Fuzzy

Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Articial Neural Networks
Evolutionary Systems
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Introduction to Fuzzy Logic

Adriano Cruz adriano@nce.ufrj.br . Computers are useless they can only give you answers. Picasso
October 6, 2011
Adriano Cruz adriano@nce.ufrj.br . Computers are useless they can only give Fuzzy Logic Picasso Introduction to you answers.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction Fuzzy Logic Articial Neural Networks Evolutionary Systems Swarm Intelligence Hybrid Systems History
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Section Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Bibliography
Adriano Joaquim de Oliveira Cruz. Fuzzy logic presentations. http://equipe.nce.ufrj.br/adriano/fuzzy/ln.htm. Jyh-Shing Roger Jang, Chuen-Tsai Sun, and Eiji Mizutani. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: A Computational Approach to Learning and Intelligence. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1997. Bart Kosko. Fuzzy Thinking: The New Science of Fuzzy Logic. Harper and Collins, USA, 1994. Hung T. Nguyen and Elbert A. Walker. A First Course in Fuzzy Logic. Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York, USA, 2000.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Bibliography
Lefteri H. Tsoukalas and Robert E. Uhrig. Fuzzy and Neural Approaches in Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, inc, 1997. Constantin von Altrock. Fuzzy Logic and Neuro Fuzzy Applications Explained. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1995. John Yen and Reza Langari. Fuzzy Logic: Intelligence, Control and Information. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1999.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Articial Intelligence Denitions
AI is the activity of providing such machines as computers with the ability to display behaviours that would be regarded as intelligent if it were observed in human. (R. McLeod)? AI is the study of agents that exist in an environment, perceive and act. (S. Russel and P. Norvig)?
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
AI
AI emphasizes symbolic processing Acts on higher levels of intelligence AI seeks to understand
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Computational Intelligence
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Acts on lower levels of Intelligence Uses learning extensively Pattern recognition and heuristics play important roles
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Computational Intelligence Tools
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Fuzzy Logic Articial Neural Networks Evolutionary Systems Swarm Intelligence Hybrid Systems
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Section Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Fuzzy Logic?
Logic that deals mathematically with imprecise information usually employed by humans. Multi-valued logic that extends Boolean logic usually employed in computer science.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Fuzzy Logic examples of applications
Used to alleviate diculties in developing and analysing complex control systems. Function approximator Decision systems
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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Fuzzy Logic questions
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Who is greater than 1.80 m? Who is tall? Who weighs more than 100 kg? Who is heavy? The driver was heavy and tall.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Section Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
ANN denitions
Computational models that try to emulate the structure of the human brain wishing to reproduce at least some of its exibility and power. ANNs consist of many simple computing elements ? usually simple non-linear summing operations ? highly connected by links of varying strength.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
ANN
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ANNs are able to learn from examples. Function approximators. Solutions not always correct. ANNs are able to generalize the acquired knowledge.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
ANN models
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
ANN Model
Inputs
Input Layer
Hidden Layer
Output Layer
Output
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Training
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Weight values change during the training process. Values are presented at the inputs and outputs are compared to the desired values. Wrong outputs cause weights to change in order to reduce the error. Process is repeated with dierent inputs till the ANN is able to give the correct answers. Hopefully the ANN will be able to give the correct answer even to inputs that were not trained.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Section Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
ES are global search and optimization algorithms modelled from natural genetic principles such as natural selection. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are a type of Evolutionary Systems. They are stochastic searching methods. Good solutions will survive and be combined by the natural selection process. At the end the most t will survive.
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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
The Metaphor
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The metaphor that lays behind GAs is the natural selection. The problem of each species in the nature is seek for the best adaptations in order to survive in a hostile environment that is in constant modication.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Adaptation
The sets of characteristics of an individual, that distinguishes from everybody else, denes its survival capacity. These characteristics are determined by its genetic material.
Inputs Input Layer Hidden Layer Output Layer Output
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Mechanisms
The competition for scarce resources makes the adapted survive and reproduce. Through reproduction the genes from individuals are transmitted to their descendants. This continuous process of selection and reproduction of the best individuals may conduct to more adapted individuals.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
GA ux
Begin
Initial Population Mutation
Current Generation
Evaluates
Select Parents
Generate Offsprings
Next Generation
Crossing
Ok? yes
End
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Section Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Swarm Intelligence
Swarm Intelligence (SI) is the property of a system whereby the collective behaviours of (unsophisticated) agents interacting locally with their environment cause coherent functional global patterns to emerge. SI provides a basis with which it is possible to explore collective (or distributed) problem solving without centralized control or the provision of a global model.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Characteristics of Swarm Intelligence
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Distributed, no central control or data source. No (explicit) model of the environment. Perception of environment, i.e. sensing. Ability to change environment.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Motivations
Robust nature of animal problem-solving

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simple creatures exhibit complex behaviour; behaviour modied by dynamic environment. bacteria ants bees ...
Emergent behaviour observed in:

