Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no.

ekvivalent14 February 17, 2012

c ESO 2012

Evidence for enhanced chromospheric Ca II H & K emission in stars with close-in extrasolar planets
T. Krej ov 1 and J. Budaj2 c a
1 2

Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Masaryk University, Kotl sk 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic ar a e-mail: terak@physics.muni.cz Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 05960 Tatransk Lomnica, Slovak Republic a e-mail: budaj@ta3.sk

arXiv:1202.3623v1 [astro-ph.EP] 16 Feb 2012

Received September 15, 1996; accepted March 16, 1997

ABSTRACT

Context. The planet-star interaction is manifested in many ways. It was found out that a close-in exoplanet causes small but measurable variability in the cores of a few lines in the spectra of several stars which corresponds to the orbital period of the exoplanet. Stars with and without exoplanets may have dierent properties. Aims. The main goal of our study is to search for inuence which exoplanets might have on atmospheres of their host stars. Unlike the previous studies, we do not study changes in the spectrum of a host star or dierences between stars with and without exoplanets. We aim to study a large number of stars with exoplanets, current level of their chromospheric activity and look for a possible correlation with the exoplanetary properties. Methods. To analyse the chromospheric activity of stars we exploit our own and publicly available archival spectra , measure the equivalent widths of the cores of Ca II H and K lines and use them as a tracer of their activity. Subsequently, we search for their dependence on the orbital parameters and mass of the exoplanet. Results. We found a statistically signicant evidence that the equivalent width of the Ca II K line emission and log R activity HK parameter of the host star varies with the semi-major axis and mass of the exoplanet. Stars with T e 5500 K having exoplanets with semi-major axis a 0.15 AU (Porb 20 days) have a broad range of Ca II K emissions and much stronger emission in general than stars at similar temperatures but with higher values of semi-major axes. Ca II K emission of cold stars (T e 5500 K) with close-in exoplanets (a 0.15 AU) is also more pronounced for more massive exoplanets. Conclusions. The overall level of the chromospheric activity of stars may be aected by their close-in exoplanets. Stars with massive close-in exoplanets may be more active.
Key words. Planets and satellites: general Planets and satellites: magnetic elds Planet-star interactions Stars: chromospheres Stars: magnetic eld (Stars): planetary systems

1. Introduction
There is a wide variety of interactions which may occur between a close-in planet and its host star: evaporation of the planet (Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003; Hubbard et al. 2007), precession of the periastron due to the general relativity, tides or other planets (Jord n & Bakos 2008), synchronization and circularization a of the planets rotation and orbit, strong irradiation of the planet and its eect on the planet radius (Guillot & Showman 2002; Burrows et al. 2007), atmosphere or stratosphere (Hubeny et al. 2003; Burrows et al. 2008; Fortney et al. 2008). However, not only the planet suers from this interaction. Hot Jupiters also rise strong tides on their parent stars and some of the stars can become synchronized as well. Dissipation of the tides can lead to an extra heating of the stellar atmosphere. Magnetic eld of the exoplanet may interact with the stellar magnetic structures in a very complicated manner which is not very well understood and is a subject of recent studies (Cuntz et al. 2000; Rubenstein & Schaefer 2000; Ip et al. 2004; Lanza 2008). Such
2.2 m ESO/MPG telescope, Program 085.C-0743(A) This research has made use of the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA), which is operated by the W. M. Keck Observatory and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI), under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

type of interaction might be observed mainly in the chromospheres and coronae of the parent stars. The planet-star interaction is currently examined across the whole energy spectrum beginning from X-rays to the radio waves and from the ground as well as from the space. A planetinduced X-ray emission in the system HD179949 was observed by Saar et al. (2008). On the other hand, the search for correlation between X-ray luminosity and exoplanetary parameters (Kashyap et al. 2008; Poppenhaeger & Schmitt 2011) revealed quite contradictory results. Based on the observations in the optical region, Shkolnik et al. (2005, 2008) discovered variability in the cores of Ca II H & K, H and Ca II IR triplet in a few exoplanet host stars induced by the exoplanet. Ca II H & K lines (3933.7 and 3968.5 ) are one of the best indicators of stellar activity observable from the ground (Wilson 1968). These lines are very strong and their core is formed in the chromosphere of the star. For quantitative assessment of chromospheric activity of stars of dierent spectral types, the chromosphere emission ratio log R (the ratio of the emission from HK the chromosphere in the cores of the Ca II H & K lines to the total bolometric emission of the star) was introduced by Noyes et al. (1984). Large log R values mean higher activity. HK Knutson et al. (2010) found a correlation between the presence of the exoplanetary stratosphere and the Ca II H & K ac1

T. Krej ov and J. Budaj: Evidence for enhanced chromospheric Ca II H & K emission in stars with close-in extrasolar planets c a
24000 22000 20000 18000 Relative Flux HD 189733 HD 7924

14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 3930 3931 3932 3933 3934 3935 3936 3937 3938 3939 Wavelength [A]

WCa II K [A]

