Active Solar system that uses solar collection to capture energy from the sun and store it as heat

t for space heating and water heating. Liquid or air pumped through the collectors transfers the captured heat to a storage system such as an insulated water tank or rock bed. Pumps or fans then distribute the stored heat or hot water throughout a dwelling as needed. Age Structure diagrams demonstrate the percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population. Amory Lovins energy analyst who, in 1984, built a large, solar-heated, solar powered, super insulated, partially earth-sheltered home and office in Snowmass, Colorado. The home has no conventional heating because of passive solar energy, heavy roof insulation, thick stone walls, energy-efficient windows, and waste heat recovery system 99% of its water heating, 95% of its daytime lighting, 90% of household electricity from the sun The structure consumes a little more energy than a single 100-watt light bulb. Biomass Energy plant materials and animal wastes can be burned to provide heat or electricity or converted into gaseous or liquid biofuels Pros: Large potential supply Moderate costs No net carbon increase is harvested and burned sustainably Plantation can be on semiarid land, not needed for crops Plantation can help restore degraded lands Can use agricultural, timber, and urban wastes Cons: Nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably Moderate to high environmental impact Carbon dioxide emissions if burned unsustainably Soil erosion, water pollution, loss of wildlife habitat Plantations could compete with cropland Often burned in inefficient and polluting open fires and stoves Biotic Potential the amount a population would grow if there were unlimited resources in the environment Carbon Cycle cyclic movement of carbon in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment

Carrying Capacity maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) organic compounds made up of atoms of carbon, fluorine, and chlorine. Gaseous CFCs can deplete the ozone layer when they slowly rise into the stratosphere and their chlorine atoms react with ozone molecules. Climate Change observations have shown that there has been a slow, but steady rise in the Earths average temperature scientists have documented a decrease in size of glaciers and ice sheets, a slight rise in the average ocean level, and more severe rain storms and tornados Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) created to document these changes Carbon dioxide 280ppm 380ppm; methane 715ppm 1774ppm; nitrous oxide 270ppm- 319 ppm since med 20th century Coal Energy Pros: High net energy yield Low cost with huge subsidies Well developed mining and combustion technology Most abundant fossil fuel Cons: Severe land disturbance, air pollution, and water pollution High land use Severe threat to human health High carbon dioxide emissions and sulfur when burned Releases radioactive particles and toxic mercury into the air Coal formation/types Lignite (brown coal) low heat content; low sulfur content; limited in supplies Bituminous(soft coal) extensively used as fuel because of its high heat content ad large supplies Anthracite the purest coal; highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content Crude Birth Rate annual number of live births per 1000 people in the

population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year Crude Death Rate- Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year. Crude oil refining- Gooey liquid consisting mostly of hydrocarbon compounds and small amounts of compounds containing oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Extracted from underground accumulations, it is sent to toil refineries, where it is converted to heating oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, tar, and other materials. DDT- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been widely used as an insecticide but is now banned in some countries. Demographic transition- Hypothesis that countries, as they become more industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates. Density Dependent limiting factors- Factors that limit growth in a population that are dependent on the density of the population such as disease, predation, food supply. Depletion curve- The curve goes up , it crashes down at a rapid rate. Doubling time- the time it takes for a population growing exponentially to double. Calculated by dividing annual percentage growth into 70. Earths Atmosphere- layer of gases surrounding earth, held by gravity. In order: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere. Easter Island- island in Polynesia. Busenkell told us that story about how the natives deforested the island resulting in landslides, which poisoned the coral reefs, which poisoned fish, then starvation. Energy efficiency- Percentage of the total energy input that does useful work and is not converted to low quality, useless heat. Environmental resistance- All limiting factors that work to limit the growth of a population. Exponential Growth: growth in which some quantity, such as population size or economic output, increases at a constant rate per unit of time. When the increase in quantity over time is plotted, this type of growth yields a J shaped curve. fertility rate: number of births that occur to an individual woman First Law of Thermodynamic: in any physical or chemical change, no detectable amount of energy is created nor destroyed, but energy can be changed from one form to another; you cannot get more energy out of something than you put in; This law does not apply to nuclear changes, in