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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Ant Colonies
Ants are behaviourally unsophisticated; collectively perform complex tasks. Ants have highly developed sophisticated sign-based stigmergy
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communicate using pheromones; trails are laid that can be followed by other ants.
Stigmergy is a method of indirect communication in a self-organising emergent system where its individual parts communicate with one another by modifying their local environment.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Section Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Hybrid Systems
Each intelligent technique has its particular strengths and weakness and cannot be applied to universally to every problem. Mixing together these techniques systems improve the quality of the solutions and allows application to dierent tasks.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Computational Intelligence Calendar
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Section Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Aristotle
Macedonian philosopher who lived between 384 e 322 AC Studied under Plato in the Academy Creator of formal logic His father Nichomachus was court physician to King Amyntas Associates the spirit of observation and a classication instinct He was considered during the middle ages the philosopher He shaped much of the western mind.
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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Aristotle x Budha
Everything must either be or not be, whether in the present or in the future. Aristotle I have not explained that the world is eternal or not eternal. I have not explained that the world is nite or innite. The Buddha
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Fuzzy Logic? Why?
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Every language is vague. All traditional logic habitually assumes that precise symbols are being employed. It is therefore not applicable to this terrestrial life, but only to an imagined celestial one. Everything is vague to a degree you do not realize till you have tried to make it precise. Bertrand Russel
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Fuzzy Logic? Why?
As far as the laws of Mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. Albert Einstein
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
How to classify?
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Happy people Small rooms High temperatures Faster cars High tax rates High people
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
To be or not to be?
Bertrand Russel, while trying to formalize Mathematic had diculties due to the liar?s paradox. I am lying.
If Eubulides statement was true, then he is lying when he says I am lying and so he isnt, i.e. his statement is false. If his statement is false, then he isnt lying when he tells us he is, and so his statement is true.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
To be or not to be?
Consider the set of all sets that are not members of its own set. Is it a member of this set? If it is a member then it is not, but if it is not then it is.
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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Detractors
Fuzzy theory is wrong, wrong, and pernicious. What we need is more logical thinking, not less. The danger of fuzzy logic is that it will encourage the sort of imprecise thinking that has brought us so much trouble. Fuzzy logic is the cocaine of the science. Prof. William Kaham - U. Cal - Berkeley Fuzzication is a kind of scientic permissiveness. It tends to result in socially appealing slogans unaccompanied by the discipline of hard scientic work and patient observation. Prof. Rudolf Kalam - U. Florida - Gainesville
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
The Beginning
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Lotfy Zadeh. Fuzzy Sets, Information and Control, 1965 Principle of Incompatibility As the complexity of a system increases, our ability to make precise yet signicant descriptions about its behaviour diminishes until a threshold is reached beyond which precision and signicance (or relevance) become almost mutually exclusive characteristics. Lofty Zadeh
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Fuzzy Thinking
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Function Approximator
Inputs Fuzzy System outputs=f(inputs)
Outputs
f is unknown
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Fuzzy Rules
If the interest rate is high and the decit is high then there will be a recession. If rush hour then diminish the interval between buses. If the tyre skids then loose the brake a bit. If the soil is very dry then water it for very long time.
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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Fuzzy System
Rules
Sets
Operations
Data Management
Fuzzyfier
Inference Engine
Defuzzyfier
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Advantages
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Uses rules that express imprecision of the real world. Easy to understand, test and maintain. Easy to be prototyped. Robust. They operate even when there is lack of rules or wrong rules. Need less rules. Parallel evaluation of rules. Accumulate evidences in favour and against.
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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Disadvantages
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Need more tests and simulation. Do not learn easily. Dicult to establish correct rules. Lack of precise mathematical model.
Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Commercial Products
Sendai subway: 16 stations and 13,5 km route, designed by Hitachi. Washing machines that measure weight, saturation time and water clarity in order to program cycles. Portable camcorders with automatic focus and anti-jitter. Vacuum cleaners that measure air dust to set suction power. Microwave ovens that measure temperature, humidity, weight of food to set time and power.
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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Commercial Products
Sugeno designed a voice controlled system to operate an unmanned helicopter Anti-Lock Braking Systems: Nissan, Mitsubishi. Honda, Mazda, Hyunday, BMW, Bosch and Peugeot Suspension, transmission and fuel injector systems are usual. Hitachi uses approximately 150 rules to trade in Japanese bonds and futures Yamaichi Securities uses hundreds of rules to manage a stock fund Anaesthesia Control and Fuzzy Data Analysis for Cardio-Anaesthesia
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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
Commercial Products
Air conditioning, Mitsubish, Hitachi, Sharp. Avoids temperature oscillations and saves energy. Electronic fuel injection, Nissan. Injection based on throttle, O2 rate, RPM etc. Steel, Nippon Steel. Mix inputs and controls time and temperature. Golf. Maruman Golf Club. Chooses golf clubs. Lifts, Fujitec. Improves response time based on trac.
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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
History
The End

Fuzzy

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Introduction

Articial Neural Networks

Introduction to Fuzzy Logic

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Intelligence Denitions

Articial Neural Networks

AI emphasizes symbolic processing Acts on higher levels of intelligence AI seeks to understand

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Computational Intelligence Tools

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Fuzzy Logic examples of applications

Articial Neural Networks

Fuzzy Logic questions

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Initial Population Mutation

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Characteristics of Swarm Intelligence

Articial Neural Networks

Robust nature of animal problem-solving

Emergent behaviour observed in:

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Computational Intelligence Calendar

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Fuzzy Logic? Why?

Articial Neural Networks

Fuzzy Logic? Why?

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Inputs Fuzzy System outputs=f(inputs)

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks

Articial Neural Networks