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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Framework 2.1.1 Linguistics According to Hornby in the Oxford Advance Dictionary English (page:495): Linguistics is the scientific study of language. He explains that the systematic study of language, a discipline study which describes language in whole aspect and formulate theories as how it work. In other hand,Hornby,(1987:495) defines that linguistic is the science of language, example its structure,its sequisition and relasionship to other form of communication. While,according to Langakcer (1967:6) explain that linguistic is the study as the human language. Link to definition of both experts above, it indicates that linguistic generally has definition that depend on every experts point of view. It means that every people as capable to produce an infinite number of possible sentences in their language, where they always encounter the sentence an determine the meaning of sentence. The people who use language of course has remarkable ability to contract and interpreted the sentence and have never encounter before linguistic to determine the basis of the ability.

2.1.2. Sociolinguistics Holmes (2001:1) explains that Sociolinguistic is the study of relasionship between language society. According to Wardhaugh (1986:12) explain that Sociolinguistics will be concerned with investigating the relashionship between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of structure of languge and of how languages function in communication He also explain that Sociolinguistic is the study of language in relation to society,where as the sociology of language is the study of society in relation to language.In other word,in sociolinguistic we study society in other to find out as much as we can about what kind of thing language is,and the sociology of language we reserve the direction of our interes. According to Peter Trudgill (1974:32) Explain that sociolinguistic is part of linguistic which is concerned with language as a social and cultural phenomenom. Based on the statement that are explained above it clear that sociolinguistic study the relationship between language and society that are interested in explaining why we speak the differently in deferent social context which are concerned with the identifying to social functions of language, and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. In other hand as a social phenomenon language is always influenced by social; condition of the society. Examining the way people use language indifferent social context provides a wealth of information about the way language work, as well about the social relasionship in community through their language.

2.1.3 Word According Kats (1966) Spoken language the values of word, which are used as the tool of the actual communicative interaction, must be the result of the analysis of a sequence of speech sound occurring in actual daily routines of language society. Whatever values the word have in the context of their use in the language society are the real knowledge of the native speaker about the word of their language ( Platt and Platt, 1975 ). In the written language, the values of word, which are used as the tool of communication, must come from the analysis of the sequence of letters on paper such as in the literature work.By the integration of the two approaches discussed above, word are viewed not only from a single concept at all. First, they can be viewed from the linguistic approach. By this view word are defined as the smallest independent meaningful units ( Falk, 1978 ). They are the units, which are potential to be individual member of a certain word class. As unit of the word class, they show characteristics of division ( Rosenberg and Travis, 1971 ). In addition to this they also show the characteristic of formation with other linguistic units to a bigger contruction ( Falk, 1978 ). Second, They can be viewed from the unit of performance used in speech. By this view word are defined as part of the speech which is segmental and showing the ability to be pronounced in isolation ( Falk, 1978 ) and are still meaningful units of the speech whichcan be substituted by the other words of the same class of the related meaning in context of use ( Ogrady and Dobrovolsky, 1996 ).

Third, they can be viewed as units of performance in writing. By this viewed word can be defines as the smallest meaningful combination of letters which can be isolate and still show their indencency and the potential characteristics for devisions of having one or more independent part and one or more dependent part ( Falk, 1978 ). In general, words can be defined as the minimal units of languge, which have meanings. 2.1.4 Word Stucture As a tool of communication, language is assumed a human behavior and mind ( Katz, 1966 ). In such a theoretical concept, it is assumed not as static entity, but it is rather a dynamics aspect of human being. This assumption is subject to the view, which receives the existence of some principle, which govern the formation of new words from the basic words. So part of the competence of the native speakers of a language involves with the ability to increase the total set of the words in their language. The native speaker know the principles of the contraction of those other words. They know that the component of the word formation are the basic word and a morpheme. 2.1.5 Dialogue A dialogue is a conversation in which a speaker can establish, or continue, or terminet an interaction by using language to inform his hearer some factual or prepositional information, or enjoin some action upon him, ( Cf. Labove, 1972; Lyons 1977:32 Lakoff, 1973; and Brown and Levinson, 1978; Brown and Yule, 1983 ). So the dialogue of a secretary is the conversation in which secretary can

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establish, or continue, or terminate a business interaction for her company or institution by using language to infrom a person who has a business her company or institution some factual or propositional information, or enjoins some action upon him/her. 2.2 The Description of Madurese Dialect

2.2.1 Madurese Dialect

Soegianto,1982;337, Madures language used in Madura Island as well in Probolinggo consists of four dialect: 1.Sumenep Dialect, 2. Pamekasan Dialect, 3. Bangkalan Dialect, 4. Pandalungan Dialect. The researcher take all Madurese dialect considering there is no specific dialect in daily communication in Sumberbulu and Jorongan.

2.2.2 Dialect Them term dialect sometime make many speakers get difficulty in diciding Whether what they speak should be called language or dialect of language. Hauagen (in wardraugh, 1986:24 ) has pointed out that language and dialect are ambiguous terms. Ordinary people use them quite freely to often experience considerably difficulty in deciding that one term should be used rather than the other in certain situation.

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A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronounciation. Where a distisiction can be made only in terms of pronounciation, the term accent is appropriated, not dialect.(.org/wiki/ http://en.wikipedia dialect). A standart Dialect Is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation, presentation as being the correct from of a language in school, published grammar, dictionaries and text books that set forth a correct spoken and written form, and be multiple standart dialect associated with a single language. A not standart Dialect Like a standart dialect, has a complete beneficiary of institutional support. The term dialect develops widely in communities people will use a standard language in their daily life and tend to use dialect as well. However people who use dialect are usually aware that their dialect, they can not be used in other places because it can be understood only in their places. Hikmatul Mufridah in thesis, A dialect is any set of one more varieties a language which share at least one feature or combination of feature setting them apart from other varieties of language and which many appropriately be fretted as a unit one linguistic or non linguistic grounds. Based on that definition, it can be concluded that a dialect always has one more feature that are not showed by other language varieties. Those feature make it different from others. A dialect may differ the use from other. According Wardaugh (1992:46) also divided dialect into two kind that are regional dialect and social dialect. He explained that regional dialect are

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depend on a variety of factors, the principles ones apparently being social class, religion and ethniaty. Regional dialect is a dialect used by the same society in the same area. Its means the people there have the same place or area. They speak each by practicing dialect. Social dialect is a dialect used a group of people not based on who and what role they act in society.

2.3 Language level There are there language in Madurese, That are: enjaq-iya/enjaq-iya, engghi-enten and engghi bhunten (Soegianto: 1977:10). The researcher determines enjaq-iya levels as object to be analyzed because this level in fact. Lexically and structurally is the most complete language level among the there language of Madurese. It means that in all structural and lexical of engghibhunten, we can find their synonymous in enjaq-iya, but not in the contrary.

The Description Dialect of Jorongan and Sumberbulu

Jorongan Sumber bulu Meaning

Emba Bedibik Baki Alek Nyerat

Ende Sengkok Talam jejik Nyebor

Grand father I Dish Sister Spay

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Neser Soker Santak Tokang Misri Rodek Mes etc

Estoh Bejik Sernyit Penter Opah Rosak Butok etc

Love Dislike Fast Cleaver Tip Broken Manure etc

Dialect differences within a language is determined by the geographical or regional (Sumarsono and Paina Partana1992: 22). Understood from the above statement is part of a dialect of the language that should be understood by the user with a dialect that can understand another dialect or called by Mutual Inteligibel

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