which energy can be produced from small amount of matter GDP(Gross domestic product): annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations, foreign and domestic, operating within a country Global warming: warming of the earth's atmosphere because of increases in the concentrations of one or more greenhouse gases primarily as a result of human activities GNP(gross national product):is the value of all the goods and services produced in an economy, plus the value of the goods and services imported, less the goods and services exported. Greenhouse effect: natural effect that releases heat in the atmosphere near the earth's surface. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, and other gases in the lower atmosphere absorb some of the infrared radiation radiated by the earth's surface. Their molecules vibrate and transform the absorbed energy into longer-wavelength infrared radiation in the troposphere. If the atmosphere concentrations of these greenhouse gases increase and other natural processes do not remove them, the average temperature of the lower atmosphere will increase gradually Greenhouse gasses: gases in the earth's lower atmosphere that cause the greenhouse effect (CO2, methane, james le's farts) growth rate: (birth rate+immigrations)-(death rate+emigrations) human population dynamics: The study of factors that influence the size, form, and fluctuations of humans. Studies living conditions, urbanization, demographics hydroelectric pros and cons: pros--moderate to high net energy, high efficiency, large untapped potential, low cost electricity, long life span, no CO2 emissions, may provide control below dam, provides water for irrigation, fishing;;;cons--high construction costs,high CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow reservoirs, floods areas behind damn, converts land habitat to lake habitat, danger of collapses, uproots people, decreases fishing below dam. Hydrologic cycle: biogeochemical cycle that collects, purifies, and distributes the earth's fixed supply of water from the environment to living organisms and then back to the environment

 Life Cycle Costs- Initial cost plus lifetime operating costs of an economic good Limiting factor- Single factor that limits the growth, abundance, or distribution of the population of a species in an ecosystem. See limiting factor principle. logistic growth-Pattern in which exponential population growth occurs when the population is small, and population growth decreases steadily with time as the population approaches the carrying capacity. See Sshaped curve. Natty Gas Pros and cons- 97% domestic source, 100 year supply, only 30% is being used. Cons- you can die if it blows up/ breathing it Natural Capital- a thing people can use which comes from Nature: people do not make it themselves. Examples of natural resources are air, water, wood, oil, solar energy, wind energy, hydro-electric energy, coal water, minerals. Negative feedback loop- Situation in which a change in a certain direction provides information that causes a system to change less in that direction. Compare positive feedback loop. Net Energy- Total amount of useful energy available from an energy resource or energy system over its lifetime, minus the amount of energy used (the first energy law), automatically wasted (the second energy law), and unnecessarily wasted in finding, processing, concentrating, and transporting it to users. Net Primary Productivity- Rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy; equal to the difference between the rate at which the plants in an ecosystem produce useful chemical energy (gross primary productivity) and the rate at which they use some of that energy through cellular respiration. Compare gross primary productivity. Nitrogen Cycle- Cyclic movement of nitrogen in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment. Renewable energy types- Hydroelectric, solar, geothermal, wind, biomass, hydrogen Second Law of Thermodynamics- stating that the entropy of an isolated system which is not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium Solar Power pros/cons- Pros: Renewable, free, it will always be here within our lifespan, no pollution Cons: The amount of sunlight that arrives at the Earths surface is not constant. It depends on location, time of day, time of year, and weather

condition. Subsurface mining pros/cons- Pros: Provides access to mineral deposits far below the surface. Cons: Miners pile discarded rock called tailings, which contatin hazardous substances such as lead and mercury. Water picks up these toxic substances and contaminates nearby resources. Survivorship curve- A survivorship curve is a graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surviving at each age for a given species or group (e.g. males/females). Survivorship curves can be constructed for a given cohort (a group of individuals of roughly the same age) based on a life table. There are three generalized types of survivorship curve, which are simply referred to as Type I, Type II and Type III curves. Type I survivorship curves are characterized by high survival in early and middle life, followed a rapid decline in survivorship in later life. Humans are one species that show this pattern of survivorship. Type II curves are an intermediate between Type I and III, where roughly constant mortality rate is experienced regardless of age. Some birds follow this pattern of survival. In Type III curves, the greatest mortality is experienced early on in life, with relatively low rates of death for those surviving this bottleneck. This type of curve is characteristic of species that produce a large number of offspring (see r/K selection theory). Sustainable yield- the ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, i.e. the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same or increasing level over time Three mile island- 1979- Partial core meltdown, release of toxic gases and wastes, most disastrous nuclear accident in US Trophic levels- position in a food chain, the sequence of consumption and energy transfer through the environment. Primary producer, Primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, decomposer/detrivores Uranium types- Uranium naturally occurs as two isotopes: 99.3% 238U and 0.7%235U, of which only 235U will burn in a nuclear reactor. Although it is difficult to separate the two isotopes, nuclear reactors can use enriched uranium rather than pure 235U.

Wind power pros/cons: Pros: No fuel, no pollution, little land use, US is leader in wind power, cost is paid back by the clean energy within nine months Cons: It depends on location and weather condition, not reliable, not useful for obtaining large amounts of energy quickly