16000

1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 -4.5 -5 -5.5 1 T test K-S test

a <= 0.15 AU a > 0.15 AU FEROS a < 0.15 AU

Significance

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1

Fig. 1. Illustration of the Ca II K line in two dierent stars. We measured only the equivalent width of core of the line with the central reversal. By denition, EQW is negative for emission and positive for absorption. tivity index log R of the star. Consequently, Hartman (2010) HK found a correlation between the surface gravity of Hot Jupiters and the stellar activity. Recently, Canto Martins et al. (2011) analysed the sample of stars with and without extrasolar planets. They searched for a correlation between planetary parameters and the log R paHK rameter but didnt reveal any convincing proof for enhanced planet-induced activity in the chromosphere of the stars. On the other hand, Gonzalez (2011) claims that stars with exoplanets have smaller v sin i and log R values (i.e. less activity) than HK stars without exoplanets. In this paper, we search for possible correlations between chromospheric activity of the star and properties of exoplanets. The equivalent width (hereafter EQW) of Ca II K line emission is used as an indicator of the level of chromospheric activity of the parent star.

Significance

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

T test K-S test

0 4500

5000

5500 Teff [K]

6000

6500

2. Observation & Data

Stellar spectra used in our analysis originate from two dierent sources. The main source is the publicly available Keck HIRES spectrograph archive. These spectra have a typical resolution of up to 85 000. We carefully selected only those spectra with the signal-to-noise ratio high enough to measure the precise EQW of Ca II K emission. These data were accompanied by our own observations of several stars (HD 179949, HD 212301, HD 149143 and Wasp18) with close-in exoplanet. We obtained these data with FEROS spectrograph mounted on 2.2 m ESO/MPG telescope (night 18/19.9.2010). Spectra were reduced with standard procedure using IRAF package1. These data are marked in all plots as red squares. We measured the EQW (in ) of the central reversal in the core of Ca II K from all spectra using IRAF (see Figure 1). This plot illustrates a placement of the pseudocontinuum in our measurements. Advantage of using such simple EQW measurements is that they are dened on a short spectral interval which is about 1 wide. Consequently, they are not very sensitive to various calibrations (continuum rectication, blaze function removal) inherent in the echelle spectroscopy. For comparison, log R index relies on the information from four spectral HK
1

Fig. 2. Top: Dependence of the equivalent width of the Ca II K emission on temperature of the parent star. Emission and chromospheric activity increase with decreasing temperature. Cooler stars (T e 5 500 K) with close-in planets are more active than stars with more distant planets. Empty triangles are exoplanetary systems with a 0.15 AU, full triangles are systems with a > 0.15 AU and red squares are our data from FEROS. Middle: Statistical Students t-test (empty circles) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (full circles) show whether the two distributions are the same. Low probability values for T e 5 500 K mean a signicant evidence that the chromospheric activity of stars with close-in planets is dierent from that of stars with distant planets. Bottom: The same statistical tests performed on systems discovered by RV technique only.

channels covering about 100 wide interval. If extracted from echelle spectra it is much more sensitive to a proper ux calibration and subject to added uncertainties. The sample of the data contains 206+4 stars with extrasolar planets in the temperature range from approx. 4 500 to 6 600 K. The semi-major axes of the exoplanets lie in the interval 0.016 5.15 AU. Table 1 lists the parameters of exoplanetary systems used in the study. For comparison with our EQW values, we also used the parameter log R taken from the work of Wright et al. (2004), HK Knutson et al. (2010) and Isaacson & Fischer (2010).

3. Statistical analysis and results

We will start by exploring the dependence of the EQW of Ca II K emission on the eective temperature of the star. This is illus-

http://iraf.noao.edu/

T. Krej ov and J. Budaj: Evidence for enhanced chromospheric Ca II H & K emission in stars with close-in extrasolar planets c a

-6

a <= 0.15 AU a > 0.15 AU FEROS a < 0.15 AU

-5.5 log RHK

-5

-4.5

1 Significance 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 Significance 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

T test K-S test

T test K-S test

0 4500

5000

5500 Teff [K]

6000

6500

Fig. 3. Top: Dependence of the activity index log R on temHK perature of the parent star. Emission and chromospheric activity increase with decreasing temperature. Cooler stars (T e 5 500 K) with close-in planets are more active than stars with more distant planets. Empty triangles are exoplanetary systems with a 0.15 AU, full triangles are systems with a > 0.15 AU and red squares are our data from FEROS. Middle: Statistical Students t-test (empty circles) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (full circles) show whether the two distributions are the same. Low probability values for T e 5 500 K mean a signicant evidence that the chromospheric activity of stars with close-in planets is dierent from that of stars with distant planets. Bottom: The same statistical tests performed on systems discovered by RV technique only. trated in the top panel of Figure 22 . One can see that the EQW decreases i.e. core emission increases towards lower temperatures. Part of the reason for this behaviour is that the photospheric ux at the core of the Ca II K line is lower for cooler stars than for hotter stars. At the same time, the data points which stand for stars with T e > 5 500 K show only a narrow spread of Ca II K EQWs while cooler stars have a broad range of these values. This means that we should focus on the cooler stars. In the next step, we will distinguish between the close-in and distant exoplanets. This is also shown in Figure 2 where planets with semi-major axis shorter/longer than 0.15 AU have dierent symbols. One can see that stars with close-in planets clearly tend to have higher Ca II K emission (lower EQWs) than stars with distant planets. To verify whether this nding is statistically signicant, we performed two statistical tests on these two
2 For comparison we also measured the Ca II H emission (gure 7 and 8). These are T e vs. WCaIIH and semi-major axis vs. WCaIIH plots.

