DRYING

REVIEW OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA

Vapor

pressure of Water Humidity and Humidity Chart

Humidity Percentage humidity Dew point temperature Humidity chart
Adiabatic saturation

temperatures Wet bulb temperature

In most cases, drying is accomplished by vaporizing the water that is contained in the solid, and to do this the latent heat of vaporization must be supplied. There are, thus, two important process-controlling factors that enter into the unit operation of drying: (a) transfer of heat to provide the necessary latent heat of vaporization, (b) movement of water or water vapor through the solid material and then away from it to effect separation of water from solid stuff. Humidification transfer of water from the liquid into a gaseous mixture of air and water vapor
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Pure water can exist in three states, solid, liquid and vapour. The state in which it is at any time depends on the temperature and pressure conditions and it is possible to illustrate this on a phase diagram.

Under certain conditions, two states may exist side by side, and such conditions are found only along the lines of the diagram. Under one condition, all three states may exist together; this condition arises at what is called the triple point, indicated by point O on the diagram. For water it occurs at 0.0098C and 0.64 kPa (4.8 mm of mercury) pressure.
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If heat is applied to water in any state at constant pressure, the temperature rises and the condition moves horizontally across the diagram, and as it crosses the boundaries a change of state will occur. Starting from condition A on the diagram adding heat warms the ice, then melts it, then warms the water and finally evaporates the water to condition A'. Starting from condition B, when heat is added, the ice warms and then sublimes without passing through any liquid state.
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Boiling occurs when the vapour pressure of the water is equal to the total pressure on the water surface. The boiling point at atmospheric pressure is of course 100C. At pressures above or below atmospheric, water boils at the corresponding temperatures above or below 100C.

The capacity of air for moisture removal depends on its humidity and its temperature. The study of relationships between air and its associated water is called psychrometry.
Humidity (H) is the measure of the water content of the air. The absolute humidity, sometimes called the humidity ratio, is the mass of water vapour per unit mass of dry air and the units are therefore kg kg-1,

WHAT HAPPEN IF WATER IS ADDED TO SATURATED AIR???

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Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean relative humidity. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in a parcel of air to the saturated vapor pressure of water vapor at a prescribed temperature

Humidity (H) unit kg H2O/ kg dry air - defined in terms of partial pressure of water pA & total pressure, P
H kg H2O pA kgmol H2O 18.02kg H2O 1 kgdryair P pA kgmolair kgmolH2O 28.97kgair/ kgmolair

18.02 p A 28.97 P p A

Saturated air : water vapor in equilibrium with liquid water at the given conditions of pressure and temperature Under conditions of saturation, the partial pressure of the water vapour in the air is equal to the saturation vapour pressure of water at that temperature Saturation humidity is given by :

HS

18.02 p AS 28.97 P p AS

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Percentage Humidity

H P 100

H HS pA p AS

Percentage Relative Humidity

H R 100

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The air in a room at 26.7 0C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa and contains water vapor with partial pressure pA = 2.76 kPa. Calculate the following:

a) Humidity, H b) Saturation Humidity, HS c) Percentage Humidity, HP d) Percentage relative humidity, HR

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Solution : a) pA = 2.76 kPa, P = 101.325 kPa, hence H = 0.01742 kg H2O/kg air b) Refer steam table, at 26.7 0C, 101.325 kPa, pAS (partial pressure of water vapor in saturated air) = (obtain HS)..HS = 0.02226 kg H2O/kg air 3.5 kPa

c) HP = 78.3%

d) HR = 78.9%

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Dew

point - the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to condense into water. The condensed water is called dew. The dew point is a saturation point.

