS startup failure Power supply failure Environment monitoring failure Clock system failure Transmission failure Description During BTS startup, an alarm is generated, boards do not work, or the BTS resets repeatedly. The power module alarm is generated on the Alarm Management System. The ALM indicator on the panel of the PSU is on. The BTS may reset repeatedly. The alarm related to the environmental indicators is generated on the Alarm Management System. The indictor on the environment monitoring board is abnormal. The BTS reports the GPS antenna open circuit or short circuit alarm and the phase-locked loop alarm. The switchover of the active and standby CMPTs may be triggered. The BTS services may be interrupted.
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The BTS reports alarms such as the E1/T1 link far-end alarm and E1/ T1 link signal loss alarm, and alarms which indicate that the traffic link is not configured, the Abis signaling link is overloaded, the traffic link is overloaded, and the Abis signaling link is interrupted. The BTS repeatedly reports the alarms "BER of E1/T1 Link Too High" and "E1/T1 Link Lost of Frame." The LMT cannot send OM commands to the BTS and the status of the BTS is offline. An alarm related to the RF system is generated. Call drop occurs because the network signals received by MSs are weak. The BTS coverage area decreases. The MS detects good signals, but the access success rate is low, and the call drop rate is high. The MS fails to access the network or the network access is slow. Mobile-originated calls or mobile-terminated calls fail. Failures such as one-way audio, no audio, noise, crosstalk, and echo occur, thus affecting voice quality. Data services are unpleasant or unavailable. Handoffs cannot be triggered or call drop occurs during a handoff.
RF system failure
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Service failure
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Fault Operation and maintenance failure
Description
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The Abis link is functional, but the BTS cannot be pinged. The BTS cannot upload files. You cannot log in to the BTS through the LMT or the Telnet. The reverse maintenance fails.
Based on their scope and severity, faults in the CDMA BSS are classified into three levels, namely emergency, severe, and common. Table 2-4 describes the fault levels. Table 2-4 Levels of BTS faults Level Emergency Description All the services of a BTS (or several BTSs) are interrupted, and all the MSs of the BTS (or BTSs) cannot access the network when the external power supply or the transmission is interrupted. Some services of a BTS (or several BTSs) are affected, and some MSs of the BTS (or BTSs) cannot access the network or receives services with poor quality after the access when some carriers are abnormally blocked or insufficient satellites are detected. Alarms are generated, but services are not affected. If faults related to these alarms are not rectified in time, they may become emergency or severe faults. Some examples of these alarms are abnormality in the operation temperature and stall of fans.
Severe
Common
Faults of different levels are handled in different ways:

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In the case of a severe or common fault, follow the general troubleshooting process described in this document. In the case of an emergency fault, follow the troubleshooting methods given in the BTS emergency maintenance guide.
Figure 2-2 shows the procedure for determining the level of a fault.
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Figure 2-2 Procedure for determining the level of a fault
The steps shown in Figure 2-2 are described as follows: 1. 2. Collect information about the fault and determine the scope of the fault. Check whether services of the BTS are normal. Services of the BTS may be interrupted when:
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The external power supply fails. The trunking transmission is faulty.

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The hardware of the BTS is faulty. The modification of BSC data fails. The BSC interface board is faulty. The BTS is damaged.
If services of the BTS are interrupted due to the preceding factors, you can infer that the fault is an emergency fault. 3. Check whether all or only a part of the services are interrupted. Partial service interruption occurs when:
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The quality of voice calls decreases due to a high interface level. The success rate of handoffs decreases. Carriers are abnormally blocked. The transmission rate of data services is low.
If partial service interruption occurs due to the preceding factors, you can infer that the fault is a severe fault. 4. Check whether services are normal although a fault occurs. All the services of the BTS and the served MSs are normal, but alarms are generated and the associated faults may become severe or emergency faults. For example, when the operation temperature alarm is generated, configuration data may fail to be saved and logs may fail to be reported. If alarms are generated but services are not affected, you can determine that the fault is a common fault.
Troubleshooting Faults
Table 2-5 shows the types of faults and the procedures of troubleshooting the faults. Table 2-5 Faults and associated troubleshooting procedures Fault BTS startup failure Power supply failure Environment monitoring failure Clock system failure Transmission failure RF system failure Service failure Refer to ... 4 Clearing BTS Startup Faults 5 Troubleshooting BTS Power Supply Failures 6 Troubleshooting the BTS Environment Monitoring Failures 7 Troubleshooting the BTS Clock Failures 8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures 9 Troubleshooting the BTS RF Failures Case: RSSI Peak Too Low and BTS Coverage Shrinking Caused by Antenna System Failures
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Fault Operation and maintenance failure
Refer to ... 11 Clearing BTS OM Failures
CAUTION
If you have to change the position for installing cables, the DIP switch status, the position for installing boards during hardware installation, first record the current conditions.
Contacting Huawei for Technical Support

Contact Huawei by the following methods:
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Customer service phone: +86-755-28560000 Customer service fax: +86-755-28560111 E-mail: support@huawei.com Technical support web site: http://support.huawei.com
NOTE
Visit http://www.huawei.com to view the contact methods of the local Huawei offices.
To make troubleshooting easier, prepare fault information before you contact Huawei for technical support. The general information of a fault consists of:
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The full name of the site The name and phone number of the contact person Time of the fault Symptoms of the fault The version of the host software Measures taken after the fault occurs and effectiveness of these measures The severity level of the fault, and the expected time taken to rectify the fault
The basic information of a fault consists of:

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Alarm information Subscriber-tracked information Interface-tracked information Traffic statistics information Service test analysis information Instrument analysis information Performance measurement analysis information
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Comparison and interchange information
Checking the Troubleshooting Result

After troubleshooting the fault, check the troubleshooting result. 1. 2. 3. Check the equipment status, board indicators, and the Alarm Management System to ensure that the system is running normally. Make test calls to ensure that all services are functioning normally. Assign a staff on duty during peak hours to ensure that the problems (if any) can be resolved in time.
Recording the Troubleshooting Process

After rectifying the fault, review the entire process, record the key points, and propose measures to prevent faults of the same type.
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3 Common Troubleshooting Methods for the BTS
Common Troubleshooting Methods for the BTS

Troubleshooting methods vary according to the fault types of the BTS. This topic describes common troubleshooting methods such as alarm analysis, subscriber tracing, interface tracing, traffic statistics, service test, instruments and meters, performance measurement, and comparison/replacement/switchover.
Alarm Analysis
The BSS alarm system offers alarm information in the form of sound, light, light emitting diode (LED)or screen output. The alarm information offered by the alarm management system contains details about the fault, possible causes, and suggestions. The alarm information may be associated with the equipment, links, disconnection, and CPU load. The alarm information is an important basis for fault analysis and location. Alarm analysis is performed to locate faults and find out causes. If an alarm is generated, the alarm and the method of handling the alarm are displayed in the alarm management system. Each alarm provides a detailed procedure for handling the fault. Follow the procedure to clear the fault. Alarm analysis is applicable to the following scenarios:
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Clearing faults in equipment Clearing faults in services
For operation instructions on the use of the Alarm Management System, refer to the online help.
Subscriber Tracing
Through subscriber numbers, this function traces and displays on the Service Maintenance System the standard interfaces, internal interface messages, internal status messages of subscribers in the sequence of the occurrence time. Subscriber tracing has the following features:
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Displaying tracing results in real time Tracing all the standard interfaces Applying to heavy traffic Applying to the analysis of call procedures and the tracing of VIP subscribers.
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Subscriber tracing is performed for locating call failures. For instructions on subscriber tracing, refer to the online help of the Service Maintenance System.
Interface Tracing
Through a standard or internal interface, this function traces and displays on the Service Maintenance System all the messages over the interface. Interface tracing has the following features:
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Displaying tracing information in real time Having complete interface messages
Interface tracing is performed for locating call problems that are difficult to categorize, for example, the access success rate is low in a particular office direction. For instructions on interface tracing, refer to the online help of the Service Maintenance System.
Traffic Statistics
Traffic statistics record events during calls, such as call drops and handoffs. Compared with other locating methods, traffic statistics can reflect the overall situation of all the calls. For example, the call completion rate can be calculated according to traffic statistics. Traffic statistics are applicable to the following scenarios:
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KPI analysis Performance analysis
For instructions on traffic statistics, refer to the online help of the Service Maintenance System.
Service Test
Through service tests (for example, tests on voice services, data services, and short message services), you can determine the scope and type of a fault and whether the fault is cleared. Service tests are applicable to the following scenarios:
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Clearing faults in equipment Clearing faults in services Deployment commissioning
Instruments and Meters

Using instruments and meters is a common technical means in fault analysis and location. This method is straightforward and quantitative, and it reflects the nature of the fault. The following instruments and meters are required for analyzing and locating faults:
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Power meter Spectrum analyzer Error bit tester

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SiteMaster Multimeter
Instruments and meters are applicable to the following scenarios:

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Power supply testing Signaling analysis Bit error detection
For details about the use of instruments and meters, refer to their instructions.
Performance Measurement
Through the performance management system, you can create performance measurement tasks. The operation results of these tasks help you analyze the possible cause and scope of the fault. Performance measurement is applicable to the following scenarios:
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Transmission alarms are generated. Transmission bit errors are gauged with the bit error tester on site. Alarms about the RF subsystem are generated. The standing wave ratio or transmit power of the antenna is measured at the near end.
For details about the use of the performance management system, refer to the online help of the performance measurement items.
Comparison/Replacement/Switchover
You can compare the symptoms of a faulty part with those of a normal part to find out the cause. This method applies to simple faults. If the fault persists after you replace the faulty part with a spare part, replace the spare part with another one (such as a board or an optical fiber) that is operational, and then observe the changes to locate the fault. This method applies to complicated faults. Through an active/standby switchover, you can shift all the services in the active device to the standby device. By comparing the status of the system before and after the switchover, you can check whether the previous active device is faulty or whether the active/standby configuration is proper. These methods are applicable to the following scenarios:
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Alarms about boards are generated, and boards need to be replaced. Alarms indicate that some boards are faulty and need to be interchanged. The transmission link is disconnected. The output power of the BTS is 0, thus causing call failures.
When using these methods to locate faults, pay attention to the following points:
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Replacement is a risky operation. For example, after a short-circuited board is moved to the subrack in normal condition, the subrack may be damaged. Therefore, be cautious to perform the operation and ensure that no other faults are brought about.
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Before switching over the active and standby boards, back up all the data to avoid system data loss.
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4 Clearing BTS Startup Faults
4
About This Chapter
Clearing BTS Startup Faults
BTS startup faults may involve one or more types of faults such as hardware faults and software faults. When an alarm is generated during BTS startup, boards do not work, or the BTS is repeatedly reset, you must clear the faults by following the procedure for clearing BTS startup faults. 4.1 Process of BTS Startup This describes the process of BTS startup. 4.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Startup Failures Any failure in the BTS startup process may cause a BTS startup failure. The BTS startup failures involve failures such as power supply failures and clock system failures. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 4.3 Case: BTS Startup Failures Caused by the Failure of the Load Process in the BAM The failure of the Load process in the BAM may cause a BTS startup failure. This topic describes how to clear the BTS startup failures caused by the failure of the Load process in the BAM. 4.4 Case: BTS Startup Failures Caused by Signaling IP Configuration Inconsistency In IPOA mode, the BTS may fail to start and MSs may fail to access the network if the IP addresses of the BTS and BSC signaling links are inconsistent. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
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4.1 Process of BTS Startup

This describes the process of BTS startup. Figure 4-1 shows the BTS startup flow. Figure 4-1 BTS startup flow
4.1.1 Initialization of the BTS Boards After the BTS is powered on, the BOOT software in each board loads the software of the board from the flash memory to the RAM, performs self-check and initialization, and establishes interboard communication links. If the initialization fails, the corresponding board resets.
4.1.2 Process of OML Setup You must set up an Operation and Maintenance Link (OML) between the BTS and the BAM before you start to remotely configure a BTS. The physical transmission bearer between the BTS and the BSC can be E1/T1 or FE. The transmission mode over the physical bearer can be ATM or IP. The E1/T1 link can bear ATM or IP transmission. The FE link can bear IP transmission only.The BTS3606AE supports only the IP over E1/T1 transmission. 4.1.3 Process of Searching Satellites After initialization, the CMPT searches for satellites to obtain stable and reliable clock signals. 4.1.4 Loading of Software of BTS Boards The software of BTS boards can be loaded from the configuration files on the BAM or from the flash memory. 4.1.5 Process of Establishing the BTS Signaling Link This describes the process of establishing the Abis signaling link. 4.1.6 Process of Establishing the BTS Service Link This describes the process of establishing the Abis service link. 4.1.7 Process for the Setup of BTS Cells This describes the process for the setup of BTS cells.
4.1.1 Initialization of the BTS Boards

After the BTS is powered on, the BOOT software in each board loads the software of the board from the flash memory to the RAM, performs self-check and initialization, and establishes interboard communication links. If the initialization fails, the corresponding board resets. Table 4-1 describes the symptoms of initialization of boards. Table 4-1 Symptoms of the initialization of boards Observation Mode BTS Phenomenon Description After the CMPT is powered on and initialized, the RUN indicators blink at 4 Hz. The ALM indicators blink at different frequencies according to different severities of alarms. Service Maintenance System If the CMPT is initialized, the BTS is in a link-disconnected state.
4.1.2 Process of OML Setup

You must set up an Operation and Maintenance Link (OML) between the BTS and the BAM before you start to remotely configure a BTS. The physical transmission bearer between the BTS and the BSC can be E1/T1 or FE. The transmission mode over the physical bearer can be ATM or IP. The E1/T1 link can bear ATM or IP transmission. The FE link can bear IP transmission only.The BTS3606AE supports only the IP over E1/T1 transmission.
IP over E1/T1
If the BSC is a Huawei BSC6680, the information about the OML is configured on the BSC, and you do not need to add such information to the configuration of the BTS. If the BSC is a Huawei BSC6600, the BTS uses two BOOTP requests to obtain the IP address of the CMPT, the route information, and the OM IP address of the BTS. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. During the startup of the BTS, the CMPT sends the BOOTP request to the CBPE in the BSC. With the BOOTP request, the CBPE obtains the IP address of the CMPT and the route information according to the information about the BOOTP transmission channel. The CBPE adds the IP address of the CMPT and other information to the BOOTP response frame and sends it to the CMPT. The CMPT sends the BOOTP request to the BSC again to obtain the OM IP address of the BTS. When the BTS obtains the OM IP address, it sends the TCP link setup request to the BAM. The BAM accepts this request, and the BTS sets up the OML to the BAM.
4.1.3 Process of Searching Satellites

After initialization, the CMPT searches for satellites to obtain stable and reliable clock signals.
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If the BTS fails to find any satellite, the ACT indicator on the CMPT blinks at 0.25 Hz, and the channel processing board restarts repeatedly. If a standby CMPT is configured and the standby CMPT finds suitable satellites, the BTS swaps the active and standby CMPTs.
4.1.4 Loading of Software of BTS Boards

The software of BTS boards can be loaded from the configuration files on the BAM or from the flash memory. The BTS first attempts to load the software of boards from the configuration files on the BAM. Table 4-2 shows the phenomenon when a BTS downloads the configuration files from the BAM. Table 4-2 Phenomenon when a BTS downloads the configuration files Observation Mode BTS Service Maintenance System Associated alarms Phenomenon Description Boards are reset. The ACT indicators on the boards are on. After the configuration is complete, the states of all boards are indicated on the equipment panel. The link interruption alarm is generated.
In the case that the software in a board is inconsistent with the configuration files on the BAM and the automatic loading is enabled, the BTS downloads the configuration files from the BAM.
In the case that the establishment of the OML link to the BAM fails and the configuration files are available in the flash memory of the CMPT, the BTS downloads the configuration files from the flash memory.
4.1.5 Process of Establishing the BTS Signaling Link

This describes the process of establishing the Abis signaling link. After the CMPT is configured, the CMPT establishes the Abis signaling link by using the configuration parameters to implement signaling exchange between the BTS and the BSC. If the Abis signaling link is interrupted, the BTS automatically resets 10 minutes later.
4.1.6 Process of Establishing the BTS Service Link

This describes the process of establishing the Abis service link. After the BTS obtains a stable clock source, the HCPM/HECM establishes an Abis traffic link by using the CMPT to implement service data interchange between the BTS and the BSC.
4.1.7 Process for the Setup of BTS Cells

This describes the process for the setup of BTS cells. After the Abis signaling link is set up, the baseband boards report the BTS resource configuration state to the BSC and request logical configuration. After the BSC sends the cell configuration data to the baseband boards, the BTS configures the carrier properties, sets up the common channel, and updates the overhead message. After that, the MS is allowed to access the network and make a call.
4.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Startup Failures

Any failure in the BTS startup process may cause a BTS startup failure. The BTS startup failures involve failures such as power supply failures and clock system failures. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
Table 4-3 describes the symptoms of the BTS startup failures. Table 4-3 Symptoms of the BTS startup failures Item Services Symptom
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The BTS fails to start. The BTS resets repeatedly. A carrier restarts repeatedly. The RUN or ALM indicator of BTS boards blinks fast or BTS boards are in offline state. The CMPT resets repeatedly.
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Item Alarms
Symptom The following alarms may be generated on the BTS:

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Physical link alarms Physical link alarms are generated when signals on the E1 link are lost, received signals on the FE link are lost, frames on the E1/T1 link are out of synchronization or when there is an error on the FE link transmission. OML alarms OML alarms are generated when the OML is disconnected or when the OMLs between the CMPT and other boards are disconnected. Signaling/traffic link alarms Signaling/traffic link alarms are generated when the active links in the link group are insufficient or when the Abis signaling link is faulty. GPS clock alarms GPS clock alarms are generated when the satellites locked by the satellite receiver of the CMPT are not sufficient or when the CMPT and the satellite antenna are short circuited. Carrier resource alarms Carrier resource alarms are generated when the sector carrier is incorrectly configured or when the channel number on the sector carrier is incorrect. Configuration file loading alarms Configuration file loading alarms are generated when there are errors in the configuration files.
Fault Location
Table 4-4 lists the possible causes and analysis of BTS startup failures. Table 4-4 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS startup failures Cause The hardware of boards or the Abis transmission system is faulty. The cabinet is not properly grounded. Analysis The slot of the CMPT is faulty. The settings of the DIP switch are incorrect. The GPS clock signal cable is disconnected from the CMPT. The E1/T1 or FE transmission-related alarms are generated.
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If the OML is faulty, the ACT indicator blinks at 4 Hz. If the satellite lockon fails, the ACT indicator blinks at 0.25 Hz.
The slot of the HCPM/ HECM is faulty.
The equipment panel on the Service Maintenance System shows that the RF module is unavailable. When the CSM chip is faulty, the ALM indicator is on and the ACT indicator blinks at 0.25 Hz.
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Cause
Analysis The Abis transmission system is faulty. The cabinet is not properly grounded. In the loopback test from the transmission equipment room to the BSC or to the BTS, the bit error rate is very high. The BTS transmission link is intermittent.
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Faulty power module
The PSUAC/DC has no or abnormal power input.
If the power indicator (green) on the panel of the PSU is on, you can infer that there is power input. If the monitoring indicator (yellow) on the panel of the PSU is on, you can infer that the DC input voltage or the environment temperature is not within the proper range. If the ALM indicator (red) on the panel of the PSU is on, you can infer that an undervoltage alarm or a module failure alarm is generated.
The PSUAC/DC has insufficient or abnormal power output. The PSUAC/DC is disconnected from other parts.
If the ALM indicator (red) on the panel of the PSU is on, you can infer that the power output is abnormal. If the PSU has normal power output but the indicators of other parts are off, you can infer that the cables that connect the PSU to other parts are faulty or the circuit on the backplane is faulty. If the power module UPEU of the BBU3900 is faulty, services may be interrupted.
The power module of the BBU3900 is faulty.
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Cause The GPS clock system is faulty.
Analysis The satellite receiver or the CMPT is faulty. Run the DSP CBTSBRDSPECSTAT command to view the type of the satellite receiver.
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The satellite receiver is faulty. The number of locked satellites is 0 when the GPS antenna is installed in a proper position.

The query result is UNKNOWN. The type of the satellite receiver is displayed, but the alarm "The antenna of the CMPT satellite receiver is short-circuited" is generated. The type of the satellite receiver is displayed, but the alarm "The satellites locked by the CMPT satellite receiver is not enough" is generated.
Faults of the CMPT The type of the satellite receiver is displayed, but the alarm "the antenna of the CMPT satellite receiver is open circuited" is generated and the voltage of the GPS port in the panel of the CMPT is 0 V or less than 4.5 V.
The GPS antenna system is faulty.
Run the SET CBTSCLK command to change the clock to Internal Clock Source. If the BTS is operational, you can infer that the GPS antenna system is faulty.
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The installation position of the GPS antenna is improper.
There are tall buildings around the installation position. The antenna is located under a microwave antenna, a high-voltage cable, or a TV tower. The installation position is susceptible to a lightning strike. The antenna is beyond the protection range of the lightning arrester.
The data configuration is incorrect or is inconsistent with the data configuration of the BSC.
The configuration of the sector carrier resource or the local cell ID is incorrect or missing.
The indicator on the panel of each board indicates no exceptions, but the carrier resource cannot be established.
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Cause
Analysis The configuration of the mask or the IP address of the OML or the signaling link is incorrect or missing. The configuration of the transmission resource is incorrect or missing. The configuration of the bands is incorrect or missing.
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If the OML is not connected, the BTS cannot upload software. If the signaling link is not connected, the BTS restarts automatically every 10 minutes.
The transmission link number or the link group number is incorrect or beyond the value range. After the BTS starts up, the OML is established but does not start.
The BAM server is faulty. The temperature of the BTS is beyond the proper range. The software version of the BTS does not match the software version of the BAM.
The BAM server fails to start or the Load process on the BAM server is abnormal. Therefore, the OML fails to be established and the BTS fails to start. The operating temperature for the BTS ranges from -40oC to +52oC. The temperature is measured 1.5 m [59.06 in.] above the floor and 0.4 m [15.75 in.] in front of the equipment, without protective panels in front of or behind the cabinet. In the deployment or upgrade of a BTS, the software version of boards in the BTS may not match the software version of the BAM. If the software version of the BTS does not match the software version of the BAM, the BTS may fail to start or be upgraded.
Fault Handling
Figure 4-2 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the BTS startup failures.
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Figure 4-2 Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS startup failures
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Procedure
Step 1 Check the hardware of boards. Check whether the failure is caused by faults in the hardware of boards. 1. Check the status of the CMPT port. The commands vary according to the transmission types, as described in the following table. Type E1/T1 Commands and Query Results Run the DSP CBTSMLTDRPBRDSTAT command to query the status of the CMPT port. The query result for E1 transmission shows that the status of the CMPT port is 75 ohms or 120 ohms. The query result for T1 transmission shows that the status of the CMPT port is 100 ohms.
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Type FE
Commands and Query Results Run the DSP CBTSFEPORTINFO command. The query result involves the link status and the loopback status.
2.
Check the DIP switches of the CMPT and the CESP. For details on the DIP switches, refer to the BTS hardware description manual.
3.
Check the indicators on the panel of the CMPT. If the RUN indicator blinks at 4 Hz, you can infer that the CMPT is faulty. Replace the CMPT. If the ACT indicator blinks at 0.25 Hz, you can infer that the satellite receiver is faulty. Replace the satellite receiver.
4.
Check the connection of the GPS clock signal cable with the GPS port in the panel of the CMPT.
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The GPS clock signal cable that connects to the GPS port in the panel of the CMPT loosens easily, thus resulting in unlocking of satellites. To check whether the CMPT or the slot is faulty, run the SET CBTSCLK command to set the clock to internal clock. If the fault is rectified, you can infer that the CMPT or the slot functions properly. In this case, you need to locate the fault in the GPS antenna system. Disconnect the GPS clock signal cable from the GPS port in the panel of the CMPT. Use a multimeter to the measure the output voltage of the CMPT (connect the positive pole of the multimeter to the internal hole of the GPS port and the negative pole to the outer sheath). Check whether the output voltage is about 5 V. If the output voltage is not within the range, you can infer that the CMPT or the slot is faulty. Replace the CMPT. If the RUN indicator blinks at 4 Hz, you can infer that the HCMP/HCEM is faulty. Replace the HCMP/HCEM. If the ACT indicator blinks at 0.25 Hz and the ALM indicator is on, you can infer that the CSM chip is faulty. Replace the CSM chip.
5.
Check the indicators on the panel of the HCMP/HCEM.

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6.
Check the RF module. The RF module obtains the synchronization clock from the HCMP/HCEM. Therefore, the RF module fails if the HCMP/HCEM is faulty.
7.
Check the transmission links. For details, refer to 8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures. If the result shows that the transmission system is faulty, ask the transmission system engineers to rectify the fault.
8.
Check the grounding of the digital distribution frame (DDF). Use a multimeter to measure the resistance of the PGND port on the top of the cabinet or the resistance from the PE grounding bar to the grounding bar in the equipment room. If the measured resistance is less than 10 ohms, you can infer that the DDF is properly grounded.
Step 2 Check the power supply voltage. Check whether the fault is caused by faults in the power supply. 1. Check the power supply system. If the power supply system is faulty, ask the power supply engineers to rectify the fault.
2.
Check the PSU. Check whether the SET CBTSPOWEROFF command is run to switch off the additional power supply. If the software configuration is correct, switch to the standby power supply or replace the PSU.
3.
Check the cables between the PSU and other parts and the backplane. Reconnect the cables or replace the backplane. Check the power cables from the power distribution box to the OMTR/OMPA.
Step 3 Check the GPS clock system. Check whether the fault is caused by problems with the GPS clock system. 1. Check the satellite receiver and the CMPT. Check whether the satellite receiver or the CMPT is faulty. If the satellite receiver or the CMPT is faulty, replace the satellite receiver or the CMPT. 2. Bypass the lightning arrester. Remove the lightning arrester, and then directly connect the cables that are originally connected to the two ends of the lightning arrester. If the GPS antenna system is operational, you can infer that the lightning arrester is faulty or cables are loose or inversely connected. In this case, replace the lightning arrester or reconnect the cables. 3. Check the resistance between the shielding layer of the feeder and the core wire. Disconnect the clock signal cable from the CMPT and disconnect the GPS antenna. Use a multimeter to measure the resistance between the shielding layer of the feeder and the core wire. Ensure that the resistance is more than 1 megaohm. Connect the shielding layer at one end of the feeder and the core wire. Check the resistance at the other end of the feeder. Ensure that the resistance is less than 10 ohms. 4. 5. Check all the outdoor connectors. Ensure that the outdoor connectors are not penetrated by water and are properly connected. Check the resistance of the GPS antenna. Use a multimeter to measure the resistance of the GPS antenna.
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If the resistance is less than 10 ohms, you can infer that the GPS antenna is faulty and you need to replace it. If the resistance ranges from 150 ohms to 200 ohms, test the working current of the GPS antenna.
6.
Check the current of the GPS antenna. Reconnect the antenna system. Disconnect the cable from the GPS port in the panel of the CMPT. Connect the outer sheath of the cable with the outer layer of the GPS port, and then use a multimeter to measure the voltage between the cable and the core wire of the GPS port. If the voltage ranges from 20 mA to 30 mA, you can infer that the GPS antenna is operational. If the GPS antenna is faulty, replace it.
7.
Check the position of the GPS antenna and check whether there are interference sources and obstacles. Tall buildings or trees and high-power microwave devices or the radio broadcast station may affect the normal operation of the GPS antenna. For details, refer to Installing the Satellite Antenna System.
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Step 4 Check the data configuration. After the fault location and analysis, check whether the fault is caused by the incorrect data configuration. 1. Check the configurations of the sector carrier resource or the local cell ID at the BSC and BTS sides. On the BAM, run the LST CELL command to check whether the cell resource is configured and whether the cell information configured at the BSC side is consistent with that configured at the BTS side. Run the RMV CBTSCELL or ADD CBTSCELL command to modify the cell resource configuration.
NOTE
The difference between CELLID and LOCALLCELLID is as follows:

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The CELLID configured on the MSC should be consistent with that configured on the BSC. The LOCALLCELLID configured on the BSC should be consistent with that configured on the BTS. If the LOCALLCELLID is not added when the CELLID is added on the BSC, the LOCALLCELLID is equal to the CELLID by default.
2.
Check the mask or the OM IP address or the signaling link IP address at the BSC and BTS sides. Run the LST BSCBTSINF command and the LST BTS command to check whether the OM IP address configured at the BSC side is consistent with that configured at the BTS side. On the BAM, run the DSP SIGLNKSTAT command to check the signaling link status. If the signaling link is not connected, run the LST BTSLNK command and the DSP CBTSCFG command to check whether the data configurations such as the mask or the signaling link IP address at the BTS and BSC sides are consistent.
3.
Check the transmission resources at the BSC and BTS sides. Run the DSP CBTSCFG command to query the information of the transmission link. An E1 link cannot be configured to two CMPTs that have no backups. Ensure that the chip parameter settings of the HCMP/HCEM in the SET CBTSCDMA1XCHIPPARA or SET CBTSCDMADOCHIPPARA command are consistent with the actual situation.
4.
Check the band information at the BSC side. Run the LST CDMACH command to check whether the band configuration is correct. If the band configuration is incorrect, run the RMV CDMACH or ADD CDMACH command to modify it.
Step 5 Check the BAM server. Check whether the fault is caused by problems with the BAM server. Check whether the BAM server starts up and the Load process is operational. Step 6 Check the ambient temperature for the BTS. Check whether the ambient temperature for the BTS is within the proper range. Run the DSP CBTSENVPARA command to check whether the ambient temperature for the BTS is within the proper range. Before you run the DSP CBTSENVPARA command, ensure that the BTS is equipped with the environment monitoring equipment EMUA and the power management unit PMU. Adjust the temperature for the BTS if it exceeds the specified range.
Step 7 Check the software version. Check whether the fault is caused by the inconsistency of software versions. Run the CHK CBTSSWVER command to check whether the board software version is consistent with the BAM software version. The CHK CBTSSWVER command cannot be used to check the consistency between the configuration file and the INI file. To check whether the configuration file is consistent with the INI file, open the files and compare the version information at the head of the files. ----End
Postrequisite
If the faults persist, contact Huawei for technical support.
4.3 Case: BTS Startup Failures Caused by the Failure of the Load Process in the BAM
The failure of the Load process in the BAM may cause a BTS startup failure. This topic describes how to clear the BTS startup failures caused by the failure of the Load process in the BAM.
Symptoms
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After the BTS transmission link failure is rectified, restart the BTS. But the BTS cannot start working. The OM IP address cannot be pinged on the BAM. The OML to the BTS cannot be established. Only the clear alarms corresponding to the alarms such as E1/T1 link signal loss and insufficient active links in the far-end IMA group exist. The clear alarms corresponding to the OML disconnection alarms do not exist.
Fault Location
The possible causes of the BTS BOOTP failure are as follows:
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The BTS transmission is disrupted or intermittent link failures occur. Therefore, the bit error rate is too high, the E1 link is unavailable, or the IMA link cannot be activated. The BTS information or the BOOTP information at the BAM side and at the BTS side is wrong or missed or the configurations at both sides are inconsistent. The BAM fails or the Load process is exceptional. During the BTS BOOTP process, the BTS requests an IP address from the BAM through the Load process. If the Load process is exceptional, the BTS BOOTP process fails.
If only the clear alarms corresponding to the E1/T1 link signal loss alarms exist, and the clear alarms corresponding to the OML disconnection alarms do not exist, you can infer that the physical transmission layer is in normal condition and that the BTS BOOTP process fails.
Fault Handling
To rectify the fault, proceed as follows:
1.
On the Service Maintenance System, run the DSP E1T1STAT command to check whether the E1 link status is Available. Run the DSP IMALNKSTAT command to check whether the IMA link status is Effective. If the transmission link does not perform loopback, you can infer that the transmission links are functional. Run the LST BSCBTSINF command to query the BTS information on the BAM. Run the LST BTSBTPINFO command to query the BOOTP information configured on the BTS. If the BTS information and the BOOTP information are configured are correct, you can infer that the fault is not caused by data errors. Start the Load process on the BAM and find that the Load process status is Exceptional. When the Load process is exceptional, the BOOTP information reported by the BTS cannot reach the BAM and then the BTS does not obtain the OM IP address. Therefore, the OML setup fails. Restart the Load process. Ensure that the BTS restarts and works without errors.
2.
3.
4.4 Case: BTS Startup Failures Caused by Signaling IP Configuration Inconsistency

In IPOA mode, the BTS may fail to start and MSs may fail to access the network if the IP addresses of the BTS and BSC signaling links are inconsistent. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
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All the boards are functional and the data configuration script file can be loaded properly. But the BTS does not work and the MS cannot access the network. After the board software is loaded, the version information of all the boards can be reported and the clock for the BTS is functional. The Abis signaling link interrupted alarm is generated.
Fault Location
The prerequisites for the normal operation of the BTS are as follows:
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The OML is correctly configured at the BAM and BTS sides. The PVC and routing information is correctly configured on the BSC. In a DOS environment, you can run the route print command to query the routing information on the BSC. The signaling data and traffic data are correctly configured at the BSC and BTS sides, and they are kept consistent.
Because the board software is loaded properly and the OML link of the BTS is normal, you can infer that the possible cause of the fault is the data configuration error of the signaling link or the traffic link. To locate the data configuration problem of the signaling link, check whether the signaling IP addresses configured at the BSC and BTS sides are consistent.
Fault Handling
To rectify the fault, proceed as follows:
1. 2. 3.
Run the LST IPOAPVC command to query the IPoA PVC information at the BSC side. Ensure that the IPoA PVC information is correct. Run the route print command to query the routing information on the BAM. Ensure that the routing information on the BAM is correct. Run the CHK CBTSIFCFG command to check whether the data on the BSC and BTS is consistent. SIGIP=80.17.130.216 is inconsistent with BTSIP=80.17.130.116. Modify the IP addresses to ensure the consistency. After the software is reloaded, the BTS is functional and the MS can access the network.
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5 Troubleshooting BTS Power Supply Failures
Troubleshooting BTS Power Supply Failures
About This Chapter

The power subsystem of the BTS consists of the BBU3900 power module, the cabinet power module PSU, the power distribution module, the lightning protection module, and the monitoring module. If the BTS fails to be powered on, or if the BTS restarts frequently and the logged failure cause for each startup is different, then the failure might be a power supply failure. 5.1 Overview of the BBU3900 Power Supply The BBU3900 is powered by the PSU AC/DC in the cabinet. The PSU AC/DC provides +24 V DC to the BBU3900. The BBU3900 has a built-in power module, UPEU, to convert +24 V DC to +12 V DC. 5.2 Power Supply in the BTS3606AE Cabinets The BTS3606AE cabinets support 110 V AC or 220 V AC mains supply. The cabinet power module PSU AC/DC converts 110 V AC or 220 V AC power to +24 V DC power. 5.3 Troubleshooting the BBU3900 Power Module Failures BBU3900 power module failures may interrupt ongoing services and damage chips. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 5.4 Troubleshooting the Power Module Failures When the BTS power module is faulty, the BTS may fail to be powered on or may restart repeatedly. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 5.5 Case: Frequent Restart of the BTS Due to Power Module Failures This describes the procedure for troubleshooting the problem that the BTS restarts frequently after an upgrade.
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5.1 Overview of the BBU3900 Power Supply

The BBU3900 is powered by the PSU AC/DC in the cabinet. The PSU AC/DC provides +24 V DC to the BBU3900. The BBU3900 has a built-in power module, UPEU, to convert +24 V DC to +12 V DC. 5.1.1 Functional Structure of the UPEU This describes the functional structures of the UPEB and the UEIC in the UPEU and the functions of each module. 5.1.2 UPEU Panel This describes the appearance and the ports of the UPEU panel. 5.1.3 Technical Specifications of the UPEU This describes the dimensions, input voltage range, input current, input voltage, output voltage, and rated power of the UPEU.
5.1.1 Functional Structure of the UPEU

This describes the functional structures of the UPEB and the UEIC in the UPEU and the functions of each module.
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Functional Structure of the UPEB The UPEB consists of the protection circuit, delay startup/blind mating, EMI filter circuit, and power module. It converts the +24 V DC power into +12 V DC power, reports detected faults and undervoltage input alarms through I2C. Figure 5-1 shows the functional structure of the UPEB.
Figure 5-1 Functional structure of the UPEB
Functional Structure of the UEIC The UEIC collects the external alarm information about water damage, smoke, door status, and temperature and humidity, and reports the alarm information to the main control transmission board in the BBU3900 through the UPEB and the backplane.
5.1.2 UPEU Panel

This describes the appearance and the ports of the UPEU panel.
Appearance
Figure 5-2 shows the UPEU panel.
Figure 5-2 UPEU panel
(1) EXT_ALM1 port (4) MON0 port
(2) EXT_ALM0 port (5) PWR port
(3) MON1 port
Ports
Table 5-1 lists the ports on the UPEU panel. Table 5-1 Description of the UPEU ports Port MON0 port Input/ Output Input/Output Function Input and output of RS485 signal Description X1: Rx+ of RS485 output X2: Rx- of RS485 output X4: Tx+ of RS485 input X5: Tx- of RS485 input X6 and X8: GND MON1 port Input/Output Input and output of RS485 signal X9: X9: Rx+ of RS485 input X10: Rx- of RS485 input X12: Tx+ of RS485 output X13: Tx- of RS485 output X14 and X16: GND EXT_ALM 0 port Output dry node output X17: dry node 0 X19: dry node 1 X21: dry node 2 X23: dry node 3 X18, X20, X22, and X24: GND
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Port EXT_ALM 1 port
Input/ Output Output
Function dry node output
Description X25: dry node 4 X27: dry node 5 X29: dry node 6 X31: dry node 7 X26, X28, X30, and X32: GND
PWR port
Input
24 V power input
NOTE
The pins in the port are numbered from right to left, that is, they are numbered X1 to X32.
Indicators on the Front Panel

Table 5-2 lists the indicators on the UPEU panel. Table 5-2 Description of the indicators Name Power supply indicator Remarks On: The board functions properly. Normal State Green
5.1.3 Technical Specifications of the UPEU

This describes the dimensions, input voltage range, input current, input voltage, output voltage, and rated power of the UPEU. The technical specifications of the UPEU are as follows:
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Dimensions (length x width x depth): 292.39 mm [11.51 in.] x 85 mm [3.35 in.] x 40.14 mm [1.58 in.] Input voltage: 19 V to 29 V Input current: 18 A Output voltage: 20 V to 36 V Output voltage: 12 V Rated power: 300 W
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5.2 Power Supply in the BTS3606AE Cabinets

The BTS3606AE cabinets support 110 V AC or 220 V AC mains supply. The cabinet power module PSU AC/DC converts 110 V AC or 220 V AC power to +24 V DC power. 5.2.1 Principles of Power Distribution in Cabinets
The BTS3606AE uses AC power supply and uses PSU AC/DC to convert 110 V AC or 220 V AC to +24 V DC. 5.2.2 PSUAC/DC Panel This topic describes the appearance of and the indicators on the PSUAC/DC panel. 5.2.3 Technical Specifications of the PSUAC/DC This describes the technical specifications of the PSUAC/DC.
5.2.1 Principles of Power Distribution in Cabinets

The BTS3606AE uses AC power supply and uses PSU AC/DC to convert 110 V AC or 220 V AC to +24 V DC. Figure 5-3 shows the power distribution in a cabinet. Figure 5-3 Power distribution in a cabinet
The AC power passes through the AC power distribution unit to the power input busbar on the motherboard of the power frame. Then, the PSU AC/DC on the motherboard converts the AC power to +24 V DC power and outputs the +24 V DC power to the +24 V DC busbar. Then, the +24 V DC total line bank distributes the +24 V DC power to power consumption units such as the BBU3900, EMUA, batteries, transmission power modules, RF subracks, and heat exchangers.
5.2.2 PSUAC/DC Panel

This topic describes the appearance of and the indicators on the PSUAC/DC panel.
Appearance of the PSUAC/DC Panel

Figure 5-4 shows the appearance of the PSUAC/DC panel.
Figure 5-4 Appearance of the PSUAC/DC Panel
Indicators on the PSU Panel

Table 5-3 lists the indicators on the PSU panel. Table 5-3 Description of the PSU indicators Name Power supply indicator Monitoring indicator Colo r Gree n Meaning Indicates the status of power supply. Indicates the monitoring status. Description ON: normal OFF: No AC power is inputted or the input fuse is damaged. ON: The AC power input voltage or ambient temperature exceeds the threshold. The current limiting and temperature protection are started. OFF: normal Alarm indicator Red Indicates alarms. ON: The overvoltage/undervoltage alarm, module fault alarm, or fan fault alarm is generated. OFF: normal OFF OFF Normal Status ON
Yello w
5.2.3 Technical Specifications of the PSUAC/DC

This describes the technical specifications of the PSUAC/DC. The specifications of the PSUAC/DC are as follows:
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Input voltage: 90 V DC to 300 V DC

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Working frequency: 44 Hz to 66 Hz Output voltage: 22 V to 29 V (can be adjusted through the PMU) Undervoltage protection point: 85 V Overvoltage protection point: 305 V Output power: 680 W (90 V AC to 150 V AC) or 1400 W (150 V AC to 300 V AC) Dimensions (length x width x depth): 89 mm [6.97 in.] x 107 mm [1.57 in.] x 249 mm [11.02 in.]
5.3 Troubleshooting the BBU3900 Power Module Failures

BBU3900 power module failures may interrupt ongoing services and damage chips. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
The BBU3900 uses the power module UPEU, which supports the 1+1 redundancy mode. Table 5-4 describes the symptoms of the BBU3900 power module failures. Table 5-4 Symptoms of the BBU3900 power module failures Item Services Board status Alarms Symptom Services are interrupted. No abnormal status is displayed. The BTS may report the following alarms:
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Power module failure alarm The DC undervoltage alarm is generated.
Fault Location
Table 5-5 lists the possible causes and analysis of BBU3900 power module failures. Table 5-5 Possible causes and analysis of the BBU3900 power module failures Cause Power module failure alarm The BBU3900 power module is not properly installed. The parameter configuration of the BBU3900 power module is incorrect.
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Analysis The UPEU is in poor contact with the slot.
The configured number and position of the UPEU do not comply with the actual conditions.
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Cause The BBU3900 power module is faulty. The DC undervoltage alarm is generated. The power supply system is faulty.
Analysis The hardware of the UPEU is faulty and needs to be replaced. The input voltage of the UPEU is lower than +24 V.
Fault Handling
Figure 5-5 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the BBU3900 power module failures.
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Figure 5-5 Procedure for troubleshooting the BBU3900 power module failures
Procedure
Step 1 Check the installation of the BBU3900 power module. Check whether the UPEU is properly installed. If the UPEU is not properly installed, "The power module is faulty" alarm is generated after you run the LST ALMFE command.
1. 2.
Check whether the connector at the PWR joint on the UPEU is tightened. If the connector is loose, tighten it. Check whether the other end of the connector is connected to the DC power distribution box of the cabinet.
Step 2 Check the parameter configuration of the BBU3900 power module. Check whether the parameter configuration of the power module is correct. 1. Run the DSP CBTSBBUPWRINFO command to check whether the configured number and position of the BBU3900 power module are correct. The UPEU supports the 1+1 redundancy mode. If the configured number and position of the BBU3900 power modules are incorrect, run the RMV CBTSUPEU command to delete the incorrect configuration, and then run the ADD CBTSUPEU command to correct the configuration.
2.
Step 3 Check the BBU3900 power module. If the fault is rectified after you replace the UPEU with a new one, you can infer that the UPEU is faulty. Step 4 Check the DC power supply. Check whether the DC power supply is faulty. 1. Measure the input voltage of the UPEU and check whether the voltage is lower than +24 V. The UPEU is powered by PSU AC/DC. If the PSU AC/DC becomes faulty or the DC power distribution fails, the UPEU is adversely affected. 2. To troubleshoot failures of the PSU AC/DC or the DC power distribution, refer to related sections in this document.
----End
Postrequisite
5.4 Troubleshooting the Power Module Failures

When the BTS power module is faulty, the BTS may fail to be powered on or may restart repeatedly. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
The BTSBTS3606AE cabinets support AC power supply and use the AC power module PSU AC/DC. Table 5-6 describes the symptoms of the power module failures. Table 5-6 Symptoms of the power module failures Item Services Symptom The BTS may fail to be powered on or may restart repeatedly. The cause of each restart of the BTS recorded in the log is different.
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Item Board status Alarms
Symptom If the AC power supply is used, the green power indicator on the panel of the PSU AC/DC is on, and the red ALM indicator is off. The BTS may report the following alarms:
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The PSU AC/DC is faulty. AC overvoltage occurs. AC undervoltage occurs.
Fault Location
Table 5-7 lists the possible causes and analysis of power module failures. Table 5-7 Possible causes and analysis of the power module failures Cause The power module is faulty. Analysis The connection from the power distribution cabinet to the BTS cabinet fails. The MCB or the fuse from the power distribution cabinet to the BTS cabinet is disconnected or is excessively used. The excessive use of the MCB may lead to current instability. If the PSU AC/DC is faulty, the red ALM indicator on the panel of the PSU AC/DC is on or is displayed grey on the panel of the Service Maintenance System. The wiring terminals are oxidized, thus reducing the power supply capability. This causes the power supply failure or the RF module failure.
The EMI filter or the power module is faulty.
The circuit is faulty.
The parameters of the power module are incorrectly configured.
The number and position of the configured power modules do not comply with the actual conditions. The parameters of the PMU are incorrectly configured or are not configured after the PMU is replaced. If the 220 V or 110 V AC power supply is used, use a multimeter (set to the AC range) to measure the voltage between the L terminal and the N terminal. Check whether the voltage is within the proper range. The voltage ranges from 90 V to 150 V (for 110 V AC input) or from 150 V to 300 V (for 220 V AC input).
The power supply system is faulty.
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Fault Handling
Figure 5-6 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the power module failures. Figure 5-6 Procedure for troubleshooting the power module failures
Context
CAUTION
In the case that the BTS is powered on, do not perform any operations on the power cables.
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Procedure
Step 1 Check the installation of the power module. Check whether the power module is properly installed. If the power module is not properly installed, an alarm indicating "the power module is faulty or not in position" is generated after you run the LST ALMFE command. 1. Check whether the bolts that connect to the power wiring posts on the top of the cabinet are tightened. Figure 5-7 shows the installation of the power wiring posts on the top of the cabinet using the -48 V DC power supply. If the cabinet is not properly grounded, the bit error rate may be excessively high, thereby causing the BTS to restart repeatedly. Figure 5-7 Installation of the power wiring posts
2.
Check whether the power cables are properly and securely connected to the power distribution cabinet. Check whether cable lugs are overlapping and whether the overlapping cable lugs are properly installed.
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3.
Check whether the PSU AC/DC is properly installed. If the PSUAC/DC functions properly, the green power indicator is on, and the red ALM indicator is off. If the power indicator does not function properly, reinstall or replace the PSU AC/DC.
Step 2 Check the parameter configuration of the power module. Check whether the parameter configuration of the power module is correct. 1. Run the DSP CBTSPMUPSU command to check whether the number and position of the configured power modules are correct. The PSU AC/DC supports the N+1 redundancy mode. The number of the power modules is dependent on the number of the sector carriers. 2. If the number and position of the power modules are incorrectly configured, run the SET CBTSPMUPSU command to reconfigure them.
Step 3 Check the power supply system. Check whether the power supply system is faulty. 1. Check whether the power supply voltage of the cabinet is proper and stable. If the AC power input is used, set the multimeter to the AC voltage range, and then connect the positive pole to the L wire and the negative pole to the N wire. Check whether the voltage of the single-phase, two-phase, or three-phase power supply is in the specified range. 2. If the power supply voltage is beyond the proper range or unstable, contact the power supply system engineers for assistance in rectifying the fault. The causes of the fault may be that the cables from the power distribution cabinet to the top of the cabinet are loose or excessively used and that the fuse or the MCB is disconnected. ----End
Postrequisite
5.5 Case: Frequent Restart of the BTS Due to Power Module Failures
This describes the procedure for troubleshooting the problem that the BTS restarts frequently after an upgrade.
Symptoms
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The BTS restarts frequently after the upgrade. The restart time is uncertain and the BTS may restart several times a day or once in several days. The following alarms are generated (you can query the alarms through Telnet):

E1/T1 link disconnection Network disconnection of the BAM Abis signaling link disconnection
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Fault Location
The possible causes of restart of the BTS include:
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Incomplete upgrade In normal cases, this fault is logged. Intermittent blinking of transmission links This fault can be detected by a loopback at the BTS side. The troubleshooting of this fault is omitted in the procedure for troubleshooting the frequent restart of the BTS.
Faulty power module If the power supply system has failures such as unstable output voltage or insufficient capacity, the BTS restarts. The restart time is uncertain and the reported restart time is not the actual time.
Faulty CMPT You can determine whether the CMPT is faulty by observing the indicators on the panel of the CMPT. If the CMPT is faulty, the BSC data cannot be delivered to the BTS and causes a restart of the BTS.
Fault Handling
1. Run the RPT CBTSLOG command to obtain the BTS logs. Check the BTS logs. You can find that the cause of each BTS restart is different and the time of each BTS restart is 2000-01-01 (because the original GPS time is lost after the BTS restarts). Each software reset is recorded in the BTS log. This indicates that repeated restarts of the BTS is not caused by the software failure. Therefore, the hardware reset maybe caused by failures in the power module or the CMPT. Failures in the power module are most likely to cause a hardware reset. 2. 3. 4. Run the DSP CBTSPOWERPARA command to check whether the output voltage of the power module is normal. Run the SET CBTSPOWEROFF command to reset the BTS. You can find that the fault occurs again. Check the power supply system. You can find that the input voltage of the power supply system is beyond the proper range. Ask site maintenance engineers to repair the power supply system.
TIP
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Each software reset is recorded in the BTS log. The causes of hardware reset in the BTS log are uncertain. The report time is 2000-01-01.
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6 Troubleshooting the BTS Environment Monitoring Failures
Troubleshooting the BTS Environment Monitoring Failures
About This Chapter

The BTS environment monitoring subsystem monitors the DC and switching power supplies of the BTS, voltage of the storage battery, temperature and humidity of equipment rooms, smoke conditions, and unauthorized entry into the equipment room. If an environment alarm is generated on the BTS Alarm Management System or the ALM indicator on the monitoring instrument is on, a BTS environment monitoring failure might occur. 6.1 Overview of BTS Environment Monitoring The BTS environment monitoring subsystem consists of alarm ports, EMUA, and PMU. This describes the functions of the BTS environment monitoring subsystem and introduces the environment monitoring instruments and environment indices. 6.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Environment Monitoring Failures The BTS environment monitoring subsystem monitors the equipment operation and provides the operation information on a real-time basis. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 6.3 Case: False Alarms Caused by Incorrect Configuration of the EMUA If an error occurs during the installation of the EMUA, an alarm may be reported on the Alarm Management System. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
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6.1 Overview of BTS Environment Monitoring

The BTS environment monitoring subsystem consists of alarm ports, EMUA, and PMU. This describes the functions of the BTS environment monitoring subsystem and introduces the environment monitoring instruments and environment indices. 6.1.1 Functional Structure of the Environment Monitoring Subsystem This describes the functional structure of the environment monitoring subsystem. The environment monitoring function of the BTS3606AE are implemented through sensors and monitoring devices. The monitoring devices of the AC cabinet are the PMU and EMUA. The EMUA is optional. 6.1.2 Meanings of Terminologies Related to the BTS Environment Monitoring Instrument The EAC monitors the equipment operation on a real-time basis. You can acquire related environment information in real time through the EAC. This topic introduces the terminologies related to the EAC of the BTS. 6.1.3 Environment Monitoring Instrument The environment monitoring instruments for the BTS3606AE cabinets that use AC power include PMU and EMUA (optional). 6.1.4 BTS Environment Monitoring Specifications Environmental requirements for the BTS include the requirements for the storage, transportation, and operation of the equipment. This describes the requirements for the ambient temperature and humidity.
6.1.1 Functional Structure of the Environment Monitoring Subsystem

This describes the functional structure of the environment monitoring subsystem. The environment monitoring function of the BTS3606AE are implemented through sensors and monitoring devices. The monitoring devices of the AC cabinet are the PMU and EMUA. The EMUA is optional.
Functional Structure of the Environment Monitoring Subsystem of the AC Cabinet

Figure 6-1 shows the functional structure of the environment monitoring subsystem of the AC cabinet.
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Figure 6-1 Functional structure of the environment monitoring subsystem of the AC cabinet
6.1.2 Meanings of Terminologies Related to the BTS Environment Monitoring Instrument

The EAC monitors the equipment operation on a real-time basis. You can acquire related environment information in real time through the EAC. This topic introduces the terminologies related to the EAC of the BTS.
l
Boolean A variable that determines the ON or OFF state Analog A consecutive value in the reported information such as temperature and humidity Dry contact A Boolean interface that reports the status of equipment Active contact A contact in which the output signal contains the output voltage Basic interface A default monitoring interface of the monitoring device, which used for monitoring water damage, infrared ray, door control, temperature and humidity, and smoke
High level or low level When you run the SET CBTSENVSWTEXTPORT command to set the Boolean extended port parameters, set the Alarm Boolean to high level or low level. As shown in Figure 6-2, the meaning of the high-level alarm is that the voltage detector starts the alarm reporting mechanism when the switch of the sensor or dry contact is on and the level of the voltage detector is high level.
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Figure 6-2 Principle of the extended port alarm
The meaning of the low-level alarm is opposite to the meaning of the high-level alarm.
6.1.3 Environment Monitoring Instrument

The environment monitoring instruments for the BTS3606AE cabinets that use AC power include PMU and EMUA (optional).
Monitoring Functions of PMU and EMUA

The PMU and EMUA monitor the control variable signal, Boolean variable signal, current and voltage analog signal, and environment variable analog signal on a real-time basis. Table 6-1 lists the functions of the PMU and EMUA. Table 6-1 Functions of the PMU and EMUA Monitoring Device PMU Function Set Control variable signal Function Description Average voltage floating charge and current control for batteries Overload protection for batteries Boolean variable signal Alarming of AC lightning protection devices Alarming of lightning arresters for ports of batteries Smoke alarming and door status alarming Current and voltage analog signal Current (A) of battery group Total load current (A) Input voltage (V) Environment variable signal Temperature in cabinets (with sensors) (oC) Humidity in cabinets (with sensors) (RH%)
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Monitoring Device
Function Set Management of the power supply subsystem
Function Description PSU failure or protection alarming PSU-PMU communication failure alarming Fuse status alarming Mains supply availability alarming Mains supply overvoltage and undervoltage alarming
EMUA
Boolean variable signal Environment variable signal
Smoke, door status, and water alarming Temperature in cabinets (with sensors) (oC) Humidity in cabinets (with sensors) (RH%)
PMU Panel
This topic describes the appearance, ports, indicators, and DIP switches of the PMU.
Appearance of the PMU Panel

Figure 6-3 shows the front view of the PMU panel.
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Figure 6-3 Front view of the PMU Panel
1) RS232/RS422 port 4) TEST port
2) Indicator 5) Battery control switch
3) Power supply test port 6) COM port
Ports of the PMU

Table 6-2 lists the ports of the PMU. Table 6-2 Description of PMU Ports Port Name RS232/RS422 port TEST port Battery control switch Description An independent serial port used for the communication with the upstream equipment. A port used for tests A switch with ON and OFF for connecting and disconnecting the power supply to the batteries. Press ON for 5s to 10s to connect the PMU to the batteries. Press OFF for 5s to 10s to disconnect the PMU with the batteries.
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Port Name Power supply test port
Description The two power supply test ports "-48V/+24V" and "0V" can be connected with ordinary multimeter for measuring voltage of power supply.
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For the -48 V DC system, connect the red terminal to the "OV" port, and connect the black terminal to the "-48V/+24V" port. For the -48 V DC system, connect the red terminal to the "-48V/ +24V" port, and connect the black terminal to the "OV" port.
COM port
A DB50 connector connected to the external signal forwarding board through the PMU montoring cable.
Indicators on the PMU Panel

Table 6-3 lists the indicators on the PMU panel. Table 6-3 Indicators on the PMU panel Nam e Run Color Green Meanin g Operatio n indicator Description Blinking at 1 Hz: The communication is normal. Blinking fast: The communication is abnormal. Others: The monitoring unit is abnormal. Alm Red Alarm indicator ON: alarm OFF: normal OFF Normal Status Blinking at 1 Hz
DIP Switches of the PMU

Figure 6-4 shows the DIP switches of the PMU.
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Figure 6-4 DIP switches of the PMU
Table 6-4 describes the DIP switches of the PMU. Table 6-4 DIP switches of the PMU No. Bits 0-3 Function Indicates the PMU communication address. Indicates the system type. Not defined Indication ON: 1; OFF: 0. For example, if the PMU communication address is 8, bits 0-2 are set to OFF and bit 4 is set to ON. For the CDMA system, bit 7 is set to OFF. None.
Bit 7 Bits 4-6
Technical Specifications of the PMU

This topic describes the technical specifications of the PMU. The technical specifications of the PMU are as follows:
l l
Power consumption: 30 W Dimensions (length x width x depth): 249 mm [9.80 in.] x 107 mm [4.21 in.] x 89 mm [3.50 in.]
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Overview of the EMUA