data samples (close-in vs distant planets). The rst one was the Students t-test which determines whether the means of these two samples are equal. The other test was Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which we used to determine whether the two groups originate from the same population. We selected a running window which is 400 K wide and runs along the x-axis (temperature) with the step of 50 K. Consequently, we performed the statistical tests on the two samples of stars within the current window and plot the result versus the center of the current window. The middle panel of Figure 2 shows the resulting probability (as a function of temperature) that the two samples have the same mean or originate from the same population. Small value of probability means that the two samples are dierent. It can be seen (gure 2), that the dierence between the stars with close-in and distant exoplanets is statistically signicant for cooler stars with T e 5 500 K. However, notice that while most of the distant exoplanets were discovered by the radial velocity (RV) measurements, many of the close-in planets were discovered by transits. The two techniques may have very dierent criteria for selection of the exoplanetary candidates and especially the RV measurements concentrate on low activity stars. That is why in the bottom panel of Figure 2, we included only the stars with exoplanets discovered by the RV technique into the statistics. On this reduced data sample we performed the same statistical tests as in the previous case we chose the same size of the step and the running window. Even if the transit data are excluded, the tests show signicant dierence between the stars with close-in and distant exoplanets. To verify the above mentioned trends, we also explored the log R parameter. This parameter does not show the strong temHK perature dependence (Figure 3). When we distinguish the stars with close-in exoplanets (a 0.15 AU) from stars with distant exoplanets (a > 0.15 AU) using dierent symbols we observe the same tendency as before. Namely, stars with close-in planets show wider range of log R values than stars with distant HK planets. Cooler stars (T e 5 500 K) with close-in planets have higher values of log R and thus higher chromospheric activity. HK

1 0 -1 WCa II K [A] -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 0.1 a [AU]

RV data Transit data 1 10

Fig. 4. Dependence of the equivalent width of Ca II K emission on the semi-major axis. Included are only systems with T e 5 500 K. Empty triangles are exoplanetary systems discovered by RV technique, full triangles are systems discovered by transit method. Cold stars with close-in planets (a 0.15 AU) have higher scatter and a generally higher Ca II K emission than cold stars with distant planets. This does not apply to hotter stars.
3

T. Krej ov and J. Budaj: Evidence for enhanced chromospheric Ca II H & K emission in stars with close-in extrasolar planets c a
-5.6 -5.4 -5.2 -5 log RHK -4.8 -4.6 -4.4 -4.2 -4 -3.8 0.01 RV:T <= 5500 K RV:T > 5500 K Trans:T <= 5500 K Trans:T > 5500 K 0.1 a [AU] 1 10

of the planet orbital period, stellar activity cycle, age of the star or something else? Is there any other parameter/process which aects the stellar chromosphere? We explored whether it may be due to the eccentricity of the orbit but we did not nd any convincing evidence for the eccentricity eect. If there is a dependence of the Ca II K emission on the semi-major axis of the planet, there ought to be some dependence on the mass mp of the planet (or its magnetic eld) as well. This dependence would have to be continuously reduced in case of suciently small planets. Unfortunately, we know only mp sin i for most of the extrasolar planets. Nevertheless, we select all stars with temperatures T 5 500 K and with semi-major axis a 0.15 AU and t EQWs of the Ca II K emission by the following function: W(mp , T e ) = aT e + b log(mp sin i) + c (1)

Fig. 5. Dependence of the activity index on the semimajor axis. Triangles are exoplanetary systems discovered by RV technique, circles are systems discovered by transit method. The dierence between stars with close-in and distant planets is statistically signicant for T e 5 500 K which is illustrated by the Students t-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in the middle panel of Figure 3. The bottom panel of the gure depicts the same tests applied to the systems discovered by the RV technique only and indicates that the dierence is statistically signicant even though the sample consists of stars with planets detected by a single technique. In this gure, we used the same kind of analysis within a running window as before. It appears that the semi-major axis of the innermost planet around a star is in some way connected with the chromospheric activity of the star. So, in the next step, we explore the dependence of the activity on the semi-major axis a. This dependence is illustrated in Figure 4 which displays results we measured EQW of Ca II K emission as a function of the semi-major axis. Following our ndings above, we selected only systems with T e 5 500 K. One can clearly see two distinctive populations there. Stars with close-in exoplanets with a 0.15 AU have a broad range of Ca II K emission while stars with distant planets (a > 0.15 AU) have a narrow range of small Ca II K emission. Again, we distinguish between stars with planets discovered by the RV and transit methods. Signicant fraction of close-in planets was discovered by the RV method. Apparently, some stars with close-in exoplanets (but not all of them) have high Ca II K emission. Unfortunately, this nding may be aected by selection biases (it is more dicult to detect distant planets around active stars). To verify the above mentioned behaviour, we also explored the log R parameter as a function of the semi-major axis. This HK is illustrated in Figure 5. This gure also shows a clear distinction between the stars with close-in planets with semi-major axis less than 0.15 AU and stars with distant planets. Stars with closein exoplanets generally have higher scatter in the log R values HK than stars with distant planets. This is mainly caused by hotter stars with transiting exoplanets. Once we concentrate only on cold stars with planets detected by the RV technique there might be a trend that stars with close-in planets have higher log R HK values than stars with distant planets but it is not as pronounced as in EQW measurements. At the same time, there is no strong correlation with the semi-major axis for a 0.15 AU. However, what causes the high range of values of Ca II K emission for cold stars with close-in planets? Is it due to its dependence on time? If yes, on what timescales? On the timescale
4