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Example : at 26.7oC, PAS = 3.50kPa dew point is 26.7oC if a water-vapor mixture at 38oC, PAS = 3.50kPa mixture will not be saturated if a water-vapor mixture cooled to 26.7o, PAS = 3.50 kPa the air would be saturated. Further cooling, some water vapor would condense
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cs
Humid

heat is the amount of heat in J or kJ required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of dry air plus the water vapor present by 1 K or 1 C

c s 1 . 005 1 . 88 H

kJ/kg dry air.K

c s 0 . 24 0 . 45 H

btu/lbm dry air

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 Humid

volume is the total volume in m3 of 1 kg dry air plus the vapor it contains at 1 atm abs pressure and thegiven gas temperature
m3/kg dry air ft3/lbm dry air

v H (2.83x103 4.56 x10 3 H )T o K

vH (0.0252 0.0405 H )T o R

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Chart of properties of air-water vapor mixtures at 1.0 atm abs Plot of humidity, H versus actual temperature of the air-water vapor mixture (dry bulb temperature) Any point below saturation line, represents unsaturated air-water vapor mixtures

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H = 0.0225 kg H2O/ kg dry air

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Air entering a dryer has a temperature (dry bulb temperature) of 60 0C and a dew point of 26.7 0C. Using the humidity chart, determine the actual humidity H, percentage humidity, HP,humid heat cs, and humid volume vH.

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HP = 14%
H = 0.0225

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Inlet Gas, H, T

Outlet Gas, HS, TS Gas is contacted with spray of liquid water. Adiabatic process.

Make-up water, TS

The temperature of the water being recirculated reaches a steady state temperature called the adiabatic saturation temperature, TS when a large amount of water is contacted by the entering gas (the contact is enough to bring the gas and liquid to equilibrium).

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If the contact between the entering gas and spray of droplets is enough (sufficiently long time) to bring the gas and liquid to equilibrium, the leaving air is saturated at TS and HS.

Read TS and HS on 100% saturation curve. If contact is not sufficient, the leaving mixture will be at percentage saturation less than 100% but on the same line.
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An air stream at 87.8 0C having a humidity H = 0.03 kg H2O/kg dry air is contacted in an adiabatic saturator with water. It is cooled and humidified to 90% saturation. Determine: a) The final values of H and T Answer : H = 0.05 kg H2O/kg dry air, T = 42.5 0C b) For 100% saturation, what would be the values of H&T Answer : 0.0505 kg H20/kg dry air
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This is the temperature indicated by a thermometer bulb exposed to the air flow.

moistened

Wet Bulb temperature can be measured by using a thermometer with the bulb wrapped in wet muslin. The adiabatic evaporation of water from the thermometer and the cooling effect is indicated by a "wet bulb temperature" lower than the "dry bulb temperature" in the air. The wet bulb temperature is the steady-state nonequilibrium temperature reached when a small amount of water is contacted under adiabatic conditions by a continuous stream of gas.

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The temperature of the water being re circulated reaches a steady state temperature called the adiabatic saturation temperature, TS when a large amount of water is contacted by the entering gas (the contact is enough to bring the gas and liquid to equilibrium).

VS
The wet bulb temperature is the steady-state nonequilibrium temperature reached when a small amount of water is contacted under adiabatic conditions by a continuous stream of gas.
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The rate of evaporation from the wet bandage on the bulb, and the temperature difference between the dry bulb and wet bulb, depends on the humidity of the air. The evaporation is reduced when the air contains more water vapor.

The wet bulb temperature is always lower than the dry bulb temperature but will be identical with 100% relative humidity (the air is at the saturation line).

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A water vapor-air mixture having a dry bulb temperature of T = 600C is passed over a wet bulb, as in figure 9.3.4. The wet bulb temperature obtained is Tw = 29.5 0C. What is the humidity of the mixture. Solution: The wet bulb temperature can be assumed to be the same as the adiabatic saturation temperature TS . Adiabatic saturation lines can also be used for wet bulb lines with reasonable accuracy! (refer to Geankoplis page 571-572)

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Books : 1. Geankoplis C. J., Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003. McCabe W. M., Smith J. C. and Harriott P., Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th Ed., McGraw Hill, 2005.

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Website : http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com

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