The EMUA is an environment monitoring unit. It collects environment variables such as temperature, humidity, smoke, water, and door control from each sensor, and then reports the environment variables to the BTS. The EMUA is used in the AC cabinets of the BTS3606AE. The EMUA is classified into three types. For details, refer to the instructions shipped with the EMUA.
6.1.4 BTS Environment Monitoring Specifications

Environmental requirements for the BTS include the requirements for the storage, transportation, and operation of the equipment. This describes the requirements for the ambient temperature and humidity. The requirements for operating temperature and humidity for a BTS with cabinets of hot exchanger type are as follows:
l
Operation temperature

Temperature for operation in the short term: -40oC to +52oC Temperature for operation in the long term: -40oC to +49oC
Relative humidity: 5% to 100%
6.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Environment Monitoring Failures

The BTS environment monitoring subsystem monitors the equipment operation and provides the operation information on a real-time basis. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
Table 6-5 describes the symptoms of environment monitoring failures. Table 6-5 Symptoms of the environment monitoring failures Item Board status Symptom The Run indicator and the ALM indicator of the EMUA blink at 0.5 Hz.
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Item Alarms
Symptom If environmental indices such as temperature and humidity do not meet the specified ranges, the environment monitoring instrument generates alarms and reports them to the BTS, and then to the BSC. Such alarms include:
l l l l l l l
Equipment room or board temperature too high/low alarm Equipment room humidity too high/low alarm Equipment room or cabinet smoke alarm Equipment room or cabinet water damage alarm DC overvoltage or undervoltage alarm Malfunction of the temperature sensor Equipment room or cabinet door control alarm
If the environment monitoring instrument is not properly installed, the communication between the environment monitoring instrument and the BTS fails. Therefore, failures might exist in the operating environment of the BTS but no alarms are generated. Alarms, however, might be generated when the data configuration does not comply with the actual conditions.
l
If the communication between the BTS and the environment monitoring instrument fails, or if the environment monitoring instrument is not installed but the data configuration commands are run, the system displays "The communication link between the environment monitoring instrument and the CMPT is disconnected." when you run the DSP CBTSEMUAINFO command. If the environment monitoring instrument configured (by running the ADD CBTSEMUA command) on the BTS does not match the actual environment monitoring instrument type and BTS type, the system generates the alarm "The data configuration does not match the actual environment monitoring instrument type."
Fault Location
Table 6-6 lists the possible causes and analysis of environment monitoring failures. Table 6-6 Possible causes and analysis of the environment monitoring failures Cause The environmental indices of the equipment room do not meet the specified ranges. Analysis Board temperature and humidity alarm The temperature and humidity of the environment is excessively high or low or a fire occurs in the equipment room due to stall of the BTS fans. Smoke is generated due to burn components in the cabinet or a fire occurs in the cabinet.
Cabinet smoke alarm
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Cause
Analysis Cabinet water alarm DC overvoltage or undervoltage alarm Malfunction of the temperature sensor Cabinet door control alarm Accumulated water exists in the equipment room. The DC voltage is unstable or the DC alarm threshold is improper. The temperature sensor is faulty or the I2C bus connector is faulty. The door of the cabinet is open. Ask the maintenance personnel to keep the door closed.
The environment monitoring instrument is not properly installed. The data configuration of the environment monitoring instrument is improper. Failure in the CMPT, PMU, EMUA, or backplane
If the environment monitoring instrument is not properly installed or the data cable connected with the BTS is faulty, the communication between the environment monitoring instrument and the BTS fails. Therefore, faults might exist in the operating environment of the BTS but no alarms are generated. The data configuration of the environment monitoring instrument does not comply with the actual conditions. The ranges of environmental indicators are improper.
If the operating environment for the BTS does not meet the requirements, but alarms are not generated, check the status of the CMPT, PMU, EMUA, and backplane. If required, replace or switch over the boards and conduct a test.
Fault Handling
Figure 6-5 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the faults in the communication between the environment monitoring instrument and the BTS.
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Figure 6-5 Procedure for troubleshooting the faults in the communication between the environment monitoring instrument and the BTS
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Procedure
Step 1 Check the environmental indices of the equipment room. Check whether the environmental indices of the equipment room meet the specified ranges. Clear the environmental index alarms by using the alarm help. For detailed on parts replacement, refer to the BTS site maintenance guide. Step 2 Check the installation and cabling of the environment monitoring instrument. Check whether the environment monitoring instrument is properly installed or whether the cables of the environment monitoring instrument are securely connected. For details on the installation of the EMUA and cables, refer to Installation of the EMUA and Sensors in the EMUA user guide. 1. Check whether the EMUA is powered on. If the RUN indicator blinks at 0.5 Hz and the ALM indicator is off, you can infer that the EMUA is powered on. For details on indicators, refer to LED Indicators on the EMUA in the EMUA user guide. If the RUN indicator is off, the power cables might be inversely connected. 2. Check whether the EMUA is inserted in position and whether the data cable between the EMUA and the CMPT is properly connected. If the EMUA is installed, but the system displays "The communication link between the EMUA and the CMPT is disconnected." after the DSP CBTSEACINFO command is run, you can infer that the EMUA is not properly installed or that the data cable is not properly connected. 3. Check whether the cables between the EMUA and the sensors are properly connected. For details on interfaces between the EMUA and various sensors, refer to Panel of the EMUA. 4. Check whether the DIP switches on the EMUA are correctly set.
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The use of sensors is dependent on the settings of the corresponding DIP switches on the EMUA. For example, if you want to use a water sensor, you need to set the DIP switch of the water sensor to ON. For details on the DIP switches on the EMUA, refer to Board Structure of the EMUA in the EMUA user guide. In addition, to enable serial port communication between the EMUA and the BTS, you need to set a communication protocol by setting the corresponding DIP switch on the EMUA. For example, the type of the protocol used by a CDMA BTS is CDMA. Therefore, you need to set the four bits of the SW_ADDR DIP switch to ON, that is, set the four bits to 0000. For details on the SW_ADDR DIP switch, refer to SW_ADDR DIP Switch on the EMUA in the EMUA user guide.
Step 3 Check the data configuration of the environment monitoring instrument. Check whether the data configuration of the environment monitoring instrument is correct. 1. Run the ADD CBTSEMUA command and check whether the EMUA is added. If an environment monitoring instrument is not configured, an alarm is generated after this command is run. 2. Run the DSP CBTSCFG command to check whether parameters such as analog extended port, Boolean extended port, temperature and humidity range, and smoke and anti-burglary alarm clearing are added.
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Read the instructions of the environment monitoring instrument and check whether the environment monitoring instrument supports the analog extended port or the Boolean extended port. Read the instructions of the environment monitoring instrument and check whether the settings of the parameters comply with the specifications.
NOTE
Temperature and humidity are analog values, which must meet the actual conditions and comply with the software configuration rules. For example, the difference between the analog upper alarm threshold and the lower alarm threshold must exceed 2% of the analog value range.
Step 4 Check the CMPT, EMUA, and PMU. After you locate the faults, check whether the faults are caused by an faulty CMPT or EMUA. Replace the CMPT, EMUA, PMU, or backplane and check whether they are faulty. If the BTS is configured with a standby CMPT, you can swap the active and standby CMPTs to check whether the original active CMPT is faulty. For details on how to replace the CMPT, EMUA, PMU, and backplane, refer to the BTS site maintenance guide. ----End
Postrequisite
6.3 Case: False Alarms Caused by Incorrect Configuration of the EMUA

If an error occurs during the installation of the EMUA, an alarm may be reported on the Alarm Management System. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
The Alarm Management System of a BTS generates a large number of "The communication link between the EMUA and the CMPT is disconnected" alarms.
Fault Location
The possible causes of the fault are as follows:
l l l
The EMUA is not properly installed or the connection cables are faulty. The data configuration is incorrect. The CMPT, alarm equipment, or backplane is faulty.
Fault Handling
1. Check the installation of the EMUA. On the site, only some of the BTSs are equipped with the EMUAs and the information of these EMUAs, such as BTS ID and EMUA type, is unknown.
Therefore, "The communication link between the EMUA and the CMPT is disconnected" alarms may be caused by the fact that the data of an EMUA is configured by using the ADD CBTSEMUA command but the actual EMUA is not installed. 2. Run the DSP CBTSEMUAINFO command to query the information of the EMUA. If Failure Cause = "EMUA absent" is returned, you can infer that the EMUA is not configured. If the information of an EMUA is configured but the actual EMUA is not installed, you need to delete the information of the EMUA. 3. Run the RMV CBTSEMUA command to delete the EMUA, and then run the DSP CBTSEMUAINFO command to query the information of the EMUA. If Failure Cause = "EMUA unconfiged" is returned, you can infer that the EMUA is not configured. On the Alarm Management System, "The communication link between the EMUA and the CMPT is disconnected" alarm related to this EMUA is cleared.
Repeat step 3 to clear all the alarms.

NOTE
Such alarms are caused by the fact that the information of an EMUA is configured but the actual EMUA is not installed. When such alarms are generated, check the configured EMUA information of the BTS first. If necessary, refer to instructions for using an EMUA.
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7 Troubleshooting the BTS Clock Failures
Troubleshooting the BTS Clock Failures
About This Chapter

When the BTS reports the GPS antenna open-circuit alarm, GPS antenna short circuit alarm, or phase-locked loop alarm, the switchover of the active and standby CMPTs may be triggered and the ongoing BTS services may be interrupted. Therefore, you need to locate and troubleshoot the BTS clock failures. The causes of BTS clock failures include GPS antenna open-circuit or short-circuit failure, phase-locked loop failure, and insufficient satellites received by the BTS. 7.1 Overview of the BTS Clock The BTS synchronizes its clock with the GPS system or the GLONASS system through a satellite synchronization antenna. 7.2 Troubleshooting the Open-Circuit or Short-Circuit Failures in the BTS Antenna System Open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system can be caused by a broken or disconnected antenna feeder, a faulty lightning arrester, or the condition of water entry into the connectors. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 7.3 Troubleshooting the Failure of Insufficient Satellites The incorrect configuration of clock parameters or the improper installation of the GPS antenna may cause an insufficient quantity of satellites received by the BTS. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 7.4 Troubleshooting the BTS Phase-Locked Loop Failures BTS phase-locked loop (PLL) failures are a part of BTS clock failures. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 7.5 Case: HCPM Startup Failures Caused by GPS Clock Failures The BTS uses the satellite synchronization clock signals as the clock source. The satellite synchronization clock signals are received by the satellite receiver of the CMPT. The HCPM fails to start when a clock failure occurs. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 7.6 Case: Interference in Voice Calls Caused by the Damaged GPS Feeder Connector The BTS satellite synchronization antenna system consists of the antenna, feeder, and lightning arrester. When the GPS feeder becomes faulty, there may be interference in voice calls. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
7.1 Overview of the BTS Clock

The BTS synchronizes its clock with the GPS system or the GLONASS system through a satellite synchronization antenna. 7.1.1 Functional Structure of the Satellite Synchronization Antenna Subsystem This section describes the functional structure of the satellite synchronization antenna subsystem. For system security and reliability, the BTS receives signals from the GPS or GLONASS through a satellite synchronization antenna to implement radio synchronization. 7.1.2 BTS Clock Source and Local Time The BTS and the BSC both have their own satellite receivers. This enables the synchronization between the BTS and the BSC. 7.1.3 BTS Clock Failure Alarms This describes BTS clock failure alarms.
7.1.1 Functional Structure of the Satellite Synchronization Antenna Subsystem

This section describes the functional structure of the satellite synchronization antenna subsystem. For system security and reliability, the BTS receives signals from the GPS or GLONASS through a satellite synchronization antenna to implement radio synchronization. The satellite synchronization antenna subsystem consists of an antenna, two feeders, and a surge protector, as shown in Figure 7-1. Figure 7-1 Functional structure of the satellite synchronization antenna subsystem
(1) GPS antenna
(2) Feeder
(3) Surge protector
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NOTE
The 1/2 in. feeder and the RG8 feeder are used. Figure 7-1 shows only the basic composition of the satellite antenna subsystem. For details on the installation position and method, see the /BTS3606AE GPS Antenna System Installation Guide.
7.1.2 BTS Clock Source and Local Time

The BTS and the BSC both have their own satellite receivers. This enables the synchronization between the BTS and the BSC.
Clock Source
In a CDMA system, the system time of all BTSs must be synchronous. The following is a list of synchronization sources supported by the BTS in descending order of priority:
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Board synchronization source: the synchronization clock output by the satellite receiver on the CMPT External clock: a synchronization clock from a source other than the CMPT Internal clock: also called synchronizationless clock, the crystal oscillator in the CMPT is in free-run or holdover state Line clock: also called the 2 MHz line recovery clock, a synchronization clock provided by the transmission system
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Generally, the board synchronization source is allocated with the top priority.
NOTE
l l l
If you add multiple synchronization sources, the BTS searches for the available one with the highest priority. If you want to set the synchronization source to external clock, you must configure the HPCM. The internal clock synchronization source does not have a synchronization clock. Therefore, it is not considered as an available synchronization source.
Local Time of the BTS

The BTS can obtain the universal time coordinated (UTC) from the satellite synchronization system. To determine the local time based on the UTC, you need to set the local time zone and adjustment minute (time offset). If the local time uses DST, you need to set the DST for the BTS so that the BTS can output the local time during the specified period. The command for configuring DST is SET CBTSDAYLT.
Synchronization Between the BTS and the BSC

The CDMA2000 mobile communication system is a synchronization system. It needs precise synchronization source. The BTS and the BSC both have their own satellite receivers. This enables the synchronization between the BTS and the BSC. On the LMT, the time of the service maintenance system is based on the time of the BAM:
l
The time of command execution is based on the time of the BAM.

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l l
The time of alarm report on the alarm console is based on the time of the BAM. The time of log record is based on the time of the BAM.
7.1.3 BTS Clock Failure Alarms

This describes BTS clock failure alarms. Table 7-1 lists the clock failure alarms. Table 7-1 Clock failure alarms ID ALM-18348 ALM-18385 ALM-18386 ALM-18524 ALM-18375 ALM-17583 ALM-17581 ALM-17585 ALM-17582 ALM-17584 ALM-17589 ALM-17590 Alarm The 50Fc PLL is unlocked. The 100Fc PLL is unlocked. The 10 MHz signal is lost. The 10 MHz PLL is unlocked. The 64Fc PLL is unlocked. The power supply of the 10 MHz crystal oscillator is faulty. The 10 MHz crystal oscillator has no output. The frequency offset of the 10 MHz crystal oscillator is excessive. No 16Fc clock signal is output. The 32Fc hardware PLL is unlocked. The satellite receiver of the CMPT does not output second signals. The communication link between the CMPT and the satellite receiver of the CMPT is interrupted. The quantity of satellites locked by the satellite receiver of the CMPT is insufficient. The antenna of the CMPT satellite receiver is open-circuited. The antenna of the CMPT satellite receiver is short-circuited. The reference source is the internal clock. Priority 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
ALM-17586
ALM-17587 ALM-17588 ALM-17591
3 3 3
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The alarms have three priorities: 1, 2, and 3. Priority 1 is the highest priority. When you handles clock failures, clear the alarm with a higher priority first.
7.2 Troubleshooting the Open-Circuit or Short-Circuit Failures in the BTS Antenna System
Open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system can be caused by a broken or disconnected antenna feeder, a faulty lightning arrester, or the condition of water entry into the connectors. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
Table 7-2 describes the symptoms of the open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system. Table 7-2 Symptoms of the open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system Item Services Board status Symptom The BTS fails to work. If you change the clock to Internal Clock Source, the BTS works again. The CMPT is operational. The ALM indicators on the panels of the CMPT and the HCPM/HECM are on. Alarms are generated. If the BTS is started for the first time, run the DSP CBTSBRDSTAT command to check whether the status of the HCPM/HECM and the TRM is Unavailable.
l l l
Alarms
The antenna of the CMPT satellite receiver is open-circuited. The antenna of the CMPT satellite receiver is short-circuited. Other associated alarms, such a switchover of CMPTs due to insufficient satellites tracked by the satellite receiver of the CMPT, are generated.
Fault Location
Table 7-3 lists the possible causes and analysis of the open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system.
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Table 7-3 Possible causes and analysis of the open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system Cause The lightning arrester is faulty. Analysis The symptoms of faults in the lightning arrester are as follows:
l
An open-circuit or short-circuit occurs in the lightning arrester after a lightning strike. An open-circuit or short-circuit occurs due to the rusty conditions in the lightning arrester. An open-circuit occurs due to disconnection of cables.
l
The GPS cables are faulty.
The GPS signal cables are incorrectly connected.
The GPS signal cable that connects to the GPS port of the CMPT is open-circuited. The GPS signal cable that connects to the lightning arrester is open-circuited. The GPS signal cable is broken or short-circuited. A short-circuit occurs because the cables are broken or are excessively used, the lightning arrester is damaged, or the connectors are loose. A short-circuit occurs because the waterproofing measures are inadequate or the cables are excessively used.
The feeders, jumpers, or grounding cables between the GPS antenna and the GPS port are faulty.
The GPS antenna is faulty.
The failures in the GPS antenna are classified into open-circuit and short-circuit failures. The GPS antenna may be struck by lightning because the GPS antenna is beyond the protection range of the lightning arrester.
The satellite receiver or the CMPT is faulty.
Run the DSP CBTSBRDSPECSTAT command to view the type of the satellite receiver.
l
If the type is UNKNOWN, or the type is displayed but alarms such as "The antenna of the CMPT satellite receiver is short-circuited" and "The satellites locked by the CMPT satellite receiver is not enough" are generated, you can infer that the satellite receiver is faulty. If the type is displayed, but "The antenna of the CMPT satellite receiver is open-circuited" alarm is generated or the voltage of the ANT port in the panel of the CMPT is 0 V or less than 4.5 V, you can infer that the CMPT is faulty.
Fault Handling
Figure 7-2 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system.
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Figure 7-2 Procedure for troubleshooting the open-circuit or short-circuit failures in the BTS antenna system
Procedure
Step 1 Check the lightning arrester and the cables. Check whether the lightning arrester is faulty or whether the cables that connect to the lightning arrester are faulty. 1. Bypass the lightning arrester. Remove the cables at the two sides of the lightning arrester, and then connect the ends of the two cables directly."If the fault is rectified after the bypass, you can infer that the lightning arrester is faulty."
2.
Check the cables that connect to the two sides of the lightning arrester.
l l
If the cables are disconnected, reconnect them. If the cables are incorrectly connected, reconnect them.
NOTE
The lightning arrester is installed in factory. When you replace the lightning arrester, follow the instructions for replacing the lightning arrester.
Step 2 Check whether the cables of the GPS antenna are faulty. Check whether the fault is caused by the cables of the GPS antenna. The GPS antenna is connected to the feeder through the RF conversion port. The feeder is led into the cabinet from the bottom of the cabinet. At the bottom of the cabinet, the feeder is connected to the clock signal cable through a conversion port. 1. Check whether the connection between the GPS antenna and the feeder and that between the feeder and the cabinet fail. Disable the connection between the GPS antenna and the feeder and the connection between the feeder and the cabinet. Connect the shielding layer and the core layer of the feeder at one end, and then measure the resistance between the shielding layer and the core layer at the other end. The resistance should be less than 10 ohms. 2. Check whether the cable between the GPS antenna and the feeder and the cable between the feeder and the cabinet are short-circuited. Disconnect the feeder from the GPS antenna and the cabinet. Measure the resistance between the shielding layer and the core layer of the feeder. If the measured resistance ranges from 200 ohms to 20 megaohms, you can infer that a short circuit may occurs in the feeder. 3. Check whether water enters the connectors. If water enters a connector, dry the connector and use waterproof tape to wrap it again. There are two types of waterproof tape: PVC tape and insulating tape. For details on how to wrap a connector using waterproof tape, refer to Sealing Outdoor Connectors. 4. Check the resistance of the GPS antenna. Use a multimeter to measure the resistance of the GPS antenna.
l
If the resistance is less than 10 ohms, you can infer that the GPS antenna is faulty and you need to replace it. If the resistance is more than 150 ohms, you need to test the working current of the GPS antenna.
5.
Check the current of the GPS antenna. Reinstall the cables in the antenna system. Disconnect the cables at the two sides of the lightning arrester. Connect the outer sheath of the cable to the outer layer of the lightning arrester, and then use a multimeter to measure the current between the cable and the core wire of the lightning arrester. If the current ranges from 20 mA to 30 mA, you can infer that the GPS antenna is operational. If the GPS antenna is faulty, replace it.
Step 3 Check the installation of the CMPT (and the satellite receiver). Check whether the fault is caused by improper installation of the CMPT. 1. Check whether the clock signal cable between the lightning arrester and the CMPT does not function properly due to deformation.
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Before you replace the faulty clock signal cable, remove the SMA male connector first. Do not pull the cable directly. 2. Check whether the satellite receiver is faulty. Run the DSP CBTSBRDSPECSTAT command to check the status of the satellite receiver. If the type of the satellite receiver type is UNKNOWN, you can infer that the satellite receiver is faulty and you need to replace it. If the satellite receiver is built in the CMPT, you need to replace the CMPT. 3. Check whether the CMPT is faulty. Run the DSP CBTSBRDSTAT command to check the status of the CMPT. If the status of the CMPT is Not Installed or Faulty, you can infer that the CMPT is faulty and you need to replace it. ----End
Postrequisite
7.3 Troubleshooting the Failure of Insufficient Satellites

The incorrect configuration of clock parameters or the improper installation of the GPS antenna may cause an insufficient quantity of satellites received by the BTS. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
Table 7-4 describes the symptoms of the insufficient satellites received by the BTS. Table 7-4 Symptoms of the insufficient satellites received by the BTS Item Services Board status Symptom The BTS fails to work. If you change the clock to Internal Clock Source, the BTS works again. The CMPT is operational. The ALM indicator of the HCPM/HECM is on. An alarm is generated. If the BTS is started for the first time, run the DSP CBTSBRDSTAT command to check whether the status of the HCPM/ HECM and the TRM is Unavailable. The satellites received by the satellite receiver of the CMPT are insufficient.
Alarms
Fault Location
Before you locate the fault, check whether:
l
The BTS is powered on for the first and the power-on time is less than 10 minutes. If this is the case, you can infer that the process of tracking satellites by the satellite receiver is slow. Check the quantity of received satellites10 minutes after the BTS is powered on.
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l
There are higher-priority GPS clock system alarms. Table 7-1 lists the clock failure alarms. If there are alarms of higher priority, clear these alarms first.
Table 7-5 lists the possible causes and analysis of insufficient satellites received by the BTS. Table 7-5 Possible causes and analysis of the insufficient satellites received by the BTS Cause The quantity of tracked satellites is insufficient. Analysis No satellites are tracked.
l
Check whether the clock source is set to Internal Clock Source. Check whether the mode of the satellite receiver is correctly configured and whether the mode of the GPS or GPS/ GLONASS satellite receiver conforms to the actual conditions.
If the clock source, mode of the satellite receiver, and mode of the GPS or GPS/ GLONASS satellite receiver are correctly configured, the fault is most likely caused by the hardware system. To troubleshoot the fault, refer to Troubleshooting the Open Circuit or Short Circuit Failures in the BTS Antenna System. The quantity of tracked satellites is more than 1. The position information of the satellite receiver is incorrectly configured. If the type of the satellite receiver is known, you can infer that the GPS antenna is not properly installed. Check the installation position of the GPS antenna.
If the 3D information (longitude, latitude, and altitude) stored in the satellite receiver does not conform to the actual 3D information of the BTS, it may take a long time for the satellite receiver to determine the position of itself by using the iteration algorithm. In this case, you can infer that the fault is caused by incorrect configuration of the position information rather than failures in the GPS antenna system (provided that the hardware of the GPS antenna system functions properly). You can rectify the fault by correcting the position information of the satellite receiver. To check whether the satellite is faulty, refer to Troubleshooting the Open Circuit or Short Circuit Failures in the BTS Antenna System.
The satellite receiver is faulty.
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Cause The installation position of the GPS antenna is improper.
Analysis The requirements for installation of the GPS antenna are as follows:
l
The antenna is installed away from tall buildings. If the antenna is installed on the rooftop, it should be situated away from ancillary buildings. The visual angle of the vertical antenna is greater than 90, as shown in Figure 7-4. The antenna is not located under a microwave antenna, a highvoltage cable, or a TV tower. The antenna is placed within the protection range of the lightning arrester.
For details, refer to Installing the Satellite Antenna System.
Fault Handling
Figure 7-3 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the fault of insufficient satellites received by the BTS. Figure 7-3 Procedure for troubleshooting the fault of insufficient satellites received by the BTS
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Procedure
Step 1 Check the special status of the CMPT. Check whether the satellite receiver is faulty or whether the installation position of the satellite receiver is improper. 1. Run the DSP CBTSBRDSPECSTAT command to query the special status of the CMPT.
l
If the satellite receiver type is UNKNOWN, you can infer that the satellite receiver is faulty. Refer to Step 3 to rectify the fault. If the satellite receiver type is returned and the number of the tracked satellites is 0, you can infer that the hardware of the GPS antenna system does not function properly. Refer to Step 2 to rectify the fault. If the type of the satellite receiver is returned and the number of tracked satellites is more than 1, you can infer that the hardware of the GPS antenna system functions properly. Check the installation position of the GPS antenna. For details, refer to Step 2.
2. 3.
Check whether the satellite receiver is faulty. For details on how to rectify the fault, refer to Step 3. Run the DSP CBTSBRDSPECSTAT command to check whether the working mode of the satellite receiver is incorrectly set. For example, the working mode of the GPS satellite receiver is incorrectly set to the GPSGLNS mode. Run the SET CBTSCLKSRCMODE command to correct the working mode of the satellite receiver. Check whether the alarm is cleared.
Step 2 Check the installation position of the GPS antenna. Check whether the GPS antenna is installed at a proper place. 1. 2. Check whether the GPS antenna is installed around tall buildings or near ancillary buildings. Check whether the visual angle of the vertical GPS antenna is smaller than 90. The visual angle of the vertical antenna is greater than 90, as shown in Figure 7-4. Figure 7-4 Visual angle of the vertical antenna
(1) Surrounding buildings or other obstacles
(2) GPS/GLONASS antenna
3.
Check whether strong interference sources such as a microwave antenna, a high-voltage cable, or a TV tower exist around the GPS antenna. If strong interference sources exist
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around the GPS antenna, install the GPS antenna at another place, as shown in Figure 7-5.
l
If any round satellite antenna exists nearby, position the GPS antenna away from the transmit direction of the satellite antenna, as shown in (1). If any microwave antenna exists nearby, position the GPS antenna above the transmit lobe of the microwave antenna, as shown in (2). If the GPS antenna cannot be installed above the transmit lobe of the microwave antenna, the distance between the GPS antenna and the microwave antenna should be longer than 10 times of the wavelength of transmit signals, as shown in (3). If any other receiving antennas exist nearby, the distance between the GPS antenna and the other receiving antennas should be longer than a wavelength of the received signal, for example, 0.5 m, as shown in (4). Do not install the GPS antenna under the main lobe of a microwave antenna or a highvoltage cable, or expose the GPS antenna to the strong radiation of a TV tower, as shown in (5), (6), and (7).
Figure 7-5 Installation position of the GPS antenna in a complicated electromagnetic environment
4.
Check whether the GPS antenna is located within the protection range of the lightning arrester. Though the failure of insufficient satellites received by the BTS is unrelated to the protection range of the lightning arrester, you need to check whether the GPS antenna is
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located within the protection range of the lightning arrester to rule out any possibilities that cause the fault. ----End
Postrequisite
7.4 Troubleshooting the BTS Phase-Locked Loop Failures

BTS phase-locked loop (PLL) failures are a part of BTS clock failures. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
Table 7-6 describes the symptoms of the BTS PLL failures. Table 7-6 Symptoms of the BTS PLL failures Item Board status Symptom
l
If the active and standby CMPTs are configured, the active/standby switchover is automatically triggered. If the active and standby CMPTs are not configured, the BTS does not work and the voice and data services and the service switching between BTSs are affected. The faulty HCPM/HECM cannot process baseband services. Services carried carriers of the faulty TRM are interrupted. The 32Fc hardware PLL is unlocked, the 10 MHz crystal oscillator has no output, or the frequency offset of the 10 MHz crystal oscillator is excessive. The 50Fc hardware PLL is unlocked or the 100Fc hardware PLL is unlocked. The 10 MHz signal is lost, the 10 MHz PLL is unlocked, the 64Fc PLL is unlocked or the 100Fc PLL is unlocked. The RF PLL is unlocked, the RF reverse PLL is unlocked or the RF feedback PLL is unlocked.
l l
Alarms
l l
Fault Location
To locate the fault, analyze the alarms on the Alarm Management System first. Before you handle the fault, check whether there are GPS clock system-related alarms of high priority. Table 7-1 lists the clock fault alarms. If there are alarms of higher priority, clear these alarms first. Table 7-7 lists the possible causes and analysis of the BTS PLL failures.
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Table 7-7 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS PLL failures Cause Faults of the CMPT Analysis
l
If "The 10 MHz crystal oscillator has no output" or "The frequency offset of the 10 MHz crystal oscillator is excessive" alarm is generated, you can infer that the CMPT hardware is faulty. If "The 32Fc hardware PLL is unlocked" alarm is generated, you can infer that the CMPT hardware is faulty.
l The software PLL reduces the clock offset locked by the PLL by comparing the
NOTE frequency of signals before and after phase locking.

l The hardware PLL reduces the clock offset locked by the PLL by comparing the
phase of signals before and after phase locking.

l Only the CMPT has the software PLL.
The CMPT generates 2s, 16Fc, and 10 MHz signals after phase locking. Therefore, the boards using these clock signals fail to lock the clock if the PLL in the CMPT becomes faulty. When the lower-level boards report the PLL failure, check whether the CMPT generates "The PLL is unlocked" alarm. The HCPM/ HECM is faulty. The HCPM/HECM has 50Fc or 100Fc hardware PLL.
l
If "The 50Fc hardware PLL is unlocked" or "The 100Fc hardware PLL is unlocked" alarm is generated, and "The 10 MHz crystal oscillator has no output" alarm is not generated, you can infer that the HCPM, the HECM, the slot, or the backplane is faulty. If "The 10 MHz crystal oscillator has no output" alarm is generated, you must handle the CMPT failure first.
The OMTR is faulty.
The OMTR has the 10 MHz, 64Fc, 100Fc, RF, RF reverse, and RF feedback PLLs.
l
If only one of the PLLs is unlocked, you can infer that the OMTR hardware is faulty. If the 10M/64Fc/100Fc PLL unlocking alarm and the RF/RF reverse/RF feedback PLL unlocking alarm are generated, you can infer that no clock input passes through the HCPM/HECM to the OMTR. If the 100Fc hardware PLL unlocking alarm is not generated, the fault may lies in the connection ports between boards.
Fault Handling
Figure 7-6 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the PLL failure.
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Figure 7-6 Procedure for troubleshooting the PLL failure
Procedure
Step 1 Check the CMPT. Check whether the PLL in the CMPT is faulty. Run the LST ALMFE command to query alarms generated on the Alarm Management System.
l
If "The 10 MHz crystal oscillator has no output" or "The frequency offset of the 10 MHz crystal oscillator is excessive" alarm is generated, install the CMPT in another slot. If the fault persists, replace the CMPT. If both "The 10 MHz crystal oscillator has no output" and "The frequency offset of the 10 MHz crystal oscillator is excessive" alarms are generated, check whether GPS clock system alarms of higher priority are generated. If higher-priority alarms are generated, clear them first. If no higher-priority alarms are generated, install the CMPT in another slot. If the fault persists, replace the CMPT.
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Step 2 Check the HCPM/HECM. Check whether the PLL in the HCPM/HECM is faulty. Run the LST ALMFE command to query alarms generated on the Alarm Management System.
l
If only the 50Fc or 100Fc hardware PLL alarm is generated, install the HCPM/HECM in another slot. If the fault persists, replace the HCPM/HECM. If the 50Fc and 100Fc hardware PLL alarms are generated, check whether "The 10 MHz crystal oscillator has no output" alarm is generated. If "The 10 MHz crystal oscillator has no output" alarm is generated, refer to Step 1 to clear the alarm. If the fault persists after the alarm is cleared, replace the backplane.
Step 3 Check the OMTR. Check whether the PLL in the OMTR is faulty. Run the LST ALMFE command to query alarms generated on the Alarm Management System.
l
If only one of the 10M/64Fc/100Fc PLLs or the RF/RF reverse/RF feedback PLLs is unlocked, replace the OMTR. If both the 10M/64Fc/100Fc PLLs and the RF/RF reverse/RF feedback PLLs are unlocked, check whether "The 100Fc hardware PLL is unlocked" alarm is generated. If "The 100Fc hardware PLL is unlocked" alarm is generated, refer to Step 2 to clear the alarm. If the fault persists after the alarm is cleared, replace the OMTR.
----End
Postrequisite
7.5 Case: HCPM Startup Failures Caused by GPS Clock Failures

The BTS uses the satellite synchronization clock signals as the clock source. The satellite synchronization clock signals are received by the satellite receiver of the CMPT. The HCPM fails to start when a clock failure occurs. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
The symptoms of the faults are as follows:
l l
The OM link of the BTS is functional. On the Service Maintenance System, the ALM indicators of the two HCPMs are red and the OMTR is unavailable. Run the LST ALMFE command to query alarms. The "Main Processing Module Satellite Card No Second Signal Output" alarm is displayed.
Fault Location
According to alarm information, the unavailability of the OMTR is caused by faults in the HCPM. The possible causes are as follows:

l l
The data configuration is incorrect. The board clock is abnormal.
Fault Handling
1. 2. 3. 4. Run the DSP CBTSCFG command to check the configuration of the BTS resource pool and the HCPM. The configuration of the BTS resource pool and the HCPM is correct. Exchange the positions of the two HCPMs. The fault persists after the exchange. Run the DSP CBTSBRDSPECSTAT command to query the special status of the CMPT. The number of received satellites is zero. Run the SET CBTSCLK command to change the BTS clock source to INCLK (Internal Clock Source). The boards are operational. Therefore, you can infer that the GPS antenna has open-circuit or short-circuit failures. Bypass the lightning arrester and check the connectors that connect to the lightning arrester. The fault persists. Check the GPS cables. The connection between the antenna and the feeder fails. Reconnect the GPS cables and set the BTS clock source to INBRDREF (Board Clock Source). The BTS is operational.
5. 6.
7.6 Case: Interference in Voice Calls Caused by the Damaged GPS Feeder Connector
The BTS satellite synchronization antenna system consists of the antenna, feeder, and lightning arrester. When the GPS feeder becomes faulty, there may be interference in voice calls. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
l
Customers provide a feedback that there is interference in calls in an area covered by the BTS. The BTS generates alarms that indicate "The satellite antenna is open-circuit" and "The number of traced satellites is insufficient."
Fault Location
l l l
The CMPT (or the satellite receiver) is faulty. The GPS antenna is faulty. The installation position of the GPS antenna is improper.
According to the priority of the alarms, first clear the alarm that indicates "The satellite antenna is open-circuit."
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Fault Handling
1. 2. 3. 4. Measure the output voltage of the lightning arrester port. The output voltage is 5 V and is in normal range. Bypass the lightning arrester. The voltage is in normal range but the fault persists. Disconnect the cable from the lightning arrester port and measure the resistance between the core and the shielding layer. The resistance is 260 ohms and is in normal range. Connect the shielding layer of the signal cable with the sheath of the lightning arrester port and measure the current of the signal cable and the core of the ANT port. The current is 25 mA and is in the normal range. Check the GPS cable segment by segment. On removing the connector between the GPS feeder and the antenna, you find that the core of the feeder is split into four pieces. The voltage and resistance of the feeder are in normal range when you reinstall the connector. Replace the feeder and reinstall the lightning arrester. When you set the BTS clock source to INBRDREF (Board Clock Reference Source), the alarm is cleared and the faults are rectified.
NOTE
5.
6.
Generally, you must clear a high-priority alarm first. If a low-priority alarm is located first, it may take more time to troubleshoot the faults.
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8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures
8
Context
Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures
About This Chapter

If the BTS generates link-related alarms and the LMT cannot send OM commands to the BTS (whose NE status is offline), you can troubleshoot the faults by following the procedure described in this topic.
NOTE
Currently, the BTS3606AE supports IP over E1 or T1 mode only. This document describes IP over the two modes. You can select a specific mode for reference.
8.1 Overview of the BTS Transmission This describes the transmission link type, Abis traffic signal flow, Abis signaling signal flow, indicators on the panel of the CMPT, BTS transmission fault alarms, and methods of locating BTS transmission failure alarms. 8.2 Troubleshooting the Abis Transmission Link Failures The BTS and the BSC exchange information through the Abis transmission link. When the Abis transmission link fails, the BTS services are interrupted. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 8.3 Troubleshooting the Abis Signaling or Traffic Link Failures If the Abis signaling or traffic link fails, signals on the BTS may be poor, and the quality of services may degrade. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 8.4 Clearing Abis Link Overload Faults If the Abis link is overloaded, calling MSs or called MSs may fail to access the network. This topic describes the symptoms of Abis link overload faults and how to clear the faults. 8.5 Case: Unstable Service Quality Caused by Incorrect Link Configuration Incorrect configuration of link parameters may cause unstable service quality. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 8.6 Case: BTS Transmission Link Intermittent Failure Caused by Poor Grounding
Poor grounding may cause intermittent failure of the BTS transmission link. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
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8.1 Overview of the BTS Transmission

This describes the transmission link type, Abis traffic signal flow, Abis signaling signal flow, indicators on the panel of the CMPT, BTS transmission fault alarms, and methods of locating BTS transmission failure alarms.
NOTE
Currently, the BTS3606AE supports only transmission over IP.
8.1.1 IP-Based BTS Physical Links and Logical Links An Abis link consists of two parts: physical link and logical link. Physical link is the bottom layer of logical link. 8.1.2 Abis Traffic Signal Flow in the BTS This describes the Abis traffic signal flow in the BTS. The Abis traffic signals are voice service traffic signals, inband signaling signals, and data service traffic signals. 8.1.3 Abis Signaling Signal Flow in the BTS This describes the Abis signaling signal flow in the BTS. Two types of signals, namely, BTS control signaling signals and outband signaling signals, are transmitted on the Abis common signaling channel. 8.1.4 CMPT Panel This describes the appearance, ports, and indicators of the CMPT panel. 8.1.5 BTS Transmission Failure Alarms This describes common BTS transmission failure alarms and their causes. 8.1.6 Principles of Locating the BTS Transmission Failures This describes the principles of locating BTS transmission failures, that is, locating the fault based on different layers, looping back the transmission link segment by segment, checking the DIP switches, checking the configuration, and rectifying the connection.
8.1.1 IP-Based BTS Physical Links and Logical Links

An Abis link consists of two parts: physical link and logical link. Physical link is the bottom layer of logical link.
Physical Link (IP Transmission)

The physical link (IP transmission) is the actual link that carries various logical links. The networking of physical links depends on the BTS networking. Physical links can be classified as follows:
l l
PPP MLPPP
Table 8-1 lists the features of physical links.
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Table 8-1 Features of physical links Link Group PPP Configuration Object One E1/T1 link Some timeslots in one E1/T1 link MLPPP One or more E1/T1 links Some timeslots in one or more E1/T1 link
Logical Link (IP Transmission)

The logical link (IP transmission) is a virtual link. It carries control messages, service data, and OM data between the BSC and the BTS. From the perspective of logical links, the BSS is a star network with the BSC as the center. The logical links can be divided into the following types:
l
OML The OM link between the CMPT and the BAM. If the link bearer is an E1/T1 link (PPP/ MLPPP), the OML is set up by the system automatically.
Signaling link The TCP link between the BTS main control and transmission board and the BSC. Traffic link The AAL2 Path between the BTS channel board and the BSC.
8.1.2 Abis Traffic Signal Flow in the BTS

This describes the Abis traffic signal flow in the BTS. The Abis traffic signals are voice service traffic signals, inband signaling signals, and data service traffic signals.
Forward Traffic Signal Flow

The forward traffic signal flow is as follows: 1. The ATM cells or IP packets from the BSC are sent to the CMPT through E1/T1 links, and the CMPT processes the ATM cells or IP packets and then sends them to the HCPM or HECM through the backplane. The HCPM or HECM encodes, interleaves, spreads, modulates, and multiplexes the baseband signals that are sent from the CMPT and carry traffic. Then, the HCPM or HECM sends the processed baseband signals to the OMTR. The OMTR performs demultiplexing, up-conversion, and filtering for the received baseband signals, and then sends the signals to the OMPA. The OMPA amplifies the signals and then sends them to the ODFU, which transmits the signals through the antenna subsystem.
2.
3. 4.
Reverse Traffic Signal Flow

The reverse traffic signal flow is as follows:
1. 2. 3.
Using the main and diversity antennas, the ODFU receives two CDMA signals and then sends the signals to the OMTR. The OMTR performs filtering, down-conversion, and multiplexing for the main and diversity signals, and then sends them to the HCPM or HECM through the optical port. The HCPM or HECM demultiplexes, demodulates, de-interleaves, and decodes the baseband signals, which carry traffic. Then, the HCPM or HECM sends the signals to the CMPT through the backplane. The CMPT converts the received signals into IP packets that are adapted to the Abis link types, and then sends the ATM cells or IP packets to the BSC through E1/T1 links.
4.
8.1.3 Abis Signaling Signal Flow in the BTS

This describes the Abis signaling signal flow in the BTS. Two types of signals, namely, BTS control signaling signals and outband signaling signals, are transmitted on the Abis common signaling channel.
BTS Control Signaling

The BTS control signaling signals contain parameters or control messages sent from the BSC to the BTS for processing. The BTS control signaling signals are not transmitted as RF signals. For example, the BSC sends PN codes to the BTS so that the channel processing boards can process them.
Forward Outband Signaling Signal Flow

The forward outband signaling signal flow is as follows: 1. Through E1/T1 links, the ATM cells or IP packets from the BSC are sent to the CMPT, which reassembles the ATM cells or IP packets, uses its SIG unit to process the reassembled ATM cells or IP packets, and then sends the ATM cells or IP packets to the HCPM or HECM through the backplane. The HCPM or HECM encodes, interleaves, spreads, modulates, and multiplexes the baseband signals that are sent from the CMPT and carry Abis signaling. Then, the HCPM or HECM sends the processed baseband signals to the OMTR. The OMTR performs demultiplexing, up-conversion, and filtering for the received baseband signals, and then sends the signals to the OMPA. The OMPA amplifies the signals and then sends them to the ODFU, which transmits the signals through the antenna subsystem.
2.
3. 4.
Reverse Outband Signaling Signal Flow

The reverse outband signaling signal flow is as follows: 1. 2. 3. Using the main and diversity antennas, the ODFU receives two CDMA signals and then sends the signals to the OMTR. The OMTR performs filtering, down-conversion, and multiplexing for the main and diversity signals, and then sends them to the HCPM or HECM. The HCPM or HECM demultiplexes, demodulates, de-interleaves, and decodes the baseband signals, which carry Abis signaling. Then, the HCPM or HECM sends the signals to the CMPT.
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The CMPT converts the received signals into ATM cells or IP packets that are adapted to the Abis link types, and then sends the ATM cells or IP packets to the BSC through E1/T1 links.
8.1.4 CMPT Panel

This describes the appearance, ports, and indicators of the CMPT panel.
Appearance
Figure 8-1 shows the CMPT panel. Figure 8-1 CMPT panel
(1) ETH port (5) TEST port
(2) FE0 port (6) E1/T1 port
(3) FE1 port (7) GPS port
(4) USB port
Ports
Table 8-2 lists the ports on the CMPT panel. Table 8-2 Description of the CMPT ports Port ETH port TEST port USB port E1/T1 port FE0 port FE1 port GPS port Description Commissioning port Clock test port Reserved port Used to transmit data between the BTS and the BSC Used to connect the transmission equipment Used to connect the optical modules Used to connect the GPS antenna

Table 8-3 lists the indicators on the CMPT panel.
Table 8-3 Description of the indicators Name RUN Color Green Meaning Operation indicator Remarks
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Normal State Blinking at 0.5 Hz
On: There is power input but the board is faulty. Off: There is no power input or the board is faulty. Blinking at 4 Hz: The board is in the loading state. Blinking at 0.5 Hz: The board is operational. Blinking at 0.25 Hz: The board is being tested. Other: The board is faulty. On: The board must be replaced. Blinking at 4 Hz: critical alarm Blinking at 0.5 Hz: major alarm Blinking at 0.25 Hz: minor alarm Off: no alarm On: active Off: standby
ALM
Red
Alarm indicator
l l l l l
Off
ACT
Green
Active/ standby indicator Port indicator
l l
On
TX
Green
Optical port:
l l
On
On: Optical transmission is normal. Off: Optical transmission is faulty. On: The SFP cable is normal. Off: The SFP cable is faulty. On
Electrical port:
l l
RX
Green
Port indicator
Optical port:
l l
On: Optical transmission is normal. Off: Optical transmission is faulty. On: Data receiving is normal, and the data is correct. Off: No data received or the data is incorrect. Blinking: The data is exchanged. Off: No data is exchanged. Blinking or off
Electrical port:
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ACT (Ethernet port)
Yellow
Ethernet port indicator
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Name LINK (Ethernet port)
Color Green
Meaning Ethernet port indicator
Remarks
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Normal State On
On: The FE physical link functions properly. Off: The FE physical link is faulty.
8.1.5 BTS Transmission Failure Alarms

This describes common BTS transmission failure alarms and their causes.
Local Alarms and Remote Alarms

To fully understand and analyze the transmission alarms, you need to understand the concepts of the local end and the remote end.
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The local end is a concept used in comparison with the remote end.
For the Alarm Management System on the BSC side, the remote end is the BTS side and the local end is the BSC side. For the Alarm Management System on the BTS side, the remote end is the BSC side and the local end is the BTS side.
The local alarm is a concept used in comparison with the remote alarm. The transmission alarms are detected at the RX end instead of the TX end.

The alarms detected by the local end are local alarms. The alarms detected by the remote end, and then sent to the local end through the protocol are remote alarms.
A good understanding of the concepts of the local alarm and the remote alarm helps to locate faults quickly. The following are some examples of locating a fault based on analysis of the type of alarms:
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The E1/T1 signal loss alarm is a local alarm. You need to check the RX link. For the BTS, you need to check whether faults exist in cables or connectors (marked RX) between the BTS and the transmission equipment. The E1/T1 alarm indication signal alarm is a remote alarm. Particular attention should be paid to the upper-level RX link or TX link. For the BTS, particular attention should be paid to cables or connectors between the BSC and the transmission equipment.
E1/T1 Link Alarm

Table 8-4 lists the alarms of the E1/T1 link. Table 8-4 Alarms related to the E1/T1 link Alarm Loss of the E1/T1 link signal Possible Fault and Cause The RX link is faulty. There is no signal on the RX link. Usually, the cables marked RX or the connectors between the BTS and the transmission equipment are disconnected.
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Alarm Loss of frames of the E1/T1 link
Possible Fault and Cause The RX link is faulty. The signal quality is poor. Usually, the cables marked RX or the connectors between the BSC and the transmission equipment are not in good contact, or the BER exceeds 10-3. The upper-level RX link or TX link is faulty. Usually, the cables or the connectors between the BSC and the transmission equipment are faulty, or the RX or TX link of the BSC is faulty. The link on the transmission side is faulty. Usually, this alarm occurs because the cables marked TX or the connectors between the BSC and the transmission equipment are disconnected. Usually, this alarm occurs due to incorrect clock configuration. The possible cause is that the clocks of the far end and the near end are not synchronized. This alarm is generated when the BER of the E1/T1 link exceeds -5. Usually, this alarm occurs due to incorrect settings of the DIP switches or improper grounding. To locate the fault, first check whether the configuration of transmission parameters is correct, and then loopback the E1/T1 link section by section.
Alarm indication signal of the E1/T1 link
Far-end alarm of the E1/T1 link
Slip frames of the E1/ T1 link Excessively high BER of the E1/T1 link
FE Link Alarm
Table 8-5 lists the alarms of the FE link. Table 8-5 Description of the FE link alarm Alarm Loss of receiving signals of the FE link
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Possible Fault and Cause Usually, the Ethernet transmission fails or the FE port is faulty. Usually, the FE port is faulty.
Transmission error of the FE link Reception error of the FE link
Loopback of the FE link Conflicting IP address of the CMPT
Usually, the command to loopback the FE link is run. Usually, the configured IP address of the FE port conflicts with an existing IP address.
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IMA/UNI/FRAC/PPP Link Alarms

Table 8-6 lists the alarms of the IMA/UNI/FRAC/PPP link. Table 8-6 Description of the IMA/UNI/FRAC/PPP link alarms Alarm
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Possible Fault and Cause The physical transmission of the E1/T1 link is faulty or the hardware of the board is faulty.
The IMA/FRACIMA link is lost of cell delineation. The UNI/FRAC link is lost of cell delineation.
The synchronization of frames of the IMA/FRACIMA link is unavailable. The synchronization of delay in the IMA/FRACIMA link is unavailable.
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The frames transmitted on the IMA/FRACIMA links are not synchronized because the links are incorrectly connected or the BER of the links is excessively high. The IMA links in the same link group are on different trunk cables. The delay difference between links in the same link group is considerable. The far-end link that is connected to the IMA link generates the data link layer alarm.
The far end of the IMA/ FRACIMA link is faulty. The far-end reception of the IMA/FRACIMA link is unavailable. The IMA transmission is connected incorrectly. The IMA reception is connected incorrectly. The PPP link is interrupted. A loopback occurs in the PPP link.
The E1/T1 is faulty, the delay difference between links in the same link group is considerable, or the remote link is not configured.
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The E1/T1 link is faulty or the data is incorrectly configured.
Link Alarms After The IMA Group is Transferred

When the IMA group is transferred to another BTS, all the IMA links generate alarms. To rectify the fault, run the RST IMAGRP command to set new parameters for the IMA link group. If the alarm related to the IMA link group is not cleared after you reset the IMA group, refer to IMA/UNI/FRAC/PPP Link Alarms to clear the alarm.
E1/T1 Link Intermittent Blinking

When intermittent blinking occurs in the E1/T1 link, the Alarm Management System displays alarms related to the E1/T1 link. The intermittent blinking in the E1/T1 link is rectified when the alarms are cleared. Refer to E1/T1 Link Alarm to clear the E1/T1 link alarm.
Crossed Pair Connection

The E1/T1 alarm or the IMA/UNI alarm is not generated if a crossed pair connection exists. Therefore, ensure that that the cable connections are correct. Figure 8-2 shows the normal connection and crossed pair connection of E1 cables. Figure 8-2 Normal connection and crossed pair connection
Innate Restriction
When you locate and handle the transmission failures, pay attention to the following restrictions:
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Bit error test and loopback test influence the services. The causes are as follows:
The principle of the bit error test is to send the pseudo-random bits on the E1/T1, and then check the number of bit errors at the RX end. The Bit Error Rate (BER) is calculated based on the number of bit errors in unit time. The principle of the loopback test is to send the specific data on a timeslot of the E1/T1 link, and then check the data at the RX end. If the data is received, the loopback test is successful.
The absolute delay of the link and the link group might be considerably great when the FRAC IMA link is configured. The causes are as follows:
FRAC IMA link uses timeslot fragments, and the link needs at least 14 buffer cells. The relationship between cell number, timeslot number, and maximum capacity is: C = M/ ((53*8)/(64*S)). Where, C denotes cell number, and S denotes timeslot number. When the timeslot number S is 1, the maximum capacity M is 92.75 ms because the minimum value of C is 14. The relative impact is small only when S is larger than or equal to 15.
8.1.6 Principles of Locating the BTS Transmission Failures

This describes the principles of locating BTS transmission failures, that is, locating the fault based on different layers, looping back the transmission link segment by segment, checking the DIP switches, checking the configuration, and rectifying the connection.
Locating the Failures Based on Different Layers

E1/T1, FE, IMA/UNI, PPP/MLPPP, and IP are located on different layers.
Before you start to locate the Abis transmission link fault, check whether the current alarms contain alarms on the data link layer and the physical transmission layer, or alarms on the data link layer alone.
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If only alarms related to the data link layer are generated, such as alarms related to the IMA, UNI, FRAC, or PPP links, you need not consider a fault in the physical transmission layer. Rectify the fault on a basis of checking data configuration. If alarms related to the physical transmission layer and the data link layer are generated, such as alarms related to the E1/T1 link and the FE link, you need not consider a fault in the data link layer. Rectify the fault on a basis of loopback by segments, checking DIP settings, and checking data configuration.
Looping Back the Transmission Link Section by Section

Loop back the transmission link section by section to locate the fault. Then, check whether the alarm is cleared.
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If the alarm is cleared, this section of the link is functional. If the alarm persists, the link is faulty.
Repeat this procedure for each physical link to locate the fault accurately. If the E1/T1 link alarm or the FE link alarm exists, the section-by-section loopback test is the most direct and effective method. Figure 8-3 shows the section-by-section loopback test. Figure 8-3 Section-by-section loopback test
The section-by-section loopback test is described as follows:

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Perform loopback from the DDF box at the BTS side to the BTS. 1. On the DDF box at the BTS side, perform the loopback test of E1/T1 cables to the BTS (RX and TX connected). Manually configure the transmission link groups and transmission links. Run the STR CBTSLNKDATALP command on a computer that uses Telnet and is directly connected to the BTS to initiate a data loopback. Check the displayed results in four seconds. If the number of transmitted frames equals the number of received frames, the loopback session under test is connected.
2.
Perform loopback from the DDF box at the BTS side to the BSC. Perform the test on the DDF frame at the BTS side. 1. 2. On the DDF box at the BTS side, perform the loopback of E1/T1 cables to the BSC. Run the LOP E1T1 command on remote LMT to initiate the E1/T1 loopback test. Wait for four seconds, and then check the displayed results. If the number of
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transmitted frames equals the number of received frames, the loopback session under test is connected. 3. On the DDF frame at the BTS side, perform the test on the link bit error for four hours. If the BER of voice services is lower than 10-4, and the BER of packet services is lower than 10-6, you can infer that the links between the DDF frame at the BTS side and the DDF box at the BTS side are functional.
Perform a loopback from the DDF box at the BTS side to the BSC. Perform the test on the DDF box at the BSC side. 1. 2. On the DDF box at the BTS side, perform a loopback of E1/T1 cables to the BSC. Run the LOP E1T1 command on remote LMT to initiate the E1/T1 loopback test. Wait for four seconds, and then check the displayed results. If the number of transmitted frames equals the number of received frames, the loopback session under test is connected. On the DDF box at the BSC side, perform the test on the link bit error for two hours. If the BER of voice services is lower than 10-4, and the BER of packet services is lower than 10-6, you can infer that the links between the DDF box at the BSC side and the DDF box at the BTS side are functional. On the DDF box at the BSC side, perform the loopback of E1/T1 cables to the BSC. Manually configure the transmission link groups and transmission links. Run the LOP E1T1 command on the remote LMT to initiate the E1/T1 loopback test. Run the DSP LPBACKE1T1 command to check the displayed results in four seconds. If the number of transmitted frames equals the number of received frames, the loopback session under test is connected. Cancel the loopback after the test is complete.
3.
Perform loopback from the DDF box at the BSC side to the BSC. 1. 2.
3.
NOTE
The method of troubleshooting the FE link fault is similar to the method of troubleshooting the E1/T1 link fault.
Checking the DIP Switches

When you check the DIP switches, pay attention to the following points:
l l l
Before you configure the grounding, check the grounding of all the transmission equipment. Check the switches for impedance selection (120 ohms and 75 ohms). Note that the 120-ohm twisted pair cable might be used for connection of the transmission equipment and the 75-ohm coaxial cable might be used for inter-subrack connection.
The rules for generation of the BER of E1/T1 Link Too High alarm are:
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If the number of frame errors or CRC errors within one hour exceeds the alarm threshold, the BER of E1/T1 Link Too High alarm is generated, indicating that the BER of the E1/T1 cable exceeds 10-5. If an E1/T1 signal loss alarm, E1/T1 frame out of synchronization alarm, or E1/T1 alarm indication signal alarm is generated within one hour, the system does not report the BER of E1/T1 Link Too High alarm.
Therefore, if the BER of E1/T1 Link Too High alarm is generated, no other alarms concerning the E1/T1 transmission links are generated within a hour.
The common cause of this kind of alarms is that the setting of the DIP switches is incorrect.
Checking the Configuration

The data of the physical transmission layer or the data link layer may be incorrectly configured. First check the link-related configuration of the physical transmission layer, and then that of the data link layer.
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If there is an E1/T1 link alarm, check whether the configurations of the E1/T1 links on the BTS and the BSC are consistent.

Transmission mode: E1 or T1. Frame format: Usually, E1 is in CRC_4 multiframe mode, and T1 is in Extended Super Frame (ESF) mode. Link code: Usually, E1 uses HDB3, and T1 uses B8ZS. Impedance: 75 ohms or 120 ohms for E1, and 120 ohms (100 ohms by protocol) for T1.
At the BTS, the frame format is set and cannot be modified whereas other configurations are determined by DIP switches.
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If there is an FE link alarm, check whether the IP addresses of the FE links on the BTS and the BSC are consistent. After the physical transmission layer failures are rectified, follow the following principles to locate the fault if the data link layer (IMA/UNI/FRAC/PPP/MLPPP) alarms persist:
Based on the alarms, check whether the types of link groups configured on the BTS and the BSC are consistent. You can run the ADD CBTSLNKGRP command to add a link group to the BTS. If there is an IMA link alarm, the IMA link might not be properly connected. The procedure for rectifying the improper connection, which is described in the principles of fault location, helps in troubleshooting the alarms of this type.
In addition, when you configure the data, adhere to the following two principles:
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If the quality of the transmission link is poor, for example, transmission through a satellite, Huawei recommends that you use the UNI link group instead of the IMA link group. The IMA link group is more sensitive to the BER. If the IMA link group is used, a large number of alarms may be generated. If only one transmission link is required, Huawei recommends that you use the UNI link group. If a logical link is carried on two or more physical links, the IMA link must be used. If the Fractional IMA links are configured, the number of timeslots in each Fractional IMA link in the same group must be the same.
Rectifying the Improper Connection

When the IMA link group is used, ensure that the following improper connections are rectified:
l l l l
The links in the same group are connected to different remote BTSs. In a group, some links are looped back and other links are correctly connected. All the links in the same group are connected to different BTSs. Rectifying the improper connection is the most effective method to locate an IMA link fault.
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8.2 Troubleshooting the Abis Transmission Link Failures

The BTS and the BSC exchange information through the Abis transmission link. When the Abis transmission link fails, the BTS services are interrupted. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
Table 8-7 shows the symptoms of the Abis transmission link failures. Table 8-7 Symptoms of the Abis transmission link failures Item Services Symptom
l l l l
Services of the BTS are interrupted. The BTS is repeatedly loaded. The OML between the BTS and the BSC cannot be set up. All the services of the BTS are interrupted.
Board status Alarms
The ALM indicator on the panel of the CMPT is on, indicating the alarm exits.
l l l l l l
The E1/T1 link signal is lost. The E1/T1 link is lost of frame. Alarm indication signal of E1/T1 link Far-end alarm of E1/T1 link The slip frames of the E1/T1 link in one hour are over limit. The bit error rate of the E1/T1 link is too high.
If the FE transmission mode is used, the BTS might report the following physical transmission alarms:
l l l l l
The FE link signal is lost. The transmission of the FE link fails. The reception of the FE link fails. A loopback occurs in the FE link. The IP address of the CMPT conflicts with an existing IP address.
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Item
Symptom If the E1/T1 transmission mode is used, the BTS might report the following alarms related to the data link layer:
l l l l l l l l l l
The IMA/FRACIMA link is lost of cell delineation. The UNI/FRAC link is lost of cell delineation. The IMA/FRACIMA link is lost of frame. The IMA/FRACIMA link is lost of delay. The far end of the IMA/FRACIMA link is faulty. The far-end reception of the IMA/FRACIMA link is unavailable. The IMA transmission is connected incorrectly. The IMA reception is connected incorrectly. The PPP link is interrupted. A loopback occurs in the PPP link.
Fault Location
Table 8-8 describes the causes and analysis of the Abis transmission link failures. Table 8-8 Possible causes and analysis of the Abis transmission link failures Cause The E1/T1 transmission link is faulty. Analysis When the E1/T1 transmission link is faulty, the following alarms may be generated:
l l l l l l
Loss of the E1/T1 link signal Loss of frames of the E1/T1 link Alarm indication signal of the E1/T1 link Far-end alarm of the E1/T1 link Slip frames of the E1/T1 link Excessively high BER of the E1/T1 link
To locate failures in the E1/T1 link, conduct a section-by-section loopback test. For details, refer to 8.2 Troubleshooting the Abis Transmission Link Failures. The DIP switches of the CMPT are incorrectly set. The data configuration is incorrect. To locate the fault of excessively high E1/T1 BER, check the settings of the DIP switches. For details, refer to 8.2 Troubleshooting the Abis Transmission Link Failures. The data of the physical transmission layer or the data link layer may be incorrectly configured. First check the link-related configuration of the physical transmission layer, and then that of the data link layer. For details, refer to 8.2 Troubleshooting the Abis Transmission Link Failures.
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Fault Handling
Figure 8-4 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the Abis transmission link failures. Figure 8-4 Procedure for troubleshooting the Abis transmission link failures
Procedure
Step 1 Check the transmission links. Check whether the failures are caused by a faulty transmission link. 1. Run the DSP CBTSTSTTSK command to query whether the E1/T1 port at the BTS is in the loopback or link test state. Run the STP CBTSTSTTSK command to stop the test. If the OML is disconnected, the BTS resets within five minutes. 2. 3.
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Run the DSP E1T1STAT command to query whether the E1/T1 port at the BSC is in the loopback state. Run the SET LPBACKE1T1 command to stop the loopback. Conduct a section-by-section loopback test to check whether the section is faulty.
For details on the loopback test, refer to 8.2 Troubleshooting the Abis Transmission Link Failures. Before you conduct a loopback test, familiarize yourself with the concepts of local alarm and remote alarm described in 8.1.5 BTS Transmission Failure Alarms, and focus on checking the transmission section in which faults are most likely to occur.
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The E1/T1 signal loss alarm and E1/T1 frame out of synchronization alarms are local alarms. The reception links between the BTS and the transmission equipment may be faulty. The E1/T1 alarm indication signal alarm and E1/T1 far-end alarms are remote alarms. The transmission links between the BSC and the transmission equipment may be faulty. For the E1/T1 slip frame alarm and the excessively high BER of E1/T1it error rate of the E1/T1 link is too high alarm, check whether the data configuration (clock configuration and E1/T1 attribute configuration) on both ends are consistent. Then, check the DIP switches and grouping segment by segment.
If the fault persists after the configuration of the E1/T1 link is corrected, replace the CMPT to check whether the CMPT is faulty. For details on how to replace the CMPT, refer to the BTS site maintenance guide. If the fault occurs in the transmission equipment, contact the transmission engineers for help. If the fault occurs at the BSC, contact the BSC maintenance engineers for help. 4. Check whether the distance between the local end and the relay (or the peer end) exceeds the maximum transmission distance of the transmission cable. For example, the maximum transmission distance of a 75-ohm coaxial cable is 500 m [1640.42 ft], and the maximum number of sections is 100. If the distance between the local end and the relay exceeds the maximum length of the cable, the E1/T1 frame out of synchronization alarm is generated. In such a case, adjust the position, quantity, and specifications of the relay again. 5. Check whether the power system and cables function properly. Insufficient power supply may cause intermittent blinking in the BTS. Leaking of highvoltage power and poor grounding may result in a high BER. For details on how to locate and troubleshoot a power system fault, refer to 5 Troubleshooting BTS Power Supply Failures. For the coaxial cable, adhere to the following requirements:
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If the coaxial cable connects equipment A to equipment B, ground the TX wires of both the equipment. If equipment B cannot be grounded, ground both RX and TX wires of equipment A.
If the transmission equipment room and the BTS equipment room do not share the same ground, an electric potential difference may exist between the two rooms. If the E1/T1 shielding layer is grounded in both rooms, the shielding layer and the ground form a loop and cause interference. Therefore, ground either the transmitting end or the receiving end, but not both.
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Figure 8-5 E1/T1 Transmission Environment for the BTS
When you ground E1/T1 cables that connect to the transmission equipment, check the grounding of E1/T1 cables on the DDF. If the transmission equipment is not required to be grounded, do not ground E1/T1 cables on the DDF at the transmission equipment side. Step 2 Check the settings of the DIP switches on the CMPT. Check whether the faults are caused by incorrect settings of the DIP switches of the CMPT. 1. 2. 3. 4. Check whether the type of the interface board and the number of the link interface are correct. Check whether the transmission mode is correctly configured. The transmission mode must be consistent with the planning. Check whether the transmission impedance matches the transmission cable. Check whether the grounding status of the sheath of the transmission cable is consistent with the settings of the DIP switches. For details on the settings of the DIP switches of the CMPT, refer to the BTS hardware description manual. If the DIP switches are correctly set, replace the CMPT to check whether the CMPT is faulty. For details on how to replace the CMPT, refer to the BTS site maintenance guide. Step 3 Check the data configuration. Check whether the faults are caused by the incorrect data configuration. 1. 2. Check whether the type of the interface board and the number of the link interface are correct. For E1/T1 transmission, run the LST ALMFE command to query whether there is an E1/ T1 alarm. If the E1/T1 alarm exists, run the LST E1T1 command on the LMT at the BSC to query the frame format, link code, and code type of the E1/T1 link. Run the DSP E1T1IMPEDANCE command to query the impedance of the E1/T1 interface board. At the BTS, run the DSP CBTSBCIMDIPSTAT command to query the link code, and then run the DSP CBTSMLTDRPBRDSTAT command to query the transmission mode and the impedance. You can also check the settings of the DIP switches by observing the panel of the DIP switches. 3. 4. For the FE transmission, check whether the IP addresses of the FE links on the BTS and the BSC are consistent. If there is an IMA link alarm, the IMA link might not be connected properly. Ensure that the following incorrect connections are not present in the IMA link:
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Different links in the same group are connected to different BSCs.

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After the IMA group is activated, the IMA group receives links and randomly selects one link for parameter configuration. In this case, some links in the IMA group cannot be activated or the links to the peer end are disconnected.
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In the same group, some links are looped back and other links are correctly connected. You can run the LOP E1T1 command to check whether the links are looped back. If the test is successful, you can infer that the transmission links are looped back. Disconnect the links section by section, and then run the LOP E1T1 command to cancel the loopback.
Different links in the same group are connected to different BSCs due to swapping of the BTS, reconfiguration of the transmission link, or network deployment.
Correct the incorrect connections, and then run the RST IMAGRP command to reset the IMA group. 5. 6. 7. 8. For the UNI link group type, ensure that the configured link group types at both ends are consistent. For the FRAC IMA link group type, ensure that the number of links for each timeslot in the group is consistent. For the PPP/MLPPP link group type, ensure that the IP addresses at both ends meet the requirements of network planning and are in the same network segment. If the E1/T1 has a crossed pair connection, a transmission link alarm is not reported on the Alarm Management System. Run the SET TRTEST command to initiate the E1/T1 crossed pair connection test. Then, run the DSP TRTEST command to view the test results. The common and crossed connections of the E1 cables are shown in Figure 8-2 in 8.1.5 BTS Transmission Failure Alarms. ----End
Postrequisite
8.3 Troubleshooting the Abis Signaling or Traffic Link Failures

If the Abis signaling or traffic link fails, signals on the BTS may be poor, and the quality of services may degrade. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
Table 8-9 describes the symptoms of the Abis signaling or traffic link failures.
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Table 8-9 Symptoms of the Abis signaling or traffic link failures Item Services Symptom
l l l l
The BTS signals are poor and there is intermittent interruption during a call. Some carriers of the BTS cannot be accessed. The quality of the service degrade. The host cannot make or receive a call.
Board status Alarms
The ALM indicator on the panel of the CMPT is on, indicating the alarm exits.
l l
Abis Signaling Link Interrupted alarm No Traffic LinkNo Traffic Link alarm
Fault Location
Table 8-10 describes the cause and analysis of Abis signaling or traffic link failures. Table 8-10 Possible causes and analysis of the Abis signaling or traffic link failures Cause The Abis transmission link is faulty. The Abis signaling/traffic link configuration is incorrect. The BTS boards are faulty. The BSC boards are faulty. Analysis Before troubleshooting the Abis signaling or traffic link failures, check whether the Abis transmission link is faulty. For details, refer to 8.2 Troubleshooting the Abis Transmission Link Failures. It is usually caused by physical layer transmission link fault or data link layer fault. When this alarm is reported, check whether there is lower-level transmission alarm.
Check the CMPT and the HCPM/HECM. For details, refer to the troubleshooting guide on the BSC side.
Fault Handling
Figure 8-6 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the Abis transmission link failures.
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Figure 8-6 Procedure for troubleshooting the Abis transmission link failures
Procedure
Step 1 Check the Abis transmission link. Check whether the faults are caused by the faulty Abis transmission link. If the transmission link failures are caused by transmission system failures, ask maintenance personnel of the power supply system or the transmission system to rectify the faults. For details on the location of transmission system failures, refer to 8.2 Troubleshooting the Abis Transmission Link Failures. Step 2 Check the configuration of the signaling/traffic link.
Check whether the faults are caused by the incorrect configuration of the signaling/traffic link. 1. 2. Run the CHK CBTSIFCFG command to check whether the signaling IP address or interface configuration data of the BTS is consistent with that of the BSC. Run the RMV CBTSTERSIGLNK/RMV CBTSTERTRFLNK/RMV CBTSIPTERTRFLNK command to remove the incorrect terrestrial signaling or traffic link. Run the ADD CBTSTERSIGLNK/ADD CBTSTERTRFLNK/ADD CBTSIPTERTRFLNK command to add a correct terrestrial signaling or traffic link. Contact BSC maintenance engineers to modify the configuration of the signaling or traffic link of the BSC.
3. 4.
Step 3 Check the BTS boards. Check whether the faults are caused by the hardware problem of the BTS. 1. 2. You can switch over or replace the CMPT or the HCPM/HECM to check whether they are functional. Replace the baseband backplane to check whether it is functional.
Step 4 Rectify the fault in the BSC boards. Contact the BSC side engineers to ensure that the BSC boards are functional. ----End
Postrequisite
8.4 Clearing Abis Link Overload Faults

If the Abis link is overloaded, calling MSs or called MSs may fail to access the network. This topic describes the symptoms of Abis link overload faults and how to clear the faults.
Symptoms
Table 8-11 shows the symptoms of Abis link overload faults Table 8-11 Symptoms of Abis link overload faults Item Services Alarms Symptom The new calling or called party cannot access the network. The existing calls are not affected.
l l
Abis signaling link is overloaded. The traffic link is overloaded.
Fault Location
Table 8-12 describes the cause and analysis of Abis link overload faults.
Table 8-12 Possible causes and analysis of Abis link overload faults Cause The bandwidth setting of the link is too small. Analysis The link bandwidth configuration principles are as follows:
l
The configured bandwidth of the traffic link approximates reverse CEs x 20 kbit/s. The configured bandwidth of the signaling link approximates carriers x 33 kbit/s. The total logical bandwidth of the traffic link, signaling link, and operation and maintenance link should be as close as possible to the actual physical bandwidth. Usually, the total logical bandwidth does not exceed one and a half times of the physical bandwidth. The bandwidth of one E1 link is calculated by 1.9 Mbit/s, then, 1.9 x 1.5 = 2.85 Mbit/s, that is, the total bandwidth of the link is usually less than 2.85 Mbit/s.
The settings of the network parameters are unreasonable.
The alarm is caused by unreasonable settings of the traffic control or load control.
Fault Handling
Figure 8-7 shows the procedure for clearing Abis link overload faults. Figure 8-7 Procedure for clearing Abis link overload faults
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Procedure
Step 1 Check the setting of the link bandwidth. After locating the fault, check whether the fault is caused by the improper setting of the link bandwidth. 1. Run the LST BTSLNK command to check the bandwidth of the BTS link.
l
For UNI or IMA transmission mode, the total logical bandwidth of the BTS traffic link, BTS signaling link, and the BTS OML must meet the following requirements: Be close to the actual physical bandwidth (1.9 Mbit/s per E1); cannot exceed one and a half times of the actual physical bandwidth. When the total logical bandwidth is less than one and a half times of the actual physical bandwidth, adjust the bandwidth. For timeslot-based transmission mode, the calculation of the total bandwidth does not follow the previous requirements. When the signaling load or the operation and maintenance load is light, the bandwidth of the signaling link and OML is minimal (though it can be configured as 64 kbit/s), allocate all bandwidth to the traffic link.
2.
If the setting of the link bandwidth is improper, run the MOD BTSLNKBW command to change the bandwidth of the OM link, signaling link, and traffic link for the BTS.
Step 2 Adjust the network parameters. After locating the fault, check whether the fault is caused by the improper setting of the network parameter. Contact the network planning engineers to adjust the network parameters. Enable the functions, such as Abis flow control and access load control, to reduce the load of the link. ----End
Postrequisite
8.5 Case: Unstable Service Quality Caused by Incorrect Link Configuration

Incorrect configuration of link parameters may cause unstable service quality. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
l l
The quality of voice services is poor. The data services can be connected, but the downlink data does not exist. This causes abnormal transaction of the data services.
Fault Location
l
The mapping between service frames and service frame numbers fails due to the fault in the GPS clock. The BTS cannot identify the service frames and discards the packets. The poor quality of the air interface causes forward packet loss.
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l
The data packets are not sent to the BTS, that is, the packet loss occurs on the Abis service links because of the incorrect data configuration.
Fault Handling
1. In the debugging system, initiate the data traffic monitor. On the network side, data packets are sent to the CMFR in the BSC, but the BTS does not receive any data packet and requests for a release. Check the GPS clock and track the clocks of the BSC and the BTS. On the BTS side, run the DSP CBTSBRDSPECSTAT command to query the number of satellites locked by the satellite receiver of the CMPT. The results show that seven satellites are locked, and you can infer that the GPS clock is not faulty. On examining the data returned from the field, you find that the data returned from the field inconsistent with that provided by the data center. The bandwidth of physical configuration provided by an E1 link exceeds the maximum bandwidth of a single physical link, therefore, the CXIE fails to adjust the data rate. Bandwidth congestion occurs during data transmission, causing loss of packets and data. 4. Modify the data configuration, and then reload the data. The fault is rectified, the voice quality is good, and the data services are stable.
2.
3.
CAUTION
The field engineers are not allowed to modify the data configuration. If required, apply to the related personnel for approval, and record all the modified data.
8.6 Case: BTS Transmission Link Intermittent Failure Caused by Poor Grounding
Poor grounding may cause intermittent failure of the BTS transmission link. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
l
The links between the BSC and a BTS are intermittent. The BTS sometimes functions properly and sometimes load data repeatedly. On the BSC side, the E1/T1 link far-end alarm and E1/T1 alarm indication alarm are generated repeatedly. On the BTS side, the OML fault, Abis link alarm, and E1 link far-end alarm are generated.
Fault Location
l l l
The transmission link is faulty. The BER of the transmission link is excessively high. Faults of the CMPT
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Fault Handling
1. Perform the loopback test from the DDF 2 Mbit/s cable in the BTS equipment room to the BSC. The result shows that the link status is available. On the DDF of the transmission room, perform the test on the link bit error for four hours. The result shows that the BER is 0. This indicates that the links between the DDF of the transmission room and the DDF of the BTS equipment room are normal. Perform the loopback test from the DDF 2 Mbit/s cable in the BTS equipment room to the BSC. The result shows that the link status is available. On the DDF of the BSC equipment room, perform the test on the link bit error for two hours. The result shows that the BER is 0. This indicates that the links between the DDF of the BSC equipment room and the DDF of the BTS equipment room are normal. Perform the loopback test from the DDF 2 Mbit/s cable in the BTS equipment room to the BTS. On the BTS, manually configure the transmission link groups and transmission links. Perform the BTS E1 connection test. The result shows that the TX and RX of the link are functional. This indicates that the links between the BTS and the DDF of the BTS transmission room are normal. Based on these results, you can infer that the transmission link from the BSC to the BTS is functional. The CMPT may be faulty. On replacing the CMPT, you find that the fault persists. According to site investigation and test, all subracks are loaded with 110 V power and the BER might increase when the BTS is powered on. The 110 V power used by the subracks might be the cause of the fault. On checking the surrounding power equipment, you find a high-voltage power leakage. The leakage leads the 110 V power into the BTS equipment room and loads all the equipment with 110 V power. The fault in the BTS is rectified after the power leakage problem is solved.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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9 Troubleshooting the BTS RF Failures
Troubleshooting the BTS RF Failures
About This Chapter

The symptoms of BTS RF failures include generation of RF system alarms, weak signals, call drops, or a low access rate of MSs. 9.1 Overview of the BTS RF This provides an overview of the BTS RF subsystem and describes the BTS RF failures. 9.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Power Failures A BTS power failure may decrease the coverage range of the BTS or may degrade the quality of signals. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 9.3 Troubleshooting the BTS Standing Wave Failures When the antenna impedance does not match the feeder impedance, the antenna cannot receive all high frequency energy transmitted by the feeder. Some energy forms reflected wave. If the reflected wave is excessively strong, namely, the VSWR is too high, the transmit power fluctuates and the coverage range diminishes. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 9.4 Troubleshooting the BTS Predistortion Failures The RF module predistortion processing is performed to compensate for the signal distortion of the power amplifier in non-linear workspace. This function compares the feedback power of the power amplifier and the output power of the RF module so that there is no signal distortion of the power amplifier. BTS predistortion failures may degrade the performance of RF modules. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 9.5 Troubleshooting the BTS Reverse RSSI Failures If there is a reverse RSSI failure in the BTS, the reverse sensitivity and reverse capacity of the BTS is reduced, therefore affecting the access of the MS to the network. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 9.6 Case: Clearing BTS Standing Wave Alarms BTS standing wave faults may deteriorate the antenna performance and diminish the coverage range. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear the BTS standing wave alarms.
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9.1 Overview of the BTS RF

This provides an overview of the BTS RF subsystem and describes the BTS RF failures. 9.1.1 Configuration of the BTS RF Subsystem The functions of the BTS RF subsystem are provided by the RFC. The configuration of the RF module is mandatory for the initial configuration of the BTS. Before configuring the RFC, you must know the specifications and functions of the boards in the RFC. 9.1.2 OMTR Panel This describes the appearance, ports, and indicators of the OMTR panel. 9.1.3 OMPA Panel This describes the appearance and ports of the OMPA panel. 9.1.4 Performance Specifications of the BTS This describes the technical specifications of the BTS, namely, the receive specifications, transmit specifications, and bit error rate (BER) threshold specifications on the transmission links. The transmit and receive specifications refer to the technical parameters of the transceiver of the BTS. 9.1.5 BTS RF Fault Alarms This topic describes the RF subsystem faults and associated fault alarms. 9.1.6 Working Principles of the BTS RF Modules and Data Point Tracking This describes the working principles of the BTS RF modules and data point tracking. 9.1.7 Test and Analysis of BTS Reverse RSSI You need to test the RSSI value before locating the RSSI fault. This topic describes how to test and analyze the BTS reverse RSSI.
9.1.1 Configuration of the BTS RF Subsystem

The functions of the BTS RF subsystem are provided by the RFC. The configuration of the RF module is mandatory for the initial configuration of the BTS. Before configuring the RFC, you must know the specifications and functions of the boards in the RFC. Figure 9-1 shows the configuration of the RFC.
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Figure 9-1 Configuration of the RFC
Table 9-1 lists the boards of the RF subsystem. Table 9-1 Major modules in the RFC Equipment ODFU Description The ODFU is a single channel duplex unit. It consists of an RF duplex isolator and a low pass filter. It provides coupling tests for the transmitted and received signals. The OMTR is an outdoor multi-carrier transceiver module. It modulates and demodulates IQ signals and up-converts and down-converts the frequency in multi-carrier mode. The OMPA is an outdoor multi-carrier high power amplification module. It is used to amplify the modulated RF signal and to monitor power amplification alarm.
OMTR
OMPA
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9.1.2 OMTR Panel

This describes the appearance, ports, and indicators of the OMTR panel.
Appearance
Figure 9-2 shows the OMTR panel. Figure 9-2 Appearance of the OMTR panel
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Ports
Table 9-2 describes the ports of the OMTR. Table 9-2 Description of the OMTR ports Port TX TXF RXM out RXM RXD TRX PWR DBG GDD A B Description The output port for RF transmission. It is used to send the RF transmit signals to the OMTR for power amplification. The input port for RF transmission. It is used to receive the RF transmit signals sent from the OMTR. The RF main receive output port. It used to send the RF main receive signals. The RF main receive input port. It used to receive the RF main receive signals received from the ODFU. The RF diversity receive input port. It used to receive the RF diversity receive signals received from the ODFU. The input port for OMTR power supply and alarm signals. It is used to receive power supply and alarm signals from the OMPA. The port for DEBUG aging. The GDD commissioning port. The SFP port. It is used to connect the baseband module or the upper-level OMTR. The SFP port. It is used to connect the lower-level OMTR.

Table 9-3 lists the indicators on the OMTR panel. Table 9-3 Description of the OMTR indicators Name RUN Colo r Gree n Meaning Board status indicator Remarks Blinking at 4 Hz: The OMTR is being powered on and initialized or software is being loaded. Blinking at 0.5 Hz: The OMTR is running. Other: The OMTR is faulty. Normal State Blinking at 0.5 Hz
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Name ALM
Colo r Red
Meaning Alarm indicator
Remarks On: The board must be replaced. Blinking at 4 Hz: critical alarm Blinking at 0.5 Hz: major alarm Blinking at 0.25 Hz: minor alarm Off: no alarm
Normal State Off
ACT
Gree n
Operation indicator
On: The OMTR is running, and the clock is locked. Blinking at 0.5 Hz: The clock is not locked or it cannot be locked. Blinking at 0.25 Hz: The monitoring link is faulty.
On
A_TX
Gree n
Port indicator
Optical port:
l l
On
On: Optical transmission is normal. Off: Optical transmission faulty. On: The SFP cable is normal. Off: The SFP cable is abnormal. On
Electrical port:
l l
A_RX
Gree n
Port indicator
Optical port:
l l
On: Optical receiving is normal. Off: Optical receiving is faulty. On: Data receiving is normal, and the data is correct. Off: No data received or the data is incorrect. On
Electrical port:
l
B_TX
Gree n
Port indicator
Optical port:
l l
On: Optical transmission is normal. Off: Optical transmission is faulty. On: The SFP cable is normal. Off: The SFP cable is abnormal.
Electrical port:
l l
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Name B_RX
Colo r Gree n
Meaning Port indicator
Remarks Optical port:

l l
Normal State On
On: Optical receiving is normal. Off: Optical receiving is faulty. On: Data receiving is normal, and the data is correct. Off: No data received or the data is incorrect.
Electrical port:
l
9.1.3 OMPA Panel

This describes the appearance and ports of the OMPA panel.
Appearance
Figure 9-3 shows the OMPA panel.
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Figure 9-3 Panel of the OMPA
Ports
Table 9-4 describes the ports of the OMPA.
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Table 9-4 Description of the OMPA ports Port TX TX out PA PWR TRX PWR FAN Description An RF input port connected to the RF output port of the OMPA An RF output port connected to the RF input port of the ODFU The power supply input port and the power alarm and dry node alarm port of the power amplifier The power input port and the alarm port of the transceiver The fan power and communication port
9.1.4 Performance Specifications of the BTS

This describes the technical specifications of the BTS, namely, the receive specifications, transmit specifications, and bit error rate (BER) threshold specifications on the transmission links. The transmit and receive specifications refer to the technical parameters of the transceiver of the BTS.
NOTE
l l l
The transmit power is the maximum value measured at the RF port of the cabinet. The multi-carrier transmit power refers to the total power. The signal receive sensitivity is the main and diversity receive sensitivity at RC3.
Receive and Transmit Specifications of the BTS

The transmit and receive specifications refer to the technical parameters of the transceiver of the BTS3606AE. The receive and transmit specifications of the BTS in different band classes are as follows:
l
Receive and transmit specifications in band class 0: Table 9-5 and Table 9-6 list the performance specifications in band class 0 (800 MHz). Table 9-5 Transmit specifications in band class 0 (800 MHz) Item Working band Channel bandwidth Channel precision Frequency tolerance Transmit power Specification 869 MHz-894 MHz 1.2288 MHz 30 kHz 0.05 ppm 80 W (the maximum value measured at the RF port of the cabinet when the BTS works in the four-carrier mode and at an altitude lower than 3500 m [11,482.94 ft])
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Table 9-6 Receive specifications in band class 0 (800 MHz) Item Working band Channel bandwidth Channel precision Signal receive sensitivity Specification 824 MHz-849 MHz 1.2288 MHz 30 kHz Better than -128 dBm (RC3, main and diversity receiving)
Receive and transmit specifications in band class 1: Table 9-7 and Table 9-8 list the performance specifications in band class 1 (1900MHz). Table 9-7 Transmit specifications in band class 1 (1900 MHz) Item Working band Channel bandwidth Channel precision Frequency tolerance Transmit power Specification 1930 MHz - 1990 MHz 1.2288 MHz 50 kHz 0.05 ppm 60 W (the maximum value measured at the RF port of the cabinet when the BTS works in the three-carrier mode and at an altitude lower than 3500 m [11,482.94 ft])
Table 9-8 Receive specifications in band class 1 (1900 MHz) Item Working band Channel bandwidth Channel precision Signal receive sensitivity Specification 1850 MHz - 1910 MHz 1.2288 MHz 50 kHz Better than -127 dBm (RC3, main and diversity receiving)
Receive and transmit specifications in band class 5: Table 9-9 and Table 9-10 list the performance specifications in band class 5 (450MHz). Table 9-9 Transmit specifications in band class 5 (450 MHz) Item Working band Specification 460 MHz-470 MHz, 489 MHz-493.48 MHz
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Item Channel bandwidth Channel precision Frequency tolerance Transmit power
Specification 1.2288 MHz 25 kHz, 20 kHz 0.05 ppm 60 W (the maximum value measured at the RF port of the cabinet when the BTS works in the three-carrier mode and at an altitude lower than 3500 m [11,482.94 ft])
Table 9-10 Receive specifications in band class 5 (450 MHz) Item Working band Channel bandwidth Channel precision Signal receive sensitivity Specification 450 MHz to 460 MHz, 479 MHz to 483.48 MHz 1.2288 MHz 25 kHz, 20 kHz Better than -127 dBm (RC3, main and diversity receiving)
Receive and transmit specifications in band class 6: Table 9-11 and Table 9-12 list the performance specifications in band class 6 (2100 MHz). Table 9-11 Transmit specifications in band class 6 (2100 MHz) Item Working band Channel bandwidth Channel precision Frequency tolerance Transmit power Specification 2110 MHz-2170 MHz 1.2288 MHz 50 kHz 0.05 ppm 60 W (the maximum value measured at the RF port of the cabinet when the BTS works in the three-carrier mode and at an altitude lower than 3500 m [11,482.94 ft])
Table 9-12 Receive specifications in band class 6 (2100 MHz) Item Working band Channel bandwidth
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Specification 1920 MHz - 1980 MHz 1.2288 MHz

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Item Channel precision Signal receive sensitivity
Specification 50 kHz Better than -127 dBm (RC3, main and diversity receiving)
Receive and transmit specifications in band class 15: Table 9-13 and Table 9-14 list the performance specifications at band class 15. Table 9-13 Transmit specifications in band class 15 Item Working band Channel bandwidth Channel precision Frequency tolerance Transmit power Specification 2110 MHz - 2155 MHz 1.2288 MHz 50 kHz 0.05 ppm 60 W (the maximum value measured at the RF port of the cabinet when the BTS works in the three-carrier mode and at an altitude lower than 3500 m [11,482.94 ft])
Table 9-14 Receive specifications in band class 15 Item Working band Channel bandwidth Channel precision Signal receive sensitivity Specification 1710 MHz - 1755 MHz 1.2288 MHz 50 kHz Better than -127 dBm (RC3, main and diversity receiving)
ODU Cascading Specifications

Table 9-15 lists the ODU cascading specifications of the BTS3606AE. Table 9-15 ODU cascading specifications of the BTS3606AE Item ODU3601C Specification Maximum distance of single-level cascading 20 km [12.43 mi.]
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Item
Specification Maximum number of cascading levels Maximum total distance of cascading Three 60 km [37.28 mi.] 20 km [12.43 mi.] Three 60 km [37.28 mi.]
ODU3601CE
Maximum distance of single-level cascading Maximum number of cascading levels Maximum total distance of cascading
BER Threshold Specifications of the BTS on the Transmission Links

The bit error rates (BERs) on the transmission links have roughly the same impact on the UNI and IMA modes. Table 9-16 lists the BER threshold specifications of the BTS on the transmission links. Table 9-16 BER threshold specifications of the BTS on the transmission links Type CDMA2000 1X voice services Packet services Maintenance function Maximum BER Threshold 2 x 10e-4 2 x 10e-6 5 x 10e-5
9.1.5 BTS RF Fault Alarms

This topic describes the RF subsystem faults and associated fault alarms. Table 9-17 lists the alarms related to RF subsystem faults. Table 9-17 Alarms related to RF subsystem faults Fault Power Faults Related Alarm The power amplifier is overloaded. The transmit power is abnormal. The power amplifier is out of position. VSWR fault The DSP Start firmware loading of CMTR digital pre-distortion fails.
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Fault Pre-distortion faults
Related Alarm The DSP Start firmware loading of CMTR digital pre-distortion fails. The DSP self-test of CMTR digital pre-distortion fails. The modular self-test of CMTR digital pre-distortion fails. The firmware loading of CMTR digital pre-distortion fails. An error occurs in loop delay of CMTR digital pre-distortion. The digital pre-distortion module of the multi-carrier TRM is abnormal. The digital pre-distortion module of the multi-carrier TRM leads in signals abnormally. The self-adaptation of the pre-distortion module is hindered.
RSSI fault
The RSSI contrast between the main and diversity receiving channels is abnormal.
9.1.6 Working Principles of the BTS RF Modules and Data Point Tracking
This describes the working principles of the BTS RF modules and data point tracking.
Working Principles of RF Modules

The working status of the RF subsystem is controlled by one open-loop level control unit and three closed-loop level control units.
l
The aim of level control is to limit the power input and to guarantee the power output.
Limiting the power input is a self-protection mechanism of the system that prevents excessive power input from damaging the hardware. Guaranteeing power output is to implement the predistortion and automatic gain adjustment functions so that the system has a normal output.
Through the open-loop level control, the TRM limits the power input through the ALC. If the power amplifier monitoring board detects excessive power input, the power amplifier is switched off for protection and, at the same time, "The power amplifier is overloaded" and "The power amplifier is closed" alarms are generated on the system. The first closed-loop level control is the closed-loop automatic gain control inside the power amplifier. To keep the output of a power amplifier normal is to ensure the stability of the gain. The gain of the power amplifier relates to the frequency, VSWR, and input signal strength. A relatively stable gain depends on the voltage control attenuator of the power amplifier. A voltage control attenuator is used to adjust the gain. The second closed-loop level control is used when the first closed loop is not functional. In this case, the external RF automatic gain control is used to adjust the input signals of the power amplifier. The third closed-loop level control is performed to compensate for the signal distortion of the power amplifier in non-linear workspace. This function compares the feedback power
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of the power amplifier and the output power of the RF module so that there is no signal distortion of the power amplifier. The normal and stable operation of the RF module is guaranteed by the open-loop level control and the three closed-loop level control, and the monitoring function of the power amplifier monitor board. The hardware system often fails to work due to excessively used or faulty components, or incorrect cable connections. When a system does not function properly, alarms are generated and the tracked data has errors.
Data Point Tracking

The BTS resource tracking function of the Service Maintenance System is often used to handle the faults in power amplification and digital pre-distortion. Figure 9-4 shows the forward channel structure of the RF modules. Figure 9-4 Forward channel structure of the RF modules
Table 9-18 describes the reported tracking information. Table 9-18 Data Point Tracking Parameters Number 1 2 Parameter Name Base Band Power Digital Power Description This parameter indicates the input power that the baseband module provides for the TRM. The baseband power is converted into the digital power after the automatic level control. In normal cases, the digital power is the same as the baseband power. If the baseband power amplification is higher than the normal power (25 W or 44 dBm), the digital power can reach 44.1 dBm after the automatic level control. This parameter is adjusted through the parameter adjustpower in the command SET CBTSRFPARA command. The value of this parameter affects the maximum output power of the TRM. If IF Gain Adjust is set to -1, the maximum output power per carrier is: 44 dBm (rated power) - 1 dBm = 43 dBm.
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IF Gain Adjust
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Parameter Name Digital Power Sum RF Gain Adjust
Description Normally, this value is equal to the sum of the digital power. The value of the RF forward voltage control attenuator is internally set and cannot be adjusted. When the closedloop power control function is performed, the TRM automatically adjusts this value to ensure that the RF output power reaches the predefined value. This parameter indicates the output power of the STRM. (It can be obtained through Telnet from a computer directly connected to the BTS, not from an LMT). This parameter indicates the control voltage of power amplifier. It is used to control the power amplification gain. (It can be obtained through Telnet from a computer directly connected to the BTS, not from an LMT). Normally, this value is equal to the sum of digital power. Normally, this value is equal to the sum of digital power. Normally, this value is equal to the sum of digital power. Normally, the difference between this value and the HPA (antenna) power is 563 dB.
RF Output Power
Hpactrlcurval
8 9 10 11
Hpaoutpwr(Mv/ Dbm) SDFU Input Power Hpa(Antenna) Power Observe Chan Power
Based on the previously described working principle of the system, you can locate the faults in tracking data. For example, set up a Telnet connection to the BTS, and then run the str infotrace command to initiate system data tracking. For example, run the following command:
str infotrace:brdtp=trm,brdid=0,item="power"
The output is as follows:

TRM0 : Base Band Power: Carrier0 = 38.5, Carrier1 Carrier3 = N/A, Carrier4 Digital Power : Carrier0 = 38.5, Carrier1 Carrier3 = N/A, Carrier4 Attenuation : Carrier0 = 0.0, Carrier1 Carrier3 = 0.0, Carrier4 Sector : 0 Digital Power Sum = 38.6, SDFU Input Power OBS Channel Power = N/A, OBS Gain Adjust IF Gain Adjust = -1.0, RF Gain Adjust PD RMS Error = N/A, DAC Input Power HPA Output Power = N/A = = = = = = = = = = N/A, N/A, N/A, N/A, 0.0, 0.0, 7.8, 0.0, 0.0, 38.5, Carrier2 Carrier5 Carrier2 Carrier5 Carrier2 Carrier5 = = = = = = 38.5, N/A 38.5, N/A 0.0, 0.0 = = = = -3.3 0.0 0.0 39.4
SDFU Echo Power OBS Gain Identical DDU Gain Adjust RF Forward Power
The procedure for troubleshooting the fault is described as follows:

l
The normal output power (Digital Power) of a carrier is 43 dBm 1 dB (that is, 20 W 1 dB).
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If the test result displayed on the power meter is not within the normal range, compare it with the result of the interface tracking (HPA Output Power) to locate the fault. If the test result displayed on the power meter is out of normal range, initiate the interface tracking. Check the values of the parameters Base Band Power, Digital Power, and HPA Output Power. If the value of Base Band Power is incorrect, the values of Digital Power and HPA Output Power are also incorrect. In such a case, check whether the BTS gain is correct. If the BTS gain is correct, check the HCPM or the HECM by querying the BTS configuration and verifying the chip. If the value of Base Band Power is correct but the value of Digital Power is incorrect, the value of the HPA Output Power is also incorrect. In such a case, check the OMTR to locate the fault. For example, you can remove the OMTR and insert it again, or replace the OMTR. If only the value of HPA Output Power is incorrect, check the installation of the OMPA and its connection with the OMTR. If parameter values reported in the interface tracking are correct, check whether the cabling between the OMPA and the ODFU is normal and whether the antenna system and the top of the cabinet function properly.
9.1.7 Test and Analysis of BTS Reverse RSSI

You need to test the RSSI value before locating the RSSI fault. This topic describes how to test and analyze the BTS reverse RSSI.
Testing the Reverse RSSI

This describes how to test the reverse RSSI. You can test the reverse RSSI in remote mode or local mode. This document focuses on the local mode.
Remote Test and Local Test

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To perform a remote RSSI test, choose Resource Monitoring > RSSI Monitoring on the LMT or log in to the BTS in Telnet mode. To perform a local RSSI test, connect the workstation to the CMPT using a crossover cable and then log in to the BTS in Telnet mode.
Precautions
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You can choose not to install RF fans. In this case, however, you have to use the antenna so that zero transmit power is ensured. The unit for the average and peak values of the RSSI is 0.1 dBm. Ensure that the coupling ports without connection cables are properly loaded to avoid internal interference and external radiation.
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Procedure
Step 1 Connect the cables, as shown in Figure 9-5.
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Figure 9-5 Cable connection for the local reverse RSSI test
Step 2 Choose Start > Run, type Telnet xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx in the Run dialog box, and then press Enter to start the Telnet program. Step 3 Check the BTS configuration and ensure that the data configuration is consistent with the actual cable connection of the RF subrack. Step 4 Start the reverse RSSI test. The output information is as follows:
HW CBTS>str infotrace <(brdtp=?bckm_omu/bckm_sig/bckm_clk/bcim/crdm/pmu/cpm/ecm/trm/CMPT_omu/CMPT_sig/ CMPT_clk/CMPT_trs/htrp),mandatory>trm <(brdid=?),mandatory>0 <(item=?),optional>"rssi" Ok
Step 5 Record the test data. Step 6 Stop the reverse RSSI test. The output information is as follows:
HW CBTS>stp infotrace <(brdtp=?bckm_omu/bckm_sig/bckm_clk/bcim/crdm/pmu/cpm/ecm/trm/CMPT_omu/CMPT_sig/ CMPT_clk/CMPT_trs/htrp),mandatory>trm <(brdid=?),mandatory>0 <(item=?),optional>"rssi" Ok
NOTE
You can also stop the RSSI test by restarting the Telnet program.
----End
Result
This example shows the RSSI value of the ODFU of the BTS3606AE in the CDMA2000 1X & 1xEV-DO S (6/6/6) configuration.
HW CBTS>str infotrace:brdtp=trm,brdid=0,item="rssi" ok HW CBTS> TRM0: Carrier0 RSSI: Main Avg = -105.0, Main Peak = -104.1, Main Carrier0 RSSI: Divs Avg = -108.0, Divs Peak = -107.7, Divs Carrier1 RSSI: Main Avg = -103.0, Main Peak = -100.1, Main Carrier1 RSSI: Divs Avg = -106.8, Divs Peak = -104.2, Divs Carrier2 RSSI: Main Avg = -106.2, Main Peak = -104.8, Main Carrier2 RSSI: Divs Avg = -108.8, Divs Peak = -108.1, Divs Carrier3 RSSI: Main Avg = -106.2, Main Peak = -104.7, Main Carrier3 RSSI: Divs Avg = -109.0, Divs Peak = -108.6, Divs Revs pwr: Main = -89.7, Divs = -85.5; RF AGC gain: Main=
Ratio = 0% Ratio = 0% Ratio = 1% Ratio = 0% Ratio = 0% Ratio = 0% Ratio = 0% Ratio = 0% 0.0, Divs = 0.0
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Analyzing the Results of the Reverse RSSI Test

Analyze the results of the reverse RSSI test to locate and handle exceptions.
Description
Parameter Name Main Avg Main Peak Main Ratio Divs Avg Divs Peak Divs Ratio Revs pwr RF AGC gain Description Average value of a main RSSI Peak value of a main RSSI Ratio of main RSSIs that have a value exceeding the average value Average value of a diversity RSSI Peak value of a diversity RSSI Ratio of diversity RSSIs that have a value exceeding the average value Total reverse power AGC gain of RF
Operation Procedure
1. According to the parameter description, analyze the test results.
NOTE
The performance of air interfaces at different fields may vary. The following standards are for reference only:
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If the average value of a main RSSI is within the range of -116.0 dBm to -93.0 dBm, you can infer that the received main RSSI is functional. If the average value of a diversity RSSI is within the range of -116.0 dBm to -93.0 dBm, you can infer that the received diversity RSSI is functional. Under the idle loading condition, the average value of a main RSSI should be within the range of -116.0 dBm to -93.0 dBm. If the ODFU is not connected to the antenna, the difference between the average value of a main RSSI and the average value of a diversity RSSI should be within the range of 2 dB to 3 dB. If the RSSI value is excessively low, perform the following steps:

2.
Handle exceptions.
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Check whether the antenna functions properly. Check whether the cabinet top is functional. Check whether the ODFU is functional. Check whether the cable connections between RF subracks are correct.
If the RSSI value is excessively high, check whether there are interference sources.
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9.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Power Failures

A BTS power failure may decrease the coverage range of the BTS or may degrade the quality of signals. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
Table 9-19 describes the symptoms of the BTS power failures. Table 9-19 Symptoms of the BTS power failures Item Services Board status Alarms Symptom The MS receives weak signals or no signals. The BTS coverage area decreases. The ALM indicator on the panel of the OMTR is on. The power amplifier is overloaded. The transmit power is abnormal. The power amplifier is not in position. The power amplification gain is abnormal.
Fault Location
When the input or output power of the power amplifier is higher than the rated value, overloading alarms may be generated. Owing to overload, the power amplifier may be switched off and thus the BTS has no power output. Table 9-20 describes the possible causes and analysis of BTS power failures. Table 9-20 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS power failures Cause The OMTR is faulty. The OMPA is faulty. Analysis If the OMTR is faulty, replace the OMTR and check whether the fault is rectified.
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Abnormity in power amplifier Overtemperature condition of power amplifier Stalled fan Monitoring failure of power amplifier
RF cable connection failure
The RF cables to be checked consist of SMA RF cables and N-type RF cables.

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The SMA RF cable connects the OMTR to the OMPA in the way of TX-OUT corresponding to PA-IN. The N-type RF cable connects the OMTR to the OMPA in the way of TX-IN corresponding to PA-OUT.
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Cause The data configuration is incorrect.
Analysis
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If the configured RF data is not saved, the RF data is lost after the BTS resets, thus causing no power output from the BTS. If the power level of the power amplifier is inconsistent with the actual data configuration, the power overload alarms may be reported. For example, the power amplifier provides 60 W power in effect, but in data configuration one sector is configured with four carriers and so the power amplifier has to be used as an 80 W one. At this time, the overload alarms may be reported. If the parameter ADJPOWER is improperly or incorrectly set through the SET CBTSRFPARA command, the power output may be improper. The recommended value of ADJPOWER is -2 and it is adjustable within the range -20 to 10. If the maximum cell radius MAXCELLR set through the SET CBTSSECTORPARA command does not meet the requirement, the MS may receive poor signals or no signals. The recommended value of MAXCELLR (km) is 40 km and it ranges from 0 km to 125 km for normal-sized cells, from 125 km to 184 km or from 217 km to 250 km for large-sized cells.
Fault Handling
Figure 9-6 shows the Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS power failures.
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Figure 9-6 Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS power failures
Procedure
Step 1 Check the status of the OMTR/OMPA. Check whether the faults are caused by the OMTR/OMPA. 1. Track the forward power by referring to 9.1.6 Working Principles of the BTS RF Modules and Data Point Tracking. The difference between the baseband power (BaseBandPwr) and the forward power (FwdPwr) should be less than 3 dB. If the difference between these two parameters exceeds 3 dB, the OMTR/OMPA is functional.
NOTE
For details on forward power tracking, refer to Checking the Forward Power in the BTS commissioning guide.
2.
If the ALM indicator on the panel of the OMTR/OMPA indicates generation of alarms, replace the OMTR/OMPA. If the fault is rectified after the replacement, you can refer that
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OMTR/OMPA is faulty. For details on how to replace the OMTR/OMPA, refer to Replacing the BTS Boards in the BTS site maintenance guide. Step 2 Check the connection of RF cables. Check whether the faults are caused by problems with the connection of RF cables. 1. Check whether the SMA RF cables are correctly connected or cross-connected. Unscrew the SMA male connector from the cable to check whether a 2 mm to 3 mm wire of the cable is exposed. If the cable does not meet this requirement, replace the SMA RF cable. Check whether the N-type RF cables are correctly connected or cross-connected. Check the cable connections by replacing the N-type cables.
2.
Step 3 Check the data configuration. After the fault location and analysis, check whether the fault is caused by the incorrect data configuration. 1. Run the DSP CBTSCFG command to check whether the RF module is correctly configured or whether the data is already configured. If the configuration data is incorrect or the configuration is not saved, the power amplifier may have no power output after the BTS is started. Run the DSP CBTSHPAINFO command to check whether the power level of the power amplifier is consistent with the number of carriers in data configuration. If the power level is inconsistent, replace the faulty power amplifier with a correct one. If the data configuration is incorrect, modify the number of carriers in data configuration. If the network parameters related to the forward power are not properly set, the forward power may be faulty. To enhance the coverage in important areas, you can change the network parameters such as the antenna azimuth.
2.
3.
----End
Postrequisite
9.3 Troubleshooting the BTS Standing Wave Failures

When the antenna impedance does not match the feeder impedance, the antenna cannot receive all high frequency energy transmitted by the feeder. Some energy forms reflected wave. If the reflected wave is excessively strong, namely, the VSWR is too high, the transmit power fluctuates and the coverage range diminishes. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
Table 9-21 describes the symptoms of the BTS standing wave failures.
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Table 9-21 Symptoms of the BTS standing wave failures Item Services Symptom MSs cannot receive signals or receives only weak signals, which may result in call drop. The coverage of the BTS or the corresponding sector carrier diminishes. The ALM indicator on the panel of the OMTR is on.
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Board status Alarms
A large number of standing wave alarms are generated. Alarms related to the RF system are generated.
Fault Location
Table 9-22 describes the possible causes and analysis of BTS standing wave failures. Table 9-22 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS standing wave failures Cause The antenna system is faulty. Analysis Construction quality For example, the joint between the antenna and the feeder is not well connected, the joint between the jumper and the feeder is not well connected, or the jumper connector is not properly made. The antenna is damaged or is not protected against water leakage. For example, the jumper connector and jumper are mismatched.
Antenna quality Article problem The OMTR or OMPA is faulty.
The standing wave alarms are generated if the frequency band assigned by using the ADD CELL command is inconsistent with the frequency band supported by the OMTR or OMPA. The standing wave alarms are seldom generated due to faults in the OMTR or OMPA. Thus, replacing the OMTR or OMPA is an option only when other methods fail to locate the fault.
Fault Handling
Figure 9-7 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the BTS standing wave failures.
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Figure 9-7 Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS standing wave failures
Procedure
Step 1 Check the antenna system. Check whether the faults are caused by the antenna system. When checking the antenna system, adhering to the following rules:
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If damaged, the antenna system is an open circuit. If water leaks into the antenna system, the antenna system is a short circuit. In either of the preceding two situations, the VSWR is greater than 4:1. If the BTS is functional, the VSWR should be smaller than 1.5:1. The thresholds of the standing wave alarms are as follows:

If the VWSR is smaller than 1.5:1, the standing wave alarm is not generated. If the VWSR is greater than 4:1, the standing wave alarm is generated. If the VSWR ranges from 1.5 to 2.0, the standing wave alarm should not be generated. If the VSWR ranges from 2.0 to 4.0, the standing wave alarm should be generated.
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When the BTS is put into service, test the BTS coverage and record details of the test location. After standing wave alarms are generated, perform the coverage level test for the BTS and compare the result with the information recorded when the BTS is put into service. If coverage is not affected, the alarms are false. If the coverage is affected and the TX level of the power amplifier is normal, the fault may lie in the antenna system. To measure the VSWR of the antenna system, connect the RF jumper connector at the top of the cabinet to the input port of the SiteMaster.
1.
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Typically, the VSWR is less than 1.5:1. The VSWR measured at the N-type connector of the 1/4" jumper that connects to the output port of the SDFU should be less than 1.3:1. The return loss is 18 dB. If the VSWR is equal to or greater than 1.5:1, check the antenna system. Use a SiteMaster to locate the position with the greatest echo loss. Then, examine the construction. 2. Check the connections of the feeders. During the installation of the antenna system, the feeders may be connected to a wrong RF output port and the feeders may be crossed. Such mistakes generally happen in a BTS that has multiple sectors. 3. Check the installation of feeders and jumpers. Focus on the assemblies of feeder connections and the waterproof treatment of feeder connectors. Check whether the cable is damaged and whether there is any trace of water leakage on the connector and cable. Ensure that the connectors are well prepared, effective waterproof measures are taken, no water leaks into the connectors and cables, and the cables are intact. The sites that have significant temperature difference are prone to water penetration. If the installation of the feeder or the jumper is faulty, replace it with the same type of feeder or jumper. 4. Check the antenna. Check whether the antenna is damaged and whether any trace of water leakage can be found on the connectors of the antenna and jumpers. Ensure that the antenna is intact and no trace of water damage is on the connectors of the antenna and jumpers. If the antenna is faulty, contact Huawei for technical support. Step 2 Check the OMTR or OMPA. Check whether the faults are caused by the OMTR or OMPA. 1. Run the LST CELL command to check whether the frequency band of the cell is inconsistent with that supported by the OMTR or OMPA.
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If the band configuration is incorrect, modify the data configuration. If the OMTR or OMPA does not support the required band, replace the OMTR or OMPA.
CAUTION
Before you operate the RF cable or replace the RF parts, power off the RF module. 2. If the fault persists after the antenna is proved to be functional, replace the OMTR or OMPA to check whether the boards are operational. For details on how to replace the OMTR or OMPA, refer to Replacing the BTS Boards in the BTS site maintenance guide. ----End
Postrequisite
9.4 Troubleshooting the BTS Predistortion Failures

The RF module predistortion processing is performed to compensate for the signal distortion of the power amplifier in non-linear workspace. This function compares the feedback power of the power amplifier and the output power of the RF module so that there is no signal distortion of the power amplifier. BTS predistortion failures may degrade the performance of RF modules. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
When there are faults in predistortion, the BTS generates the following alarms:
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The DSP start firmware loading of CMTR digital predistortion fails. The DSP self-test of CMTR digital predistortion fails. The modular self-test of CMTR digital predistortion fails. The firmware loading of CMTR digital predistortion fails. An error occurs in loop delay of CMTR digital predistortion. The digital predistortion module of the multi-carrier TRM is abnormal. The digital predistortion module of the multi-carrier TRM leads in signals abnormally. The self-adaptation of the predistortion module is hindered.
Fault Location
Table 9-23 describes the possible causes and analysis of BTS predistortion failures. Table 9-23 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS predistortion failures Cause The external requirements are not fulfilled, or the connections between devices are not functional. The OMTR/OMPA is faulty. Analysis Check the related alarms. Check whether the HCPM/HECM is operational by querying the special status of the board. Check the connections by replacing the cables between the baseband subrack and the RF subrack.
Analyze the operation and tracking data. If the device is faulty, replace the device and return the faulty device for repair. If the external conditions and the operation data of the device are normal, you can infer that no fault exists. In this case, wait until the alarm is automatically cleared. If you need to locate the specific fault, familiarize yourself with the system rationale, and then analyze the tracked data to locate the fault. For the method of tracking and analyzing system data, refer to 9.1.6 Working Principles of the BTS RF Modules and Data Point Tracking.
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Fault Handling
Figure 9-8 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the BTS predistortion failures. Figure 9-8 Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS predistortion failures
Procedure
Step 1 Check the external factors. Check whether the faults are caused by the external factors. 1. 2. Check whether the HCPM/HECM is functional. If alarms related to the HCPM/HECM are generated, replace the board and check whether the alarms are cleared. Check the cables between the baseband subrack and the RF subrack. Replace the faulty cables. For details on parts replacement, refer to Replacing the BTS Parts in the BTS site maintenance guide. Step 2 Check the OMTR/OMPA. Check whether the faults are caused by the OMTR/OMPA module. 1. Log in to the BTS through the Telnet and run the str infotrace command. Initiate the BTS resource tracking function and check whether the device is faulty by tracking the system data.
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For example, run the str infotrace:brdtp=trm,brdid=0,item="power" command. For the methods of tracking and analyzing system data, refer to 9.1.6 Working Principles of the BTS RF Modules and Data Point Tracking. 2. If the board is faulty, replace the board. For details on parts replacement, refer to Replacing the BTS Parts in the BTS site maintenance guide.
----End
Postrequisite
9.5 Troubleshooting the BTS Reverse RSSI Failures

If there is a reverse RSSI failure in the BTS, the reverse sensitivity and reverse capacity of the BTS is reduced, therefore affecting the access of the MS to the network. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
Table 9-24 describes the symptoms of the BTS reverse RSSI failures. Table 9-24 Symptoms of the BTS reverse RSSI failures Item Services Symptom The reverse sensitivity and reverse capacity of the BTS are reduced. Severe faults may lead to service interruption. MSs, except MSs that are near to the BTS, can detect signals but cannot access the network.
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Alarms
The tower mounted amplifier (TMA) is faulty. The main/diversity LNA is unavailable. The main/diversity TMA is unavailable. The RSSI contrast between the main and diversity receiving channels is abnormal. The input signal on the receiving channel is too big. The TRM main/diversity reverse channel is abnormal. The connection of the TRM main/diversity cable is faulty.
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Fault Location
Table 9-25 describes the possible causes and analysis of the BTS reverse RSSI failures.
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Table 9-25 Possible causes and analysis of the BTS reverse RSSI failures Cause Hardware problem Setting parameters Analysis The connections between the TRM, the RF cables, and the antenna system are not functional. The parameters related to the BTS RF, access channels, and load control of access channels are not properly set. The network parameters are listed as follows:
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BTS RF parameter, configured by running the SET CBTSRFPARA command Access channel parameter, configured by running the MOD ACH command Access channel load control parameter, configured by running the MOD ALDCTRL command
Fault Handling
Figure 9-9 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the BTS reverse RSSI failures. Figure 9-9 Procedure for troubleshooting the BTS reverse RSSI failures
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Procedure
Step 1 Check the RSSI. Check whether the faults are caused by the hardware problem. 1. Connect to the BTS locally or remotely, and initiate the RSSI test. For details on how to conduct the test and how to make decisions, refer to Test and Analysis of BTS Reverse RSSI. If the TRX module is faulty, replace the board and perform the check again. If the connection between RF cables is faulty, check whether the connectors of RF cables between OMTR and OMPA are properly fixed. If the antenna system is faulty, follow the procedures given below:
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2. 3. 4.
Check whether the installation of the antenna, such as the azimuth and isolation of the antenna, satisfies the engineering requirements. If the main and diversity RSSI values differ greatly, you can infer that a self excitation occurs in the antenna system that has a large RSSI, or the cable connection of the antenna system that has a small RSSI is faulty. Check whether the diversity bypass switch is correctly configured. If the diversity bypass configuration is incorrect, a false alarm "Abnormal Difference Between the Main and Diversity" is generated. If the antenna system is equipped with a lightning arrester, ensure that the DC breakdown voltage of the lightning arrester meets the requirements.
5.
If the RSSI value is excessively large, you can infer that external interference exists. Use a spectrometer to track the spectrum of the interference source, or use the Nastar to initiate the reverse spectrum scanning. For the description of the BTS features, refer to BTS Reverse Spectrum Scanning.
Step 2 Check the settings of the network parameters. If no fault is found in the hardware, check the settings of the network parameters.
CAUTION
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When checking the network parameters, do not modify their settings. Modifying the BTS RF parameters may result in service interruption. The network parameters can be modified only if the customer permits to do so. For the value range of each parameter, ask Huawei network optimization department for help. Run the DSP CBTSCFG command to query the current settings of network parameters. Run the SET CBTSRFPARA command to set the BTS RF parameter. Run the MOD ACH command to modify the access channel parameter. Run the MOD ALDCTRL command to modify the access channel load control parameter.
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1. 2. 3. 4.
----End
Postrequisite
9.6 Case: Clearing BTS Standing Wave Alarms

BTS standing wave faults may deteriorate the antenna performance and diminish the coverage range. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear the BTS standing wave alarms.
Symptoms
The accuracy of detecting standing wave faults is unsatisfying at many sites, for example:
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The BTS reports standing wave alarms, yet tests prove that the coverage and output power are normal. The performance of the BTS antenna system deteriorates, which leads to a smaller coverage. Yet the system does not report any standing wave alarm.
Fault Location
The factors that influence the accuracy of VSWR tests are as follows:
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Accuracy of the output amplitude of the highly stable amplitude signal unit High directional accuracy and amplitude frequency characteristics accuracy of the directional coupling unit Accuracy of the calibration equipment for open and short circuits, especially the accuracy of the open circuit load Accuracy of the matching loads Processing accuracy of the network signal analyzing unit
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These factors are described as follows:

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To achieve high accuracy of the output amplitude of the highly stable amplitude signal unit, the signal source should have an effective amplitude fixing system and heat stability. Thus, high accuracy of the amplitude fixing unit, which consists of the directional coupler, detector, and temperature compensation processing unit, is required. It is difficult to implement a highly stable amplitude signal unit, especially inside the BTS where strict requirements are set for the size and dissipation of the equipment. Typically, the BTS uses existing signal sources for VSWR tests. The accuracy of these signal sources are not high enough to be used for VSWR tests, which gives rise to the possibility of false alarms.
The directionality and amplitude frequency characteristics of the directional coupling unit are the keys to VSWR tests. The directional coupling unit is responsible for the clear separation between signals of incident waves and reflected waves of the device under test. It is often used in measuring apparatus that provides standards for tests and that requires high accuracy. Yet it is difficult to implement a directional coupling unit inside the BTS. The highly accurate calibration equipment is used as a standard against which VSWR tests are performed. The accuracy of the calibration equipment directly decides the accuracy of the tests. It is more difficult to use calibration equipment for open circuits than for short circuits.
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The VSWR is the ratio of reflected waves to incident waves. The antenna connectors are fixed to feeders, and the reflected signals are attenuated by the feeders depending on the feeder length. Thus, the test result becomes inaccurate if the feeder length is close to or exceeds the threshold, which leads to false faults. As the test data is closely related to the location of the equipment, the threshold values should be properly adjusted as required at each site. Otherwise, false fault are generated. The problem can be resolved through improvement in algorithm software.
Fault Handling
Detect standing wave alarms of Huawei BTS by adhering to the following rules:
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If the antenna system is damaged, an open circuit fault occurs. If water enters the antenna system, a short circuit fault occurs.
In these two cases, the VSWR is greater than 4:1. In normal condition, the VSWR should be smaller than 1.5:1. Detecting standing wave alarms is not sufficiently accurate. Therefore, perform the following operations in practice: 1. Perform forward and reverse calibration tests for all BTSs to ensure reliable connections between modules. Ensure that the accuracy of the forward output power and the reverse sensitivity reach the optimal levels. Use dedicated tools to perform VSWR tests for all components in the antenna system to ensure that the antenna system is properly installed. After the BTS enters service, perform dialing tests and drive tests to ensure that the BTS is functional and the performance counters such as the coverage meet the design requirements.
2. 3.
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10 Clearing BTS Service Failures
10
About This Chapter
Clearing BTS Service Failures
When MSs fail to access the network, voice discontinuity occurs, call drops occur during handoff, or data services fail, you must clear BTS service failures. BTS service failures are access failures, voice service failures, data service failures, and handoff failures. 10.1 Overview of BTS Services BTS services are classified into voice services and data services. To ensure the normal operation of voice services and data services, mobility management such as access management, handoff management, and congestion control must be performed in the BTS. 10.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Access Failures BTS access failures include MS registration failure or rejection, network detection failure, and disconnection from the network. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 10.3 Clearing BTS Voice Service Failures BTS voice service failures include MOC failures, MTC failures, one-way audio, no audio, audio discontinuity, noise, crosstalk, and echo. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear BTS voice service failures. 10.4 Troubleshooting the BTS Data Service Failures The data service failures of the BTS consist of the MS access failures, low call completion rate, low transmission speed, and poor transmission quality. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 10.5 Troubleshooting the BTS Handoff Failures MSs cannot initiate a handoff or call drop occurs during a handoff. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 10.6 Case: Failure of Random Access to the Carriers Caused by HCPM Failures During BTS data configuration, the HCPMs are added into the resource pool. If one or more HCPMs in the resource pool are faulty, a random access failure may occur on the carrier. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 10.7 Case: Voice Service Failures Caused by Cell Radius Too Small Wrong data configuration is the common cause of BTS faults. If the maximum radius of the cell is set to a small value, the coverage of the cell diminishes. As a result, MSs at the cell border
fail to access the network. This topic describes how to clear voice service failures caused by a too small cell radius. 10.8 Case: Slow Call Access in the Coverage Caused by Antenna System Failures If the main or diversity antenna feeders in a sector are loose or faulty, the demodulation quality becomes poor in reverse reception and the demodulation takes more time. As a result, the average time of call access in the coverage area becomes long. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear the fault.
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10.1 Overview of BTS Services

BTS services are classified into voice services and data services. To ensure the normal operation of voice services and data services, mobility management such as access management, handoff management, and congestion control must be performed in the BTS. 10.1.1 Basic Knowledge About BTS Access BTS access refers to the process in which an MS accesses the BTS. This topic describes the MS access state and the access procedure. 10.1.2 Basic Knowledge About BTS Voice Service BTS voice service is the CDMA2000 1X service. This topic defines the terminologies related to BTS voice service faults and also describes the BTS voice service faults. 10.1.3 Basic Knowledge About BTS Call Drop BTS call drop refers to the process in which the communication between the MS and the BTS is interrupted. This topic describes the causes of BTS call drops. 10.1.4 Basic Knowledge About BTS Data Service BTS data services consist of the CDMA2000 1X service and the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO service. This topic describes the common problems of data services and the possible causes. 10.1.5 Basic Knowledge About BTS Handoff BTS handoff refers to the process in which the MS performs a handoff between cells or sectors. This topic describes different types of handoff failures and the troubleshooting procedure.
10.1.1 Basic Knowledge About BTS Access

BTS access refers to the process in which an MS accesses the BTS. This topic describes the MS access state and the access procedure.
MS Access State
The MS access state consists of the following substates:
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Update Overhead Information Substate: In this substate, the MS monitors the Paging Channel until it has a current set of overhead messages. Mobile Station Origination Attempt Substate: In this substate, the MS sends an Origination Message to the BTS. Page Response Substate: In this substate, the MS sends a Page Response Message to the BTS. Mobile Station Order/Message Response Substate: In this substate, the MS sends a response to a message received from the BTS. Registration Access Substate: In this substate, the MS sends a Registration Message to the BTS. Mobile Station Message Transmission Substate: In this substate, the MS sends a Data Burst Message or a Peer-to-Peer Resource Control Message to the BTS. PACA Cancel Substate: In this substate, the MS sends a PACA Cancel Message to the BTS.
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MS Access Attempt
The MS accesses the network from the access channel in a random way. The access attempt refers to the entire process of sending a message and receiving a response from the BTS. The MS accesses the network by sending access probes. Several access probes compose an access probe sequence. Several access probe sequences form an access attempt.
MS Access Procedure
Figure 10-1 shows the procedure of signaling exchange over the air interface in the case that the calling MS accesses the network. Figure 10-1 Procedure of signaling exchange over the air interface for the calling MS to access the network
The signaling procedure is described as follows: 1. 2. 3. The MS sends an Origination message to the BS through the access channel to request a service. The message carries the request for acknowledgement by Layer 2. The BS acknowledges the receipt of the Origination message by sending a Base Ack Order message. If a traffic channel (TCH) is available for the call and the MS is not on any TCH, the BS sends a channel assignment message through the PCH over the air interface to initiate the setup of a radio TCH and sends Null Traffic Data through the TCH to the MS to help the MS obtain the forward channel. The BS sends an assignment message to the MS.
4.
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5. 6. 7. 8.
The MS sends a Traffic Channel Preamble message through the designated reverse TCH to help the BS obtain the reverse TCH. Once the BS obtains the reverse TCH, it sends a Base Ack Order message which is acknowledged by Layer 2 to the MS through the forward TCH. The MS acknowledges the receipt of the Base Ack Order message by transmitting an MS Ack Order message through the reverse TCH. The BS sends a Service Connect message or a Service Option Response Order message to the MS, specifying the service configuration for the call. Upon receiving the Service Connect message or Service Option Response Order message, the MS starts processing traffic in accordance with the specified service configuration. The MS responds with a Service Connect Complete message. After the radio TCH and the terrestrial circuit are set up and fully interconnected, the BS sends an Assignment Complete message to the MSC and regards that the call enters the conversation state. Failure of any step in the above described procedure causes access failure or slow access.
9.
10.1.2 Basic Knowledge About BTS Voice Service

BTS voice service is the CDMA2000 1X service. This topic defines the terminologies related to BTS voice service faults and also describes the BTS voice service faults.
Terminologies Related to BTS Voice Service Faults

The terminologies related to BTS voice service faults are defined as follows:
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One-way audio: During a conversation between A and B, A can hear B but B cannot hear A. No audio: After a call is set up between A and B, they cannot hear each other. Discontinuity: There are pauses during the conversation, that is, the called party hears a speech with words skipped. Noise: Strange sound occurs in the conversation, such as sound of bubbles, clatters, and knocking of metals. In serious cases, conversations are totally covered by noise. Cross talk: During the conversation, both the called party and a third party can be heard, or only a third party is heard. Echo: During the conversation, not only the called party but also echo of the calling party can be heard. In serious cases, the echo may interrupt the conversation. The echo is classified into the following types:
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Acoustic echo: the echo that occurs when an MS calls another MS The cause of the acoustic echo is that some MSs fail to meet the requirement for acoustic separation specified in protocols. As a result, the sound of the earpiece can be easily sent to the microphone and then be coded and sent to the BTS which sends the sound to the called MS. The acoustic echo is related only to the MSs. It has no relationship with the frequency timeslot of the BTS or the data reloading.
Electrical echo: the echo that occurs when an MS calls a PSTN user The electrical echo is caused by the unmatched impedance of the PSTN hybrid converter. As a result of the unmatched impedance, the signals sent out are coupled into the receiver line and causes the echo.
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When an MS calls another MS or a PTSN user, one party can hear only his/her own voice and the other party hears nothing.
Description of the Voice Service Faults

The faults in voice services are described as follows:
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Noise
Amplitude: For example, the amplitude of the noise is 1/3 of the amplitude of the normal voice. Time: The noise happens when a phone is connected or disconnected, or happens randomly or every X minutes during the conversation. Duration: short, X seconds (after that, voice is recovered), long. Impact on the conversation: The calling party cannot hear the called party, can hear the called party but can hardly tell what is said, or can hear what is said but the conversation quality is unsatisfactory. Symptoms: sound of bubbles, short and crisp clatters, knocking of metals with the amplitude larger than that of normal voice. Occurrence probability: for example, the noise occurs in 5% of all the calls. Type: Only one party cannot be heard, or neither the calling party nor the called party can be heard. Time: continuously happening after the call is connected, happening during a conversation, happening during a conversation and the conversation is resumed after X seconds. Occurrence probability: for example, the noise occurs in 5% of all the calls. Amplitude: For example, the amplitude of the echo is 1/5 of the amplitude of the normal voice. Occurrence probability: The noise occurs in 5% of all the calls. Terminals: the models of the terminals at the calling and called parties who hear the echo. Relation with voice volume: When the echo happens, adjust the voice volume of the peer party to see if the amplitude of the echo heard at the local party changes.
One-way audio, no audio, and discontinuity
Echo
10.1.3 Basic Knowledge About BTS Call Drop

BTS call drop refers to the process in which the communication between the MS and the BTS is interrupted. This topic describes the causes of BTS call drops. The causes of BTS call drops are described as follows:
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Coverage
Discontinuous coverage (blind areas). For example, lone offices or hilly areas where the radio propagation environment is complicated and signals are weak easily cause discontinuous coverage which results in call drops.
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Indoor coverage. For example, some areas are crowded with the buildings, which results in large decay of signal transmission, and thick walls of the buildings also cause heavy loss when signals penetrate the walls. When the indoor level is low, call drops happen. Too small coverage. If the coverage is too small, the equipment is probably faulty. Improper setting of parameters. For example, the handoff threshold is set too small. As a result, when signals in cell B are just a little stronger than the serving cell A, the handoff is initiated. But if signals in cell B weaken after the handoff and there is no proper cell for handoff, call drops happen. Incomplete neighboring cells. Some neighboring cells may be missed to be configured. In that case, when the MS moves out of the coverage of the serving cell and cannot hand off to a cell with better signals, call drops happen. Traffic congestion. Imbalance traffic causes the unavailability of the handoff channel in the destination BTS, which results in the failure of handoff. If the re-establishment fails, the call drops happen. The lost synchronization of the BTS clock causes handoff failure and then call drops happen. When a timer expires, call drops happen.
Handoff
Interference The interference mainly refers to the intra-frequency, side-frequency, and intermodulation interference. If the MS receives strong intra-frequency or side-frequency interfering signals in the serving cell, the bit error rate worsens and conversation in the network is interfered, which results in poor conversation quality and call drops.
Antenna system
If the feeder is connected reversely, call drops, one-way audio, and difficulty in call connection happen in the area a little far away from the BTS. If a directional cell has both the main and the diversity antennas and the two antennas have different pitch angles or azimuths, the coverage of the two antennas is different and call drops happen. Any damage of the feeder, water leakage, breaking, or poor contact of connectors decreases the TX power and the receiver sensitivity, which results in serious call drops. You can locate this type of problem by conducting VSWR tests.
Transmission The poor quality of data transmission over the Abis interface or the A interface causes the instability of the transmission links, which results in call drops.
Setting of radio parameters

The settings of access channel parameters are incorrect. The settings of BTS RF parameters are incorrect.
Other causes For example, the board software version does not match the BAM software version.
10.1.4 Basic Knowledge About BTS Data Service

BTS data services consist of the CDMA2000 1X service and the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO service. This topic describes the common problems of data services and the possible causes.
Common Problems of Data Services

The following are common problems of data services:
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Low service completion rate Poor transport quality Slow transport speed Data service unavailability
Possible Causes
The possible causes of the problems of data services are described as follows:
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Loss of clock synchronization Data services have critical requirements for system clock synchronization. The clocks of the MS, BTS, BSC, and PDSN must be synchronized.
Poor radio environment A poor radio environment may cause large amounts of bit errors during the transmission of data services, which results in the failure of the services. If the test report of the signaling over the Abis interface shows that the downlink or uplink bit error rate exceeds 3.2%, bit errors happen in data services.
Frequent handoffs Handoffs cause loss of frames in data services. Frequent handoffs affect the stability of data services.
Incorrect MS subscription The MS must be correctly defined in the HLR for the bearing of services. Connection problem For most of the data services, mobile phones shall be connected with computers through serial ports or by infrared ray. If the connection breaks, data services fail. Mobile phones of some manufacturers require dedicated drivers for the connection through infrared ray. Otherwise, the broadcast connection rate and the transmission quality of the data services will be affected or the function may even fail to be performed.
Wrong setting of the transmission mode supported by the MS Different MSs support different transmission modes, such as, transparent, non-transparent, synchronous, and asynchronous. Transmission rates of different MSs are different too. Parameters should be set correctly.
10.1.5 Basic Knowledge About BTS Handoff

BTS handoff refers to the process in which the MS performs a handoff between cells or sectors. This topic describes different types of handoff failures and the troubleshooting procedure.
Types of Handoff Failures

According to the symptoms, handoff failures can be categorized as follows:
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Handoff is not initiated. MS incoming handoff fails.

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MS outgoing handoff fails.
According to the causes, handoff failures can be categorized as follows:

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The hardware is faulty. The data configuration is wrong. Congestion occurs during the transmission.
Troubleshooting Procedure
1. Check whether the faults happen in individual cells or all cells. Analyze the characteristics of the cells where the faults happen, for example, whether the cells are all the neighboring cells of a cell, or whether the cells are controlled by the same BSC or MSC.
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If faults happen in the two cells where the handoff is performed, check the data configuration of the two cells and the hardware. If faults happen in all the neighboring cells of a cell, check the data configuration of the cell and the hardware used for the cell. If faults happen in all the cells controlled by the same BSC, check the data configurations between the BSC and the MSC. If faults happen in all the cells controlled by the same MSC, the cause may be the improper cooperation between the local office and the peer office, such as, the incompatibility of signaling and the improper setting of timers. If faults happen in individual cells, check whether data in the cells is modified. If faults happen in all the cells controlled by the same BSC, check whether data of the BSC and the peer MSC is modified. If faults happen in all the cells controlled by the same MSC, check whether data of the peer MSC is modified.
2.
Check whether data is modified before faults occur in the handoff.

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3.
Check whether the handoff problem is caused by hardware failure. If no data in the cells where the faults happen and no data in the neighboring cells is modified recently, check first whether the failure of the BTS hardware causes the faults.
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If faults happen in all the cells controlled by the same BTS, check whether the failure of the hardware that is shared by the cells causes the faults. If faults happen in only one cell controlled by the BTS, the cause may be the failure of the hardware used for the cell, for example, the damage of a carrier causes the failure of the handoff to the faulty carrier. This problem can be confirmed by blocking part of the carriers. If handoff succeeds after a carrier is blocked, check whether the carrier is faulty or the CDU/antenna associated with the carrier is faulty.
Use the tracing on the Abis interface to check whether the signaling in the cell is normal and check the test report to see whether the receive quality in the UL and DL is good. If the test report shows that the receiver quality is poor, the hardware in the cell is faulty or serious interference exists, which interrupts the exchange of signaling and causes handoff problems.
4.
Record useful traffic statistics, such as handoff performance measurement and TCH performance measurement.
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Check whether the TCH occupancy of the cell whether the faults happen is normal, for example, whether call drop rate is increasing.
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Check whether the success rate of connecting or disconnecting cells is normal and check the categorization of the causes of the handoff failure. Check whether the success rate of the wireless handoff is normal.
5.
Perform drive tests for the cells where faults happen and analyze the signaling of the drive tests.
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Check whether the UL level and DL level of the cell where faults happen are balanced. The imbalance probably causes handoff problems. Usually, the imbalance between the UL level and the DL level is caused by the faults of the BTS. Check the test report of the cell where faults happen to see whether the report contains the correct list of neighboring cells. Check whether the MS can hand off from the cell where faults happen to the neighboring cell and whether the MS can hand off from the neighboring cell to the cell where faults happen. Check whether the signaling procedure of the handoff is correct.
10.2 Troubleshooting the BTS Access Failures

BTS access failures include MS registration failure or rejection, network detection failure, and disconnection from the network. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
The symptoms of BTS access failures are described as follows:
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The MS fails to initiate the registration procedure or the MSC rejects the registration. The MS frequently originates location updates or does not initiate the location update when the MS hands off from one network to another. The network access is slow or the call setup fails. The MS fails to detect or access the network, or is frequently disconnected from the network.
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Fault Location
According to the symptoms, check the hardware and data configuration to locate the faults in network access.
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The possible causes of the faults that the MS cannot initiate the registration procedure or that the MSC rejects the registration are:
The cell is not working and the cell configuration in the BTS is inconsistent with that in the BSC. The BTS is faulty or not started, or the cell is not working. The system information is not properly configured. The MS is not correctly defined.
The frequent location updates or the lack of location updates for network handoff is caused by the improper data configuration in the BSC and in the MSC.
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The slow access of the network or the call setup failure is related to the BSC, BTS and the MSC. You can locate the faults by tracking messages over the Abis interface. The possible causes of the faults that the MS cannot detect or access the network, or is frequently disconnected from the network are:

Improper configuration of the BSC system information Large jitter of the BTS output power Unstable installation of antennas Intra-frequency interference with other cells
Table 10-1 describes the possible causes and analysis of access failures. Table 10-1 Possible causes and analysis of the access failures Cause The BTS is not working. The HCPM or HECM is faulty. The OMTR or OMPA is faulty. The antenna system is faulty. External interference source exists. The data configuration is incorrect. Analysis The MSs served by the BTS cannot detect or access the network. The HCPM or HECM boards form a resource pool. If any board in the resource pool is faulty, the MSs served by carriers of the faulty board fail to access the network. If the RF module is faulty, there is no power output. The MS cannot obtain any signal and cannot access the network. If the antenna system is faulty, the BTS cannot properly transmit or receive signals and no service can be performed properly. In this case, though the BTS hardware is functional, adjust the BTS hardware installation, for example, adjust the pitch angles or azimuths. The causes of incorrect data configuration on the BTS side are described as follows:
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The information of the local cell and sectors added through the ADD CBTSCELL command is inconsistent with the related parameters configured on the BSC. The cell radius added through the SET CBTSSECTORPARA command is too small and some of the MSs cannot access the cell. The RF parameters added through the SET CBTSRFPARA command are incorrect.
Fault Handling
Figure 10-2 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the access failures.
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Figure 10-2 Procedure for troubleshooting the access failures
Procedure
Step 1 Check the hardware of the BTS/BSC/MSC. Check whether the faults are caused by a hardware failure in the BTS/BSC/MSC. To rectify the hardware failure in the BSC/MSC, contact engineers of the BSC/MSC for assistance. 1. Check whether the BTS is working. To troubleshoot the BTS startup failures, refer to 4.4 Case: BTS Startup Failures Caused by Signaling IP Configuration Inconsistency. Check whether the HCPM or HECM is faulty. Check the panel of the HCPM or HECM for alarms. Replace the board and check whether the alarms are cleared. Check whether the OMTR or OMPA is faulty. Check the panel of the OMTR or OMPA for alarms. Replace the board and check whether the alarms are cleared. Check whether the RF antenna system is faulty. To troubleshoot the BTS startup failures, refer to 9 Troubleshooting the BTS RF Failures. Check whether external interference source exists. Check whether there are other BTSs nearby, whether there is an intra-frequency interference between cells, and whether there is any strong electromagnetic interference.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Step 2 Check the data configuration of the BTS/BSC/MSC.

Check whether the faults are caused by the improper data configuration of the BTS/BSC/MSC. Log in to the BTS through the Telnet, and then run the DSP CBTSCFG command to check the cell resource configuration and the radio parameters in the BTS.
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The Local Cell ID and the Local Sector ID are planned by the BSC. The associated configuration in the BTS must be consistent with the planned values in the BSC. The configurations can be queried on the BSC side by running the LST CELL command. If the radius of the cell is set too small, the coverage of the cell becomes small too. As a result, the MSs out of the coverage fail to access the network. To modify the maximum radius of the cell, contact the network planning personnel and ask for opinions of customers in advance. The modification of the cell radius cause a reset of the channel board and causes the interruption of the existing services. For the correct setting of the RF parameters, refer to the MML online help. The modification of the RF parameters may cause the interruption of the existing services. Therefore, perform the modification with caution.
----End
Postrequisite
10.3 Clearing BTS Voice Service Failures

BTS voice service failures include MOC failures, MTC failures, one-way audio, no audio, audio discontinuity, noise, crosstalk, and echo. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear BTS voice service failures.
Symptoms
The symptoms of the voice service failures are as follows:
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MOC failures

The cause value of the Assignment Failure message is "no radio resource available." The cause value of the Assignment Failure message is "requested terrestrial resource unavail." The cause value of the Clear Command message is "protocol error between BSC and MSC." The cause value of the Clear Command message is "Authentication Failure." The BSC receives an N_DISCONNECT_IND message and disconnects the MS. The call setup fails. The BSC fails to receive the Paging Request message. The BSC fails to receive the Page Response message. The cause value of the Assignment Failure message is "no radio resource available." One-way audio No audio
MTC failures

Voice quality problems

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Audio discontinuity Noise Cross talk Echo
For details about the symptoms, refer to Basic Knowledge About BTS Voice Service.
Fault Location
The faults in the voice services are located mainly by tracing the messages over interfaces. Before the fault location, start the A1 interface signaling tracing to obtain the procedure for signaling tracing. Check whether the faults happen in the same MSC to decide the scope of the faults. Only the call between two mobile phones that are controlled by the same MSC and are not pre-paid mobile phones can ensure that the signal flow circulates within the MSC. For the faults that happen out of the coverage of one MSC, check the associated equipment and data. If no fault happens in the equipment and data, you can infer that faults happen in the equipment out of the office. Figure 10-3 shows the signal flow of the voice services. Figure 10-3 Signal flow of the voice services
For the faults in the MSC, you need to check whether the faults happen in only one office or in more than one office.
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If faults happen in only one office, make call tests on all the carriers of the office to further determine whether the faults happen only on a specific timeslot, a specific frequency, or happen universally in the office.
If it is the frequency problem, the cause may be the interference, carrier problem, or the problem of a specific timeslot. If it is the problem of the whole office, check the transport path that connects the office to the BSC, including the boards, the cable connection, and the trunk transport equipment of the BTS.
If faults happen in more than one office, check the distribution of the offices based on the data configuration to see whether the offices share the same transport system, the same CBIE, the same CRPS, the same CSWS, or the same MSC.
If the specific transport path is faulty, check the associated transport equipment, cable connection, and optical cables. If a specific CBIE is faulty, check the CBIE and the cable connection between the CBIE and the CNET.
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If a specific CRPS is faulty, check the boards that connect the CRPS to the MSC and the cable connections. If it is the problem of more than one CRPS and the CRPSs correspond to the same CSWS, check all the boards that connect the CSWS to the MSC.
The faults in services are much more complicated than the faults in equipment. Therefore, it is hard to describe the fault handling starting with analyzing the causes. In another way, this manual describes the fault handling starting with introducing the symptoms. Table 10-2 describes the possible causes of MOC failures. Table 10-2 Possible causes of MOC failures Symptom The cause value of the Assignment Failure message is "no radio resource available." The cause value of the Assignment Failure message is "requested terrestrial resource unavail." The cause value of the Clear Command message is "protocol error between BSC and MSC." The cause value of the Clear Command message is "Authentication Failure." Cause The AAL2 link that connects the BTS to the BSC is set improperly. The EVC resource is insufficient or the terrestrial circuit is unavailable. The protocol versions on the two sides of the A interface are inconsistent. The BSC global challenge is disabled or the authentication parameters of the MS/R_UIM and the HLR/AC are incorrect.
Table 10-3 describes the possible causes of MTC failures. Table 10-3 Possible causes of MTC failures Symptom The BSC does not receive the Paging Request message. The BSC does not receive the Page Response message. The cause value of the Assignment Failure message is "no radio resource available." Cause The subscription of the MS is not correctly defined, the BSC Power-up Registration Flag is not enabled, or data configuration is not correct. The data configuration between the BSC and the MSC is incorrect or the HLR subscription is not correctly defined. The BTS is faulty, the access threshold set in the BSC is improper, or the network between the BTS and the BSC is congested.
Table 10-4 describes the symptoms and possible causes of voice quality problems.
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Table 10-4 Symptoms and possible causes of voice quality problems Symptom One-way audio or no audio Cause
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About the MS: The MS is faulty. About the radio environment: The radio environment is poor or interference exists. About the BTS: The BTS hardware is faulty. The number of timeslots or the trunk mode is set wrong. About the Abis interface: The trunk equipment is faulty, the connectors are in poor contact, or the transport bit error rate is high. About the BSC: Boards are faulty, timeslots of the CBIE are set wrong, or the CRPS and the CSWS are connected improperly. About the A interface: Associated hardware is faulty, the DIP switches are set wrong, or the CIC is configured wrong. About the MSC: The associated hardware is faulty, the associated connection is damaged or loose, the connection of the output optical cables is incorrect, or the data configuration is wrong. To determine whether the acoustic echo is caused by the peer MS, adjust the voice volume of the peer MS to check whether the volume of the echo heard at the local MS changes. The electrical echo is caused by the unmatched impedance of the PSTN hybrid converter. As a result of the unmatched impedance, the signals sent out are coupled into the receiver line and causes the echo.
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Echo
Acoustic echo
Electrical echo
Sound loopback
If the sound loopback happens in an intra-office call, usually the cause is the trunk loopback over the A interface. If the sound loopback happens in an inter-office call, usually the cause is the inter-office trunk loopback.
Voice discontinuity
Frequent handoff Interference of radio links Poor BTS transmission
For confirmation, use a test MS to check whether the channel occupied by the voice service changes continuously. For confirmation, use a test MS to perform drive tests and use the network optimization software to analyze and see whether interference of radio links exists. Connectors are in poor contact, the cabinet is not well grounded, the transmission bit error rate is high, or the transport impedances are unmatched. For confirmation, check whether the bit error rate is high.
Faulty carrier boards
For confirmation, use a test MS to check whether the channel occupied by the voice service changes continuously and whether the frequencies and timeslots are fixed for each other when no sound is heard.
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Symptom Noise
Cause The noise is usually caused by bit errors. The bit errors have the following causes:
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The boards, connectors, and cable connections on which the voice signals are transported are faulty. The grounding is wrong. Interference exists. The clock is faulty. The loss of clock synchronization causes slip frames or loss of frames. The DIP switches are set wrong. The incorrect setting of DIP switches for the 75-ohm and the 120-ohm transport modes causes bit errors.
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Cross talk
Cross talk usually happens when voice signals are output from the MSC. If the cross talk is caused by the wrong data configuration (for example, CIC) or wrong cable connections (for example, the connection of the E1 cable for the A interface), usually one-way audio or no audio happens too. For how to handle the fault, refer to the troubleshooting of the one-way audio or the no audio.
Fault Handling
Figure 10-4 shows the procedure for handling voice service failures. Figure 10-4 Procedure for handling voice service failures
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Procedure
Step 1 Determine the scope and type of the fault. Start the signaling tracing over the A1 interface as described in the fault location of the voice services, and determine the scope and the type of the fault after obtaining the signaling over the interface.
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Check whether the faults happen in the offices that share the same transport system, the same CBIE, the same CRPS, the same CSWS, or the same MSC. Check whether the problem is the calling failure, called failure, or poor voice quality.
Step 2 Solve the problem of calling failure. Refer to the associated BSC troubleshooting guide for details. Step 3 Solve the problem of called failure. Refer to the associated BSC troubleshooting guide for details. Step 4 Solve the problem of poor voice quality. Refer to the associated BSC troubleshooting guide for details. ----End
Postrequisite
10.4 Troubleshooting the BTS Data Service Failures

