Top 25: Innovations

(CNN) -- The world was different before the Internet. Today, with a couple of clicks, you can go anywhere in the world without leaving your computer. So it should come as little surprise that the Internet (as we know it) headlined the top 25 innovations of the past quarter century, according to a panel of technology leaders assembled by the Lemelson-MIT Program, which promotes inventiveness in teens. In creating the list, the group hoped to single out "25 non-medically related technological innovations that have become widely used since 1980, are readily recognizable by most Americans, have had a direct and perceptible impact on our everyday lives, and/or could dramatically affect our lives in the future." The creator of the Web as we know it is British software consultant Tim Berners-Lee. Frustrated by the multitude of information systems requiring complicated access, BernersLee fashioned a universal one that made information readily available. He created HTML (hypertext markup language) and its rules of usage (HTTP, hypertext transfer protocol) and in 1991 unveiled the World Wide Web, making no money from any of them. Like the Internet, other items on the top 25 list have changed the way people go about their lives and are so commonplace that they are almost taken for granted. For example, many people turn off their PCs (No. 3) and their HDTV (No. 19) or plasma screen TVs (No. 18) and grab their cell phones (No. 2) and laptop computers (No. 7) as they leave their homes. Once in their cars, they will probably give the airbags (No. 13) that can save their lives in an accident barely an afterthought as they listen to music on CDs (No. 8). Some will use the commercialized GPS (Global Positioning System, No. 6) to plan their route, and if it is a pleasure trip, they will probably bring along their digital cameras (No. 9). Upon arriving at their destination, others will check their e-mail (No. 5) via short-range high frequency radio (WI-FI, No. 25) and their voicemail (No. 23), before heading off to an ATM (No. 14) for cash. The technology that makes these items possible is taken even more for granted by the average consumer. It is safe to say that the first words of someone who walks away from a car accident unharmed are not, "Thank goodness for the advent of nanotechnology (No. 21) and MEMS (microelectromechanical system, No. 11)." Yet without the tiny silicon chip that sensed the impending collision, the airbag would not have deployed in time. "The device that causes an airbag to inflate in a crash is a nanotech device," said David Kirkpatrick, senior editor at Fortune Magazine. "It's a highly sensitive little device, an accelerometer that can detect when a car's movement has suddenly stopped. And that's a very key safety device that affects all of our lives." Emergency phone calls are made possible by compact power sources such as nickelmetal hydride and lithium-ion batteries (No. 15). Without them, cell phones would be far less dependable and certainly not rechargeable.

Flash memory (No. 22) made the digital camera possible and changed the way people take photographs and OLEDs (organic light-emitting diodes, No. 17) are likely to improve the displays on cameras and are starting to appear on some models. "Flash memory is a tiny version of the disk drive that's in your computer," said Gene Fitzgerald, MIT professor of material science and engineering. "On your disk drive you might store pictures and other information, and the flash memory is a tiny device that can store all that information. "You can have it in your cell phone, you can have it in your PDA, just like your disk drive in the computer." Law enforcement has used science to its advantage with DNA fingerprinting, the process that produces a printed pattern of a person's DNA (No. 12), and everything from airport security to supermarket checkout lines use radio frequency ID tags (No. 10) to track materials. Some of the inventions on the list have brought to life concepts formerly reserved for science-fiction writers. Among them are the space shuttle (No. 20), which advanced space exploration, and hybrid cars (No. 16) which pollute less by using less gasoline. Interestingly, the innovation that laid the groundwork for many of the inventions mentioned above can be found underground, where fiber optics (No. 4) has helped turn the world into a global village. "Fiber optics have linked the world together and made our world, our planet, basically one small place," Kirkpatrick said. "If it weren't for fiber optics, we wouldn't be able to have inexpensive global phone calls or 200 cable channels on our televisions." Rounding out the list are modern hearing aids (No. 24), which have improved the quality of life for the hearing impaired by offering sleeker, better-designed models. TOP 25 INNOVATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25

Complete the table using the correct acronyms. Then match each acronym and its definition by writing the correct number next to it.
ACRONYM 1 Hypertext Markup language 2 Hypertext Transfer Protocol 3 High-definition television 4 Global Positioning System The chemical at the centre of the cells of living things, which controls the structure and purpose of each cell and carries the genetic information during reproduction A set of instruction made by a computer program that enables your computer to connect to an Internet document A small computer you can carry with you An electronic device made by placing a series of organic thin films between two conductors. A machine from which you can take money out A digital television broadcasting system with a significantly higher resolution than traditional formats (NTSC, SECAM, PAL). The acronym STANDS FOR DEFINITION

5 Wireless (Fidelity)

6 Automated Teller Machine 7 Microelectromechanical system 8 Organic light-emitting diodes A wireless technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance intended to improve the interoperability of wireless local area network products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Technology of the very small machines A satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 medium Earth orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, the system enables a GPS A way of marking text so that it can be seen on the internet

9 10

Personal Digital Assistant Deoxyribunocleic Acid

receiver to determine its location, speed and direction.