BSNL best report

Tuesday, November 17, 2009

BSNL best vocational training report

PART-I
BSNL
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED is abbreviated as BSNL. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000 It is a telecom company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it, expanding the network and introducing new telecom services Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector undertaking of India. It is fourth largest department of Telecommunication Company in Asia It is seventh in world today. It is one of the most earning revenue in India. Above more than 3 laces employees, officer and engineers working in BSNL at present. Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone capacity 20.1 Million GSM Capacity(CellOne) garnering 24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection.

 4 million WLL capacity More than 37382 fixed exchanges 18000 BTS 287 Satellite Stations 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable 63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting Spread in 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5 Lakhs villages The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute.

Financial Position
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, the largest Public Sector Undertaking of the Nation, is certainly on a financial ground that's sound. Scaling new heights of success, the present turnover of BSNL is more than Rs.351,820 million (US $ 8 billion) with net profit to the tune of Rs.99,390 million (US $ 2.26 billion) for last financial year.

Conclusion
The turnover, nationwide coverage, comprehensive range of telecom services and the desire to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India. VISION To become the largest telecom Service Provider in Asia MISSION *To provide world class telecom services to its customers on demand at competitive prices. *To Provide world class telecom infrastructure in its area of operation and to contribute to the growth of the country's economy Headquarters Industry Type Status Delhi Area, India Telecommunications Public Company Operating

Company Size more than 3 laces employees Founded Top Locations

Chandgarh Delhi Area,

2000

Area, India (35) India (75) India (34)

Bangalore Area,

MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL

A telephone call starts when the caller lifts the handsets of the base. Once the dial tone is heard, the caller uses a rotary or a push button dial mounted either on the handset or on the base to enter a sequence of digits, the telephone number of called party. The switching equipment from the exchange removes the dial tone from the line after the first digit is received and after receiving the last digit, determines the called party is in the same exchange or a different ones. If the called is in the same exchange, burst of ringing current is applied to the called partys line. Each telephone contains a ringer that responds to specific electric frequency. When the called party answers the telephone by pocking up the handset, steady start to flow in the called partys line and is detected by the exchange. The exchange than stops applying ringing and sets up the connection between the caller and the called party. If the called party is in different exchange from the caller, the caller exchange set up the connection over the telephone network to the called partys exchange. The called party then handles the process of ringing, detecting an answer, and notifying the calling and billing machinery when the call is completed. When conversation is over, one or both parties hang up by replacing their handset on the base, stopping the flow of current. The exchange when initiates the process of taking down the connection, including notifying billing equipment of the duration of the call if appropriate.

Basic Concept:
1. Switching equipment:
Equipment which effects interconnected of telephones is known as switching equipment. Basically it is a device or a system that connects one telephone line to another so that 2 or more people can have a conversation over their respective telephones or so that your computers modem can connect to a remote modem such as a remote modem owned by an ISP (internet service provider ) which in turn connects you to the internet.

2. Telephone exchange:
The switching centre, which houses the terminating and switching equipment is called telephone exchange.

EXCHANGE LAYOUT:
Typical exchange consists of: Switch Room Operations and Maintenance (OMC) Room Input Output processor (IOP) Room Power Plant Room Battery Room Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Room

Main Distribution Frame (M.D.F) :

To connect switch (exchange) with the external environment (subscriber) i.e. it is the interface between subscribers and exchange. The switching equipment, common to all the subscribers of the area is located in an exchange. To make possible for a subscriber to communicate with remaining subscribers, telephone of each and every subscriber must be connected to the exchange. The function of MDF is to provide a means for connecting side is terminated at OCB where the switching take place. From OCB, through PCM connected to various sections like WLL, TAX etc. FUNCTION OF MDF : A fixed means of terminating the external cables. A means for mounