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ORALCOM Gozon, Siegfred Quain P.

1. What is communication? Communication is the activity of conveying information. Communication has been derived from the Latin word "communis", meaning to share. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Feedback is critical to effective communication between parties. SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication

2. What are the elements of communication? What is the role and function of each element. Explain briefly.

The seven elements

Source idea Message Encoding Channel Receiver Decoding Feedback

The Source idea is the process by which one formulates an idea to communicate to another party. This process can be influenced by external stimuli such as books or radio, or it can come about internally by thinking about a particular subject. The source idea is the basis for the communication. The Message is what will be communicated to another party. It is based on the source idea, but the message is crafted to meet the needs of the audience. For example, if the message is between two friends, the message will take a different form than if communicating with a superior. Encoding is how the message is transmitted to another party. The message is converted into a suitable form for transmission. The medium of transmission will determine the form of the communication. For example, the message will take a different form if the communication will be spoken or written. The Channel is the medium of the communication. The channel must be able to transmit the message from one party to another without changing the content of the message. The channel can be a piece of paper, a communications medium such as radio, or it can be an email. The channel is the path of the communication from sender to receiver. An email can use the Internet as a channel. The Receiver is the party receiving the communication. The party uses the channel to get the communication from the transmitter. A receiver can be a television set, a computer, or a piece of paper depending on the channel used for the communication. Decoding is the process where the message is interpreted for its content. It also means the receiver thinks about the message's content and internalizes the message. This step of the process is where the receiver compares the message to prior experiences or external stimuli. Feedback is the final step in the communications process. This step conveys to the transmitter that the message is understood by the receiver. The receiver formats an appropriate reply to the first communication based on the channel and sends it to the transmitter of the original message.

There are six elements of communication

1. Source 2. Stimuli 3. Message 4. Channel 5. Reciever 6. Feedback

The source is the originator of the idea which will be passed across as a message. The stimulus is what triggers the source to present the message. The message is the information passed acrossed. The channel is the medium through which the message is commuicated The receiver is the person who decodes the message Feed back is the response of the receiver to the message Source: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_elements_of_communication#ixzz1kX HFRJEK

3. What is non-verbal communication? Nonverbal communication is a behavior that creates or represents meaning. In other words, it includes facial expressions, body movements, and gestures. Also nonverbal communication is talking without speaking a word. It is very effective, maybe even more so than speech. Remember the saying. Actions speaks louder than words SOURCE: http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00451/nonverbalcom.htm 4. What do these types of non-verbal communication means kinescs, haptics, paralinguistics, proxemcs, chronemics? Give at least two example for each types. Kinesics - is the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures or, more formally, non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a whole. Examples:

Pointing : US with index finger; Germany with little finger; Japanese with entire hand (in fact most Asians consider pointing with index finger to be rude) Counting: Thumb = 1 in Germany, 5 in Japan, middle finger for 1 in Indonesia. Proxemics - is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact Examples: Personal space The personal space around my body includes a number of concentric circles where the closer areas are reserved for more trusted people. If you are closer to me, you may attack me, so I will seek to keep close areas safer by forbidding all but approved friends. Hall (1966) found four key zones:

Intimate: touching to 10 inches. For close friends and family. Casual-personal: 18 inches to four feet: Informal conversation with friends. Social-consultative: four to twelve feet: formal transactions. Public: Addressing groups of people.

Note that this distance can vary significantly. Extraverts, for example, may have smaller distances whilst introverts may prefer to keep their distance. People who live in towns and cities are used to squeezing closer to people so have smaller spaces, whilst country people stand so far apart they have to lean forwards to shake hands. Also the distance varies greatly with nationality. For example the casual-personal distance may be:

North America: 18 inches Western Europe: 14 to 16 inches Japan: 36 inches Middle East: 8 to 12 inches

For close conversation, an appropriate proximity needs to be sustained. If the distance is too far, then the person may be seen as 'stand-offish' or distant (perhaps insultingly so). Body angling Bodies may be angled with other people ranging from side-to-side to face-to-face. Direct face-to-face can be confrontational or intimate and so many conversations are held with people sitting or standing at an angle to one another. When side-by-side, people face the same way and hence it is difficult to see the other's face. This is done as a practical step when walking or may be deliberately used to 'face the same problem'.

Haptics - is the means by which people and other animals communicate via touching. Touch, or the haptic sense, is extremely important for humans; as well as providing information about surfaces and textures it is a component of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relationships, and vital in conveying physical intimacy. It can be both sexual (kissing is one such example that is sometimes sexual) and platonic (such as hugging or tickling). Examples: Touching Tickling Paralinguistics - used to modify meaning and convey emotion. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously, and it includes the pitch, volume, and, in some cases, intonation ofspeech. Sometimes the definition is restricted to vocally-produced sounds. The study is known as paralinguistics.

Examples: -"um," "erm", "aha," and "mm-hmm." -Cool story, bro." (the words themselves don't matter- the way they said it shows you they don't care) -Yelling at someone (the words don't matter- the way they said it shows you how they're angry) Chronemics - is the study of time usage in nonverbal communication. Chronemics states that the way in which we perceive time, structure our time and react to time is a powerful communication tool. Time perceptions can be expressed through punctuality, willingness to wait, speed of speech or even the amount of time people are willing to listen. According to Chronemics, the timing and frequency of any action as well as the tempo of communications within an interaction contribute to the process of non-verbal communication. Examples: -Being on time at a job interview (shows politeness without saying it) -Being fashionably late to a party (shows you're important without saying it)

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesics

http://www.andrews.edu/~tidwell/lead689/NonVerbal.html http://changingminds.org/explanations/behaviors/body_language/proxemics.htm http://www.buzzle.com/articles/nonverbal-communication.html

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