log R HK

We found the following coecients: a = 3.65 103 5.7 104 , b = 0.392 0.097, c = 20.4 2.9. The a coecient is signicant beyond 6 and temperature dependence is thus very clear. However, the b coecient is also signicant beyond 4 and it indicates the statistically signicant correlation of the chromospheric activity with the mass of the planet. We applied statistical F-test to justify the usage of additional parameter (planet mass) in the above mentioned tting procedure. The test shows that the signicance of the 3-parameter t (equation (1)) over the 2-parameter t W(T e ) = aT e + c is 0.003, which is below the common 0.05 value (2). The above mentioned results are illustrated in Figure 6 where we plot the modied equivalent width of the Ca II K emission as a function of mp sin i. Stars with planets detected by RV and transit methods are marked with empty and full triangles respectively. Modied equivalent width is EQW corrected for the strong temperature dependence, namely EQW aT e c. Lower values mean larger emission and thus more massive planets show more activity of the host star. Unfortunately, this correlation might also be aected by the selection eect that it is more dicult to detect a less massive planet around a more active star.

2 1.5 1 W - aTeff - c 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0.01 0.1

RV data Transit data

1 MP sin i [MJup]

10

100

Fig. 6. Dependence of the modied equivalent width of Ca II K emission on planet mass. Only stars with T e 5 500 K and a 0.15 AU are considered. Modied equivalent width is equivalent width corrected for strong temperature dependence. By definition, the EQW is negative for emission. Consequently, lower values mean a higher emission and a higher chromospheric activity. Chromospheric activity of stars with more massive planets is higher than in those with less massive planets. Empty triangles - stars with planets detected by the RV method, full triangles transit method.

T. Krej ov and J. Budaj: Evidence for enhanced chromospheric Ca II H & K emission in stars with close-in extrasolar planets c a
1 0 -1 WCa II H [A] a <= 0.15 AU a > 0.15 AU FEROS a < 0.15 AU 5000 5500 6000 Teff [K] 6500 7000 -2 -3 -4 -5 4500 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 -4.5 0.01 0.1 a [AU] RV data Transit data 1 10

Fig. 7. Dependence of the equivalent width of Ca II H emission on the temperature of the star. Empty triangles are exoplanetary systems with a 0.15 AU, full triangles are systems with a > 0.15 AU and red squares are our data from FEROS. If our ndings based on the Ca II K emission are true, than one can ask a question: how does this planet-star interaction work and why does it operate up to a = 0.15 AU? If it was caused by the tides of the planet, one would expect that the stellar activity would gradually decrease with a which may not be the case. We suggest that it may be due to the magnetic interaction which scales with the magnetic eld of the planet. Magnetic eld of the planet may be very sensitive to the rotation prole of the planet which is a subject to strong synchronization. Bodenheimer et al. (2001) suggested that exoplanets with semimajor axis a 0.15 AU are most probably synchronized.

WCa II H [A]

Fig. 8. Dependence of the equivalent width of Ca II H emission on the semi-major axis. Empty triangles are exoplanetary systems discovered by RV technique, full triangles are systems discovered by transit method.
Fortney, J. J., Lodders, K., Marley, M. S., & Freedman, R. S. 2008, ApJ, 678, 1419 Gonzalez, G. 2011, MNRAS, 416, L80 Guillot, T. & Showman, A. P. 2002, A&A, 385, 156 Hartman, J. D. 2010, ApJ, 717, L138 Hubbard, W. B., Hattori, M. F., Burrows, A., Hubeny, I., & Sudarsky, D. 2007, Icarus, 187, 358 Hubeny, I., Burrows, A., & Sudarsky, D. 2003, ApJ, 594, 1011 Ip, W.-H., Kopp, A., & Hu, J.-H. 2004, ApJ, 602, L53 Isaacson, H. & Fischer, D. 2010, ApJ, 725, 875 Jord n, A. & Bakos, G. A. 2008, ApJ, 685, 543 a Kashyap, V. L., Drake, J. J., & Saar, S. H. 2008, ApJ, 687, 1339 Knutson, H. A., Howard, A. W., & Isaacson, H. 2010, ApJ, 720, 1569 Lanza, A. F. 2008, A&A, 487, 1163 Noyes, R. W., Hartmann, L. W., Baliunas, S. L., Duncan, D. K., & Vaughan, A. H. 1984, ApJ, 279, 763 Poppenhaeger, K. & Schmitt, J. H. M. M. 2011, ApJ, 735, 59 Rubenstein, E. P. & Schaefer, B. E. 2000, ApJ, 529, 1031 Saar, S. H., Cuntz, M., Kashyap, V. L., & Hall, J. C. 2008, in IAU Symposium, Vol. 249, IAU Symposium, ed. Y.-S. Sun, S. Ferraz-Mello, & J.-L. Zhou, 79 81 Shkolnik, E., Bohlender, D. A., Walker, G. A. H., & Collier Cameron, A. 2008, ApJ, 676, 628 Shkolnik, E., Walker, G. A. H., Bohlender, D. A., Gu, P., & K rster, M. 2005, u ApJ, 622, 1075 Vidal-Madjar, A., Lecavelier des Etangs, A., D sert, J.-M., et al. 2003, Nature, e 422, 143 Wilson, O. C. 1968, ApJ, 153, 221 Wright, J. T., Marcy, G. W., Butler, R. P., & Vogt, S. S. 2004, ApJS, 152, 261

4. Conclusions
We have found a statistically signicant evidence that EQW of the Ca II K emission in the spectra of planet host stars as well as their log R activity index depend on the semi-major axis of HK the exoplanet. Stars with close-in planets (a 0.15 AU) have a generally higher Ca II K emission than stars with more distant planets. This means that a close-in planet may aect the level of the chromospheric activity of its host star and might heat the chromosphere of the star. This process operates up to the orbital period of about 20 days. Moreover, we have found a statistically signicant evidence that the Ca II K emission of the host star (for T e 5 500 K and a 0.15 AU) increases with the mass of the planet. The above mentioned trends may be aected by selection eects and should be revisited when less biased sample of stars with planets becomes available.
Acknowledgements. We thank anonymous referee for important comments and suggestions on the manuscript. This work has been supported by grant GA CR GD205/08/H005, Student Project Grant at MU MUNI/A/0968/2009, the National scholarship programme of Slovak Republic, and by VEGA 2/0094/11, VEGA 2/0078/10 and VEGA 2/0074/09. We want to thank Tom s Henych for a fruitful discussion and Mark ta Hyneov for language correction. e s a

References
Bodenheimer, P., Lin, D. N. C., & Mardling, R. A. 2001, ApJ, 548, 466 Burrows, A., Budaj, J., & Hubeny, I. 2008, ApJ, 678, 1436 Burrows, A., Hubeny, I., Budaj, J., & Hubbard, W. B. 2007, ApJ, 661, 502 Canto Martins, B. L., Das Chagas, M. L., Alves, S., et al. 2011, A&A, 530, A73+ Cuntz, M., Saar, S. H., & Musielak, Z. E. 2000, ApJ, 533, L151

T. Krej ov and J. Budaj: Evidence for enhanced chromospheric Ca II H & K emission in stars with close-in extrasolar planets, Online Material p 1 c a Table 1. Parameters of exoplanetary systems. Data taken from http://www.exoplanet.eu/. Systems below the line at the bottom part of the table describe our FEROS data sample.

Object WASP-19 b Kepler-10 b WASP-12 b HAT-P-23 b TrES-3 CoRoT-1 b CoRoT-2 b WASP-3 b HD 86081 b HAT-P-32 b WASP-2 b HAT-P-7 b HD 189733 b WASP-14 b TrES-2 WASP-1 b HD 73256 b XO-2 b HAT-P-16 b HAT-P-5 b HAT-P-20 b HD 149026 b HAT-P-3 b HD 83443 b HD 46375 b TrES-1 HAT-P-27 b/WASP-40 b HAT-P-4 b HAT-P-8 b HD 187123 b XO-3 b HAT-P-22 b HAT-P-12 b Kepler-4 b Kepler-6 b HAT-P-28 b HAT-P-24 b HD 88133 b HAT-P-33 b BD-10 3166 b Kepler-18 b Kepler-8 b HD 209458 b Kepler-5 b TrES-4 HAT-P-25 b WASP-11/HAT-P-10 b WASP-17 b HD 219828 b HAT-P-6 b HAT-P-9 b XO-1 b HAT-P-19 b HD 102195 b HAT-P-21 b XO-4 b HD 125612 c XO-5 b 61 Vir b 51 Peg b

Mp sin i [MJup ] 1.168 0.0143 1.404 2.09 1.91 1.03 3.31 2.06 1.5 0.941 0.847 1.8 1.138 7.341 1.253 0.86 1.87 0.62 4.193 1.06 7.246 0.356 0.591 0.4 0.249 0.761 0.66 0.68 1.34 0.52 11.79 2.147 0.211 0.077 0.669 0.626 0.685 0.22 0.763 0.48 0.0217 0.603 0.714 2.114 0.917 0.567 0.46 0.486 0.066 1.057 0.67 0.9 0.292 0.45 4.063 1.72 0.058 1.077 0.016 0.468

Porb [days] 0.78884 0.837495 1.0914222 1.212884 1.30618608 1.5089557 1.7429964 1.8468372 2.1375 2.150009 2.15222144 2.2047298 2.21857312 2.2437661 2.470614 2.5199464 2.54858 2.615838 2.77596 2.788491 2.875317 2.8758916 2.899703 2.985625 3.024 3.0300722 3.0395721 3.0565114 3.07632402 3.0965828 3.1915239 3.21222 3.2130598 3.21346 3.234723 3.257215 3.35524 3.416 3.474474 3.487 3.504725 3.52254 3.52474859 3.54846 3.5539268 3.652836 3.722469 3.735438 3.8335 3.853003 3.922814 3.9415128 4.008778 4.113775 4.124461 4.1250823 4.1547 4.1877537 4.215 4.23077

a [AU] 0.01655 0.01684 0.02293 0.0232 0.0226 0.0254 0.0281 0.0313 0.039 0.0344 0.03138 0.0379 0.03142 0.036 0.03556 0.0382 0.037 0.0369 0.0413 0.04075 0.0361 0.04288 0.03866 0.0406 0.041 0.0393 0.0403 0.0446 0.0449 0.0426 0.0454 0.0414 0.0384 0.0456 0.04567 0.0434 0.0465 0.047 0.0503 0.046 0.0447 0.0483 0.04747 0.05064 0.05084 0.0466 0.0439 0.0515 0.052 0.05235 0.053 0.0488 0.0466 0.049 0.0494 0.0555 0.05 0.0487 0.050201 0.052

T e [K] 5500 5627 6300 5905 5720 5950 5625 6400 6028 6001 5150 6350 4980 6475 5850 6200 5570 5340 6158 5960 4595 6147 5185 5460 5199 5300 5300 5860 6200 5714 6429 5302 4650 5857 5647 5680 6373 5494 6401 5400 5383 6213 6075 6297 6200 5500 4980 6550 5891 6570 6350 5750 4990 5291 5588 5700 5897 5510 5531 5793

WCa II K [] 0.1864 -0.7840 -0.7795 0.1073 0.0371 0.4073 0.1946 -2.3605 0.2015 0.1785 -1.6362 -0.2480 0.1982 -5.4172 0.0581 -0.7236 -0.3757 -0.2325 -0.7222 -0.7542 0.0739 0.1113 -0.5378 -1.6008 0.3420 0.4951 0.2449 0.8322 -0.0570 0.5521 -0.8254 0.1184 0.6870 0.0744 0.6038 0.1783 0.1131 -1.7503 0.0604 0.1397 -0.0056 -3.8168 -1.5490 -1.6625 0.0093 0.0432

log R HK -4.66 -5.5 -4.549 -5.312 -4.331 -4.872 -4.973 -5.054 -5.018 -4.501 -4.923 -4.949 -5.114 -4.407 -4.988 -5.061 -5.030 -4.904 -4.84 -4.96 -4.738 -5.082 -4.985 -4.999 -4.595 -5.104 -5.178 -4.847 -5.00 -5.104 -4.823 -5.331 -4.945 -4.799 -5.092 -4.958 -5.292 -4.867 -4.962 -5.08

Detection method T T T T T T T T RV T T T RV T T T RV T T T T RV T RV RV T T T T RV T T T T T T T RV T RV T T RV T T T T T RV T T T T RV T T RV T RV RV

T. Krej ov and J. Budaj: Evidence for enhanced chromospheric Ca II H & K emission in stars with close-in extrasolar planets, Online Material p 2 c a

HAT-P-26 b WASP-13 b Kepler-12 b HAT-P-1 b ups And b HAT-P-14 b HD 156668 b HAT-P-11 b HD 49674 b HD 109749 b HD 7924 b HAT-P-18 b HAT-P-2 b HD 1461 b HD 68988 b HD 168746 b HD 102956 b HIP 14810 b HD 185269 b HD 217107 b HIP 57274 b HD 162020 b HD 69830 b Kepler-19 b HD 97658 b HAT-P-17 b HD 130322 b HAT-P-15 b HD 38529 b HD 179079 b HD 99492 b HD 190360 c HD 16417 b HD 33283 b HD 195019 b HD 192263 b HD 224693 b HD 43691 b HD 11964 c HD 45652 b HD 107148 b HD 90156 b HD 74156 b HD 37605 b HD 168443 b HD 85512 b HD 3651 b HD 178911 B b Gl 785 b HD 163607 b HD 16141 b HD 114762 b HD 80606 b 70 Vir b HD 216770 b HD 52265 b HD 102365 b HD 231701 b HD 37124 b HD 11506 c HD 5891 b HD 155358 b HD 82943 c HD 218566 b

0.059 0.485 0.431 0.524 0.69 2.2 0.0131 0.081 0.115 0.28 0.029 0.197 8.74 0.0239 1.9 0.23 0.96 3.88 0.94 1.33 0.036 14.4 0.033 0.064 0.02 0.53 1.02 1.946 0.78 0.08 0.109 0.057 0.069 0.33 3.7 0.72 0.71 2.49 0.079 0.47 0.21 0.057 1.88 2.84 7.659 0.011 0.2 6.292 0.053 0.77 0.215 10.98 3.94 6.6 0.65 1.05 0.05 1.08 0.675 0.82 7.6 0.89 2.01 0.21

4.234516 4.353011 4.4379637 4.4652934 4.617136 4.627657 4.646 4.887804 4.9437 5.24 5.3978 5.508023 5.6334729 5.7727 6.276 6.403 6.495 6.673855 6.838 7.12689 8.1352 8.428198 8.667 9.2869944 9.4957 10.338523 10.72 10.863502 14.3104 14.476 17.0431 17.1 17.24 18.179 18.20163 24.348 26.73 36.96 37.91 43.6 48.056 49.77 51.65 55.23 58.11247 58.43 62.23 71.487 74.72 75.229 75.82 83.9151 111.43637 116.67 118.45 119.6 122.1 141.6 154.378 170.46 177.11 195 219 225.7

0.0479 0.05379 0.0556 0.05535 0.059 0.0594 0.05 0.053 0.058 0.0635 0.057 0.0559 0.0674 0.063438 0.071 0.065 0.081 0.0692 0.077 0.073 0.07 0.074 0.0785 0.118 0.0797 0.0882 0.088 0.0964 0.131 0.11 0.1232 0.128 0.14 0.168 0.1388 0.15 0.233 0.24 0.229 0.23 0.269 0.25 0.294 0.26 0.2931 0.26 0.284 0.32 0.32 0.36 0.35 0.353 0.449 0.48 0.46 0.5 0.46 0.53 0.53364 0.639 0.76 0.628 0.746 0.6873

5079 5826 5947 5975 6212 6600 4850 4780 5482 5610 5177 4803 6290 5765 5767 5610 5054 5485 5980 5666 4640 4830 5385 5541 5170 5246 5330 5568 5697 5724 4740 5588 5936 5995 5787 4965 6037 6200 5248 5312 5797 5599 5960 5475 5591 4715 5173 5650 5144 5543 5533 5934 5645 5432 5248 6159 5650 6208 5610 6058 4907 5760 5874 4820

-0.3556 0.4331 0.1351 0.1183 -0.8485 -3.4991 -0.2634 0.0512 -0.3167 -2.6726 0.0552 0.0179 0.0495 0.0273 -0.2472 -1.5066 -4.6563 0.1498 -0.2781 0.2963 -0.7721 0.0856 0.0267 -0.9996 0.1073 0.1036 -2.3811 0.0726 0.0103 -0.2185 0.0290 -2.6150 -0.2119 -0.4055 0.0947 0.0657 -0.0441 -0.3098 0.1133 0.0863 0.0829 -0.0017 -1.0175

-5.263 -4.984 -4.980 -4.855 -4.567 -4.80 -4.975 -4.83 -4.78 -5.03 -5.04 -5.05 -5.062 -5.077 -5.086 -4.987 -4.552 -5.007 -5.018 -5.107 -5.050 -5.164 -5.022 -5.082 -4.846 -5.168 -4.930 -5.03 -4.969 -5.050 -5.025 -5.085 -5.02 -4.900 -5.011 -5.009 -5.09 -4.902 -5.116 -4.92 -5.02 -4.931 -4.897 -4.897 -4.983 -4.931 -4.918 -

T T T T RV T RV T RV RV RV T T RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV T RV T RV T RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV

T. Krej ov and J. Budaj: Evidence for enhanced chromospheric Ca II H & K emission in stars with close-in extrasolar planets, Online Material p 3 c a

HD 8574 b HD 134987 b HD 40979 b HD 12661 b HD 164509 b HD 175541 b HD 92788 b HD 33142 b HD 192699 b HD 4313 b HD 96063 b HD 212771 b alf Ari b HD 28185 b HD 28678 b HD 75898 b HD 4203 b HD 1502 b HD 98219 b HD 99109 b HD 210277 b HD 108863 b 24 Sex b HD 188015 b HD 136418 b HD 31253 b HD 180902 b HD 96167 b HD 20367 b HD 114783 b HD 95089 b HD 158038 b HD 192310 c HD 4113 b HD 19994 b HD 222582 b HD 206610 b HD 200964 b HD 183263 b HD 141937 b HD 181342 b HD 116029 b HD 5319 b HD 152581 b HD 38801 b HD 82886 b HD 18742 b HD 102329 b 16 Cyg B b HD 4208 b HD 70573 b HD 99706 b HD 131496 b HD 45350 b HD 30856 b HD 16175 b HD 34445 b HD 10697 b 47 Uma b HD 114729 b HD 170469 b HD 164922 b HD 30562 b HD 126614 b

2.11 1.59 3.28 2.3 0.48 0.61 3.86 1.3 2.5 2.3 0.9 2.3 1.8 5.7 1.7 2.51 2.07 3.1 1.8 0.502 1.23 2.6 1.99 1.26 2 0.5 1.6 0.68 1.07 1.0 1.2 1.8 0.075 1.56 1.68 7.75 2.2 1.85 3.67 9.7 3.3 2.1 1.94 1.5 10.7 1.3 2.7 5.9 1.68 0.8 6.1 1.4 2.2 1.79 1.8 4.4 0.79 6.38 2.53 0.84 0.67 0.36 1.29 0.38

227.55 258.19 263.1 263.6 282.4 297.3 325.81 326.6 351.5 356 361.1 373.3 380.8 383 387.1 418.2 431.88 431.8 436.9 439.3 442.1 443.4 452.8 456.46 464.3 466 479 498.9 500 501 507 521 525.8 526.62 535.7 572.38 610 613.8 626.5 653.22 663 670.2 675 689 696.3 705 772 778.1 799.5 829 851.8 868 883 890.76 912 990 1049 1076.4 1078 1135 1145 1155 1157 1244

0.77 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.875 1.03 0.97 1.06 1.16 1.19 0.99 1.22 1.2 1.03 1.24 1.19 1.164 1.31 1.23 1.105 1.1 1.4 1.333 1.19 1.32 1.26 1.39 1.3 1.25 1.2 1.51 1.52 1.18 1.28 1.42 1.35 1.68 1.601 1.51 1.52 1.78 1.73 1.75 1.48 1.7 1.65 1.92 2.01 1.68 1.7 1.76 2.14 2.09 1.92 2 2.1 2.07 2.16 2.1 2.08 2.24 2.11 2.3 2.35

6080 5740 6205 5742 5922 5060 5559 5052 5220 5035 5148 5121 4553 5482 5076 6021 5701 5049 4992 5272 5532 4956 5098 5520 5071 5960 5030 5770 6128 5105 5002 4897 5166 5688 5984 5662 4874 5164 5888 5925 5014 4951 5052 5155 5222 5112 5048 4830 5766 5571 5737 4932 4927 5754 4982 6000 5836 5641 5892 5662 5810 5385 5861 5585

0.1015 -0.2931 0.2167 -0.2814 0.0118 -0.2125 -0.2078 -0.0725 -0.1416 -0.4053 0.0092 0.1876 0.0944 0.0444 -0.0948 -0.1541 -0.1254 -0.0307 -0.0677 -0.186 -0.0296 -0.0939 0.1123 0.3773 0.0629 -0.5261 -0.1224 -0.4858 -0.0128 0.0567 -0.2457 -0.1220 -0.1438 -0.0290 -0.4563 -0.3424 0.0610 -0.1931 0.0341 -0.2086 -0.5418 0.0141 -1.2001 -0.2245 -0.2836 0.0338 -0.2822 -0.0343 0.0658 0.0452 -0.1236 0.0667 0.0434

-5.07 -5.081 -4.63 -5.024 -4.874 -5.23 -5.05 -5.169 -5.120 -5.170 -5.023 -5.056 -5.18 -5.06 -5.06 -5.05 -5.026 -5.153 -4.445 -5.011 -4.979 -4.843 -4.922 -5.135 -5.042 -4.94 -5.026 -5.178 -5.046 -4.95 -4.187 -5.10 -5.048 -4.945 -5.08 -4.973 -5.05 -5.09 -5.05 -5.04 -

RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV

T. Krej ov and J. Budaj: Evidence for enhanced chromospheric Ca II H & K emission in stars with close-in extrasolar planets, Online Material p 4 c a

HD 50554 b HD 142245 b HD 196885 A b HD 171238 b HD 23596 b HD 106252 b 14 Her b HD 73534 b HD 66428 b HD 89307 b HD 50499 b eps Eri b HD 117207 b HD 87883 b HD 106270 b HD 154345 b HD 72659 b HD 13931 b HD 149143 b HD 179949 b HD 212301 b WASP-18 b

5.16 1.9 2.98 2.6 8.1 7.56 4.64 1.15 2.82 1.78 1.71 1.55 2.06 1.78 11 0.947 3.15 1.88 1.36 0.95 0.45 10.43

1293 1299 1326 1523 1565 1600 1773.4 1800 1973 2157 2482.7 2502 2627.08 2754 2890 3340 3658 4218 4.088 3.0925 2.245715 0.9414518

2.41 2.77 2.6 2.54 2.88 2.7 2.77 3.15 3.18 3.27 3.86 3.39 3.78 3.6 4.3 4.19 4.74 5.15 0.052 0.045 0.036 0.02047

5902 4878 6340 5467 5888 5754 5311 4952 5752 5950 5902 5116 5432 4980 5638 5468 5926 5829 5730 6260 5998 6400

0.0535 -0.2781 0.1021 -1.3506 0.0617 -0.1555 -0.4324 0.0465 0.0688 0.1008 0.0276 -0.6913 -0.2846 -0.1824 0.0844 0.1010 0.0716 0.0678 0.0966 0.2145

-4.95 -5.01 -4.605 -5.011 -4.97 -5.06 -5.08 -4.95 -5.02 -4.448 -5.06 -4.901 -4.91 -5.02 -5.009 -4.97 -4.72 -4.84 -5.43

RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV RV T