The data service failures of the BTS consist of the MS access failures, low call completion rate, low transmission speed, and poor transmission quality. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
The symptoms of the data service failures are as follows:
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Low service completion rate Poor transport quality Slow transport speed Data service unavailability
Fault Location
The method of locating data service failures is similar to that of locating voice service failures. Before you locate and troubleshoot a data service failure, you must analyze the causes of the data service failure. For details, refer to 10.1.4 Basic Knowledge About BTS Data Service. Initiate the signaling tracking over the A interface, and determine the scope of the fault according to the tracking result. This manual describes the procedure for troubleshooting the fault on the BTS side. For the troubleshooting on the BSC or PDSN side, refer to the associated troubleshooting guides. Table 10-5 describes the possible causes of the data service failures.
Table 10-5 Possible causes of the data service failures Cause The configuration of the MS or the wireless modem is incorrect. Analysis
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About the MS: The port rate of the MS is inconsistent with that of the computer. The port ID is incorrect. The setting of dial-up attributes is incorrect. The transport mode (transparent/non-transparent, synchronous/asynchronous) is improperly set. About the wireless modem: The wireless modem has an indicator to show its operational state. If the wireless modem operates properly, the indicator blinks at 2 Hz. If the wireless modem does not operate properly, the indicator blinks fast. Observe the indicator and check whether the wireless modem operates properly.
The radio environment is poor or interference exists. The BTS is faulty.
The poor radio environment or interference causes bit errors. A high bit error rate causes loss of frames, discontinuity, and illegible characters. During the test, the antenna of the MS must point towards the BTS.
The possible causes of the faults in the BTS are:

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The GPS antenna system is faulty. For details, refer to 7 Troubleshooting the BTS Clock Failures. Transport data configuration is incorrect. For details, refer to 8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures. The RF antenna system is faulty. For details, refer to 9 Troubleshooting the BTS RF Failures. To locate the faults in the BSC, refer to the BSC troubleshooting guide. To locate the faults in the PDSN, refer to the PDSN troubleshooting guide.
The BSC or the PDSN is faulty.
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Fault Handling
Figure 10-5 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the data service failures.
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Figure 10-5 Procedure for troubleshooting the data service failures
Procedure
Step 1 Check the MS or the wireless modem. Check whether the data service failures are caused by the incorrect configuration of the MS or the wireless modem. Step 2 Check the radio environment. Check whether the data service failures are caused by the poor radio environment. The radio environment is poor if any of the following cases exists:
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Interference such as the intra-frequency and side-frequency interference exists. Interfering frequencies of any other BTS within a radius of ten kilometers exist. Intense magnetic fields such as a television station and TV transmission tower exist. In this case, adjust the azimuth or the position of the antenna by referring to Requirements for the Installation Position of the Satellite Antenna. Obstacles that affect the radio environment exist. The MS is located at an area where the signals are weak.
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Step 3 Check the BTS. Check whether the data service failures are caused by faults in the BTS. 1. The GPS antenna system is faulty. For details, refer to 7 Troubleshooting the BTS Clock Failures.
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2. 3.
Transport data configuration is incorrect. For details, refer to 8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures. The RF antenna system is faulty. For details, refer to 9 Troubleshooting the BTS RF Failures.
Step 4 Check the BSC/PDSN.

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To locate the faults in the BSC, refer to the BSC troubleshooting guide. To locate the faults in the PDSN, contact PDSN maintenance engineers.
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Postrequisite
If the data service failures persist, contact Huawei for technical support.
10.5 Troubleshooting the BTS Handoff Failures

MSs cannot initiate a handoff or call drop occurs during a handoff. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
The symptoms of the BTS handoff failures are as follows:
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MSs cannot initiate a handoff. The success rate of handoffs initiated by MSs is low. Call drop occurs during a handoff.
Fault Location
Before you troubleshoot the faults, familiarize yourself with the handoff failure types, troubleshooting method, and handoff procedure. For details, refer to 10.1.5 Basic Knowledge About BTS Handoff. Before you locate the faults, use the common handling method to determine the scope of the faults. Incorrect configuration is the most possible cause of handoff failures. When handoff failures occur, check whether any data is modified. Table 10-6 describes the possible causes and analysis of handoff failures. Table 10-6 Possible causes and analysis of the handoff failures Cause The data configuration is incorrect. Analysis Connecting the MSC or disconnecting the MSC fails. Check the signaling configuration on the two sides of the MSC and check whether any data on the MSC is modified recently.
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Cause
Analysis Handoffs between BSCs of different manufacturers fail. Handoffs in a specific cell fail. Check the signaling configuration on the two sides of the MSC and check whether any data on the BSC is modified recently.
l
If faults occur in the handoff between a cell and the neighboring cells, check the data configuration of the cell. If faults occur in the handoff between a cell and just one neighboring cell, check the data configuration of the neighboring cell.
The hardware is faulty.
Handoffs in cells that are controlled by the same BTS fail. Handoffs in only one cell fail.
Check the BTS hardware that is shared by the cells, for example, the OMTR/OMPA or the ODFU. Check the hardware used for the carrier of the cell. You can locate the fault by blocking certain carriers.
Fault Handling
Figure 10-6 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the handoff failures. Figure 10-6 Procedure for troubleshooting the handoff failures
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Procedure
Step 1 Check the hardware and the data configuration of the BSC/MSC.
l l
To locate the hardware or data configuration failures in the MSC, contact the MSC engineers. To locate the hardware or data configuration failures in the BSC, refer to the BSC troubleshooting guide.
Step 2 Check the hardware and data configuration of the BTS. Check whether the faults are caused by the hardware or data configuration failures in the BTS. 1. 2. 3. 4. Check the ODFU. If the ODFU is faulty, replace it and check whether the alarms are cleared. Check whether the GPS clock system of the BTS is faulty. For details, refer to 7 Troubleshooting the BTS Clock Failures. Check whether the antenna system and the OMTR/OMPA of the BTS are faulty. For details, refer to 9 Troubleshooting the BTS RF Failures. Check the installation position, azimuth, and tilt of the antenna. The planning of the azimuth should not only satisfy the coverage of main targets but also conform to the distribution rules of handoffs. A serious overlap of cells or blind areas in the coverage may affect handoffs. Adjusting the antenna direction, however, does not contribute to a decrease in traffic. The decrease in traffic is dependent on the number of carriers.
----End
Postrequisite
10.6 Case: Failure of Random Access to the Carriers Caused by HCPM Failures
During BTS data configuration, the HCPMs are added into the resource pool. If one or more HCPMs in the resource pool are faulty, a random access failure may occur on the carrier. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
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The trial office consists of one MSC, one BSC, and six BTSs. Among the six BTSs, two BTSs use the S(2/2/2) configuration and four BTSs use the S(1/1/1) configuration. After the network is put into service, calls can be set up successfully in all the sectors. After a period of time, an access failure occurs in one BTS that uses the S(2/2/2) configuration. When the MS fails to access the cell, the MS continuously sends access probes, but the system does not respond. Some MSs frequently hand off from one frequency to another.
l l
Fault Location
The system does not respond, therefore there may be faults in the BTS. The possible causes of the faults are as follows:

l l l
The carrier boards are faulty. The data configuration is incorrect. The HCPM is faulty. If one HCPM in a resource pool is faulty, some MSs may fail to access the cell when the resource is allocated randomly. Therefore, when there is a random access failure, check the HCPM.
Fault Handling
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Check the carriers of the sectors of the BTS. No fault is found. Check the forward channel load and reverse RSSI of the carriers of all sectors. No fault is found. Check the data related with the sectors. No fault is found. Reset the BTS. The MS can access the cell. The access failure happens sometimes. Check the HCPMs. One of the HCPMs is faulty. Replace the faulty HCPM. The access failure is rectified.
10.7 Case: Voice Service Failures Caused by Cell Radius Too Small
Wrong data configuration is the common cause of BTS faults. If the maximum radius of the cell is set to a small value, the coverage of the cell diminishes. As a result, MSs at the cell border fail to access the network. This topic describes how to clear voice service failures caused by a too small cell radius.
Symptoms
The call is automatically cut after the phone rings three or four times.
Fault Location
l l l
The MS is faulty. The data configuration is faulty. The BTS is faulty.
Fault Handling
Perform the following steps to handle this type of fault:
l l l l
Check the alarms on the Service Maintenance System. No alarm is reported. Check the data configuration. No obvious mistake is found. Use another MS for the call. If the problem persists, you can infer that the MS is not faulty. Check the data configuration one by one. MAXCELLR=20 is found in the ADD CBTSCELL command. The call failure is cleared after the setting is modified.
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10.8 Case: Slow Call Access in the Coverage Caused by Antenna System Failures
If the main or diversity antenna feeders in a sector are loose or faulty, the demodulation quality becomes poor in reverse reception and the demodulation takes more time. As a result, the average time of call access in the coverage area becomes long. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear the fault.
Symptoms
When the MS initiates a call in a specific sector, the access takes 9-10 seconds, that is, 4-5 seconds slower than in other cells.
Fault Location
The possible causes of the fault are:
l l
The power control parameters are improperly set. The BTS antenna system is faulty.
Fault Handling
Perform the following steps to handle this type of fault: 1. 2. 3. Use the MS to make call tests and start the tracing over the MS. The test results show that the problem stays in the reverse link from the MS to the BTS. Check the data configuration of the sector and mainly check the consistency between the power control parameters and the access parameters. No obvious mistake is found. Replace the antenna systems for several sectors. Slow access always happens in one of the sectors. Check the antenna system. The connector of the feeder is loose. Tighten the connector and the slow access problem is solved.
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11 Clearing BTS OM Failures
11
About This Chapter
Clearing BTS OM Failures
The BTS OM channels can be divided into the local OM channel and the remote OM channel. When the BTS data uploading or downloading fails, board software loading fails, starting the LMT fails or login fails, or the reverse OM fails, you must clear the failures by following the procedure for clearing BTS OM failures. 11.1 Overview of the BTS OM Channels The BTS OM channels enable you to operate and maintain the BTS. The BTS OM channels are divided into the local OM channel and the remote OM channel. 11.2 Troubleshooting the Remote OM Failures The remote OM failures include failure to ping the BTS by the remote LMT, failure to upload and download data of the BTS, failure to load the board software. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 11.3 Clearing Faults in Local OM Faults in local OM are the failure to start the local LMT, login failure, failure to log in to the BTS through the Telnet, and failure of reverse OM. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults. 11.4 Case: BTS Data Upload Failures Caused by Incorrect FTP Properties The FTP properties setting includes the omu account setting, user properties setting, virtual directory setting, and read/write rights setting. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear the fault. 11.5 Case: BTS Board Software Loading Failure Caused by Incorrect FTP Virtual Directory Setting Incorrect virtual directory setting may cause BTS data uploading failure and board software loading failure. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear the fault. 11.6 Case: Red or Grey Cross Indicating Connection Failures Displayed on the Service Maintenance System When the OML is properly connected, you can view the site information and the front panel information on the Service Maintenance System. When the connection between the Service Maintenance System and the BTS is broken, the site name is marked with a red cross on the Service Maintenance System. When the OMC version of the BAM does not match the software
version of the BTS, the site name is marked with a red cross on the Service Maintenance System. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear the fault.
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11.1 Overview of the BTS OM Channels

The BTS OM channels enable you to operate and maintain the BTS. The BTS OM channels are divided into the local OM channel and the remote OM channel.
OM signal flow
The operation and maintenance of the BTS is accessible either from the remote BAM or from the local maintenance terminal and is implemented by the operation and maintenance unit (OMU) in the CMPT. Figure 11-1 shows the OM signal flow. Figure 11-1 OM signal flow
Remote OM Channel
As shown in Figure 11-1, the remote LMT is connected to the BAM on the BSC side. The BAM transfers the OM signals to the boards in the BTS. The channel formed is called the remote OM channel.
Local OM Channel
As shown in Figure 11-1, the local LMT or the Telnet is connected to the CMPT on the BTS side to transmit the OM signals to the boards in the BTS. The channel formed is called the local OM channel. In addition, if the local LMT or the Telnet is connected to the CMPT, and the OM signals are transferred to the boards in the BTS by the BAM on the BSC side, the channel formed is called the reverse OM channel.
11.2 Troubleshooting the Remote OM Failures

The remote OM failures include failure to ping the BTS by the remote LMT, failure to upload and download data of the BTS, failure to load the board software. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
The symptoms of the remote OM failures are as follows:

l l l l
The BTS cannot be logged into although the Abis link is functional. The BTS cannot upload or load data. The remote service maintenance system does not show the status of the BTS. The software cannot be loaded to boards.
Fault Location
Table 11-1 describes the possible causes of the remote OM failures. Table 11-1 Possible causes of the remote OM failures Cause The BOOTP information is incorrectly configured. Analysis You need to configure the BOOTP information when the base station controller uses Huawei BSC6600 and the transmission link is E1/T1. Run the LST BTSBTPINFO command to check whether the BOOTP information, such as the OM IP address and the VPI/VCI, is correct. After the basic information of the BTS and the BOOTP information is added, you need to choose Start > Run on the BAM server and run the ping***.***.***.*** command to check the setting of the BTS OM link. The ***.***.***.*** represents the IP address of the BTS OM channel. You do not need to configure the BOOTP information when the base station controller uses Huawei BSC6680. The advanced attributes of the FTP is incorrectly configured. The version of the BAM software does not match the version of the board software. The Abis transmission link is faulty. The incorrect configuration of attributes of the FTP may cause faults in loading and uploading data.
If the version of the BAM software does not match the version of the board software, the BAM may fail to identify the board, which results in the failure of software loading.
If the OM failures are caused by the faulty Abis transmission link, the services of the BTS are affected. Therefore, if faults occur only in the OM (not in the services), you can infer that the Abis transmission link is not faulty. For details, refer to 8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures. If the OMU of the CMPT is faulty, the OM fails. You can switch over or replace the CMPT to check whether the CMPT is faulty. The incorrect BSC data configuration usually occurs when:
l l
Faults of the CMPT The OML data is incorrectly configured.
Adding OM links Adding routers
For details on the OM link configuration of the BTS, refer to the BTS configuration guide.
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Fault Handling
Figure 11-2 shows the procedure for troubleshooting the remote OM failures. Figure 11-2 Procedure for troubleshooting the remote OM failures
Procedure
Step 1 If the base station controller uses Huawei BSC6600 and the transmission link is E1/T1, you need to check whether the failures are caused by incorrect configuration of the BOOTP information. Check whether the faults are caused by incorrect configuration of the BOOTP information. 1. 2. Run the Ping command on the BSC side to connect the BTS. If the BTS cannot be pinged, the BOOTP setting may be incorrect. Run the LST BTSBTPINFO command to check whether the BOOTP information is incorrectly configured. Check the following parameters:
l l
BTS ID IP address of the BTS OM

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l
Slot number, subslot number, and optical port number of the CLPC corresponding to the active/standby CMUX that connects to the OML or the subrack number of the CIPS that connects the BSC to the BTS IP address of the BTS gateway VCI/VPI
l l
3.
If the BOOTP information is incorrectly configured, run the MOD BTSBTPINFO command to modify the parameters.
Step 2 Check the FTP parameters. Check whether the faults are caused by incorrect FTP configuration. If the BTS cannot upload or load data, username, password, the configuration of the FTP may be incorrect.
l
On the BAM server, check whether the omu account exists and whether the password of the omu user is correct. The Username and Password are both omu in the lower case. In the account properties, "Users cannot change the password" and "The password is permanently valid" are selected. On the BAM server, check whether the FTP service is started from the Internet service manager and whether the authority is correct. Ensure that the virtual directory is correctly configured and started. The virtual directory must be the same as the root directory of the loading directory. For example, if the loading directory is D:/btsload, the virtual directory should be D:.
Step 3 Check the consistency between the software versions of the BAM and the boards. Check whether the faults are caused by version mismatch between the BAM and the boards. When the software versions of the BAM and the boards do not match, the BTS fails to identify the board numbers while running the software. The following faults may occur:
l l
Activation fails when the software of the FPGA or the CPU is upgraded. After the upgrade, all BTS boards displayed on the remote service maintenance system are marked with a grey cross.
Check the software versions of the BAM and the boards and use consistent versions for the upgrade. Step 4 Check the Abis transmission link. Check whether the faults are caused by the faulty Abis transmission link. If the BTS cannot be pinged from the BSC although the BOOTP information is correct, the Abis transmission link may be faulty. For details, refer to 8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures. Step 5 Check the CMPT. Check whether the faults are caused by the faulty CMPT. The core module of the OM channel, that is, the OMU, is integrated on the CMPT. If the CMPT is faulty, the OM channel is disconnected. If the BOOTP is set correctly and the Abis transmission link is functional, the faulty CMPT may cause the faults in OM. You can switch over or replace the CMPT to check whether the CMPT is faulty. Step 6 Check the BTS/BSC data configuration.
Check whether the faults are caused by incorrect BTS/BSC data configuration. 1. 2. Check the settings of the BTS model. The BTS types set in the ADD BTS: BTSTP=BTS Type and SET CBTSINFO: BTSCLASS=BTS Type commands should be identical. Check the route information on the BAM. If the BAM can log in to the BTS through the LMT or the BTS can load data from the BAM, but the BAM cannot log in to the BTS through the Telnet, the route information configured for the BAM may be incorrect. The reason is that when the BAM logs in to the BTS through the Telnet, the signal flow is transferred to the BTS in IP packets. Check the configuration of the Abis transmission. For details, refer to 8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures.
3.
----End
Postrequisite
11.3 Clearing Faults in Local OM

Faults in local OM are the failure to start the local LMT, login failure, failure to log in to the BTS through the Telnet, and failure of reverse OM. This describes the symptoms of the faults and the procedure for troubleshooting the faults.
Symptoms
The symptoms of the BTS handoff failures are as follows:
l l l
No interface is displayed on the local LMT. The local LMT or the Telnet cannot log in to the BTS. The reverse maintenance fails.
Fault Location
Faults hardly happen in local OM. Table 11-2 describes the possible causes of the faults in local OM. Table 11-2 Possible causes of the faults in local OM Symptom No interface is displayed on the local LMT. The local LMT cannot log in to the BTS. The reverse OM fails. Cause The BTS model set by running the ADD BTS command is inconsistent with the BTS model set by running the SET CBTSINFO command. The IP address for the local OM is modified on the Telnet. The channel for the reverse OM is set wrong.
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Fault Handling
Figure 11-3 shows the procedure for handling the faults in local OM. Figure 11-3 Procedure for handling the faults in local OM
Procedure
Step 1 Check the setting of the BTS model. Run the DSP CBTSCFG command and the LST BTS command to check whether the BTS models are consistent. If the BTS models are inconsistent, modify the setting. Step 2 Check the IP address for the local OM. You can log in to the BTS through the Telnet and modify the IP address for the local OM. If the IP address is modified, other maintenance engineers may fail to log in to the BTS by using the default OM IP address 172.16.16.16. If there is no special requirement, do not modify the OM IP address.
Step 3 Check the setting of the reverse OM. The correct configuration of the channel for reverse OM is described as follows. 1. 2. Log in to the BAM server on the remote LMT and run the STR CBTSRVSMNT command to enable the reverse maintenance function. On the BAM server, choose Authority Management > Add a WS to add a workstation for the BTS and set the command authority, as shown in Figure 11-4. When adding a WS, you must set the IP Address to the OM IP address of the BTS instead of the real IP address of the workstation. Figure 11-4 Adding WSs
3.
At the WS on the BCKM side, use the local Telnet or the local LMT to log in to the BAM server. The Office IP Address that you set when logging in to the BAM must be the IP address of the BCKM Ethernet port instead of the real IP address of the BAM.
----End
Postrequisite
11.4 Case: BTS Data Upload Failures Caused by Incorrect FTP Properties
The FTP properties setting includes the omu account setting, user properties setting, virtual directory setting, and read/write rights setting. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear the fault.
Symptoms
On the Service Maintenance System, run the ULD CBTSSW command to upload BTS data to the BAM. The system displays The uploading command is executed. or The FTP initialization failed. or The BTS data uploading failed.
Fault Location
If the system prompts The FTP initialization failed., you can infer that the login through the FTP fails authentication. The data is uploaded through the FTP. During the upload, the BAM works as the server and the BTS works as the client. The User Name and Password are omu. The possible causes of the failure in the login through the FTP are:
l l
The omu account is not registered or is set wrong. In the properties of the omu account, "Users cannot change the password" and "The password is permanently valid" are not selected. No virtual directory is set for the FTP directory. The FTP directory cannot be written into.
l l
Fault Handling
Perform the following steps to handle this type of fault: 1. Enter the domain user manager to find that the omu account exists. Select "Users cannot change the password" and "The password is permanently invalid." Note that the User Name and the Password are omu in lower case. The registration information of the omu account is correct. Enter the internet service manager to find that the FTP service is enabled. Enter the Directory to find that Read only and Read and Write are selected, but no virtual directory is set. Select and set the virtual directory, and then click OK to save the setting. Run the ULD CBTSSW command to upload data.
2. 3. 4. 5.
11.5 Case: BTS Board Software Loading Failure Caused by Incorrect FTP Virtual Directory Setting
Incorrect virtual directory setting may cause BTS data uploading failure and board software loading failure. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear the fault.
Symptoms
On the Service Maintenance System, run the DLD CBTSALLSW command to upload board software, but the upload fails. Run the SAV CBTSCFG command to save the BTS data configuration, but the scripts fail to be uploaded to the BAM.
Fault Location
The failures of board software loading and script uploading may be caused by the wrong setting of the BTS FTP. Check whether:
l
The FTP service is enabled.

11-10

l l l
The FTP authority is set correctly. The FTP account is set correctly. The FTP configuration is correct.
Fault Handling
Perform the following steps to handle this type of fault: 1. 2. Check the FTP service of the BAM. The FTP service is enabled. Stop the FTP service and then restart the FTP service. The faults persist. Check the FTP configuration and find that the FTP virtual directory is set to btsload when the FTP virtual directory is created, but the loading directory is D:/. Change the virtual directory to D:. The faults are cleared.
11.6 Case: Red or Grey Cross Indicating Connection Failures Displayed on the Service Maintenance System
When the OML is properly connected, you can view the site information and the front panel information on the Service Maintenance System. When the connection between the Service Maintenance System and the BTS is broken, the site name is marked with a red cross on the Service Maintenance System. When the OMC version of the BAM does not match the software version of the BTS, the site name is marked with a red cross on the Service Maintenance System. This topic describes the fault symptoms and how to clear the fault.
Symptoms
The connection between the BTS and the Service Maintenance System is marked with a red or grey cross.
Fault Location
If the connection between the BTS and the Service Maintenance System is marked with a red cross, the BTS is configured with links, but links are broken. The possible causes are as follows:
l l
The physical transmission link over the Abis interface is unavailable. The VPI or the VCI in the BOOTP information is inconsistent with the parameter of the OML link. The number of the optical port indicated in the BOOTP information is inconsistent with the real one. The IP address set through the ADD BTS command on the BTS side is inconsistent with the IP address set through the ADD BTSBSCINF command on the BSC side. The router connecting to the BTS is not added in the BAM.
If the connection between the BTS and the Service Maintenance System is marked with a grey cross, you can infer that the OMC version of the BAM does not match the software version of the BTS.
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Fault Handling
If the connection between the BTS and the Service Maintenance System is marked with a red cross, perform the following steps to clear the fault: 1. 2. 3. Run the DSP E1T1STAT command to check whether the E1 link is available. Check whether the Abis link is faulty. For details, refer to Clearing BTS Transmission Failures. Run the LST BTSBTPINFO command to check whether the BOOTP information added through the ADD BTSBTPINFO command is consistent with the OM link information added through the ADD BTSOMLNK command. Run the LST BTS command and the LST BTSBSCINF command to check whether the configured IP address is correct. Check whether the correct router which connects the BTS is added in the BAM.
4. 5.
If the connection between the BTS and the Service Maintenance System is marked with a grey cross, the OMC version of the BAM does not match the software version of the BTS. Therefore, upgrade the software version of the BTS.
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12 List of BTS Troubleshooting Tools
12
Type Univer sal tool
List of BTS Troubleshooting Tools
This topic describes the tools that you may use during BTS troubleshooting. Table 12-1 Troubleshooting tools Tool LMT Function If the M2000 detects any fault in a BTS, you can use the LMT to log in to this BTS and to locate, analyze and clear the fault. Instructions See the online help of the Service Maintenance System. See the M2000 help. See the manuals of the tool or instrument.
M2000 client
The M2000 client provides centralized management for the performance, configuration, and faults of NEs. The power test equipment is used to measure and analyze the BTS output power. The output power determines the effect of forward coverage. The spectrum analyzer is used for trace spectrum information. The bit error tester is used for measuring the E1/ T1 transmission bit error rate so that faults in the transmission link are easy to locate. The SiteMaster is used to check the standing wave ratio/return loss and locates the fault in the antenna. The multimeter is used to test the AC power equipment, DC power equipment, and cabinet grounding.
Instru ment
Power meter
Spectrum analyzer Error bit tester
SiteMaster
Multimeter
Issue 03 (2009-09-09)
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5 Troubleshooting BTS Power Supply Failures......................................................................5-1

6 Troubleshooting the BTS Environment Monitoring Failures...........................................6-1

7 Troubleshooting the BTS Clock Failures..............................................................................7-1

8 Troubleshooting the BTS Transmission Failures................................................................8-1

9 Troubleshooting the BTS RF Failures....................................................................................9-1

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10 Clearing BTS Service Failures.............................................................................................10-1

11 Clearing BTS OM Failures...................................................................................................11-1

12 List of BTS Troubleshooting Tools....................................................................................12-1

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Site maintainers Field engineers System engineers Network shifts

Upgrade the BBU3606 to the BBU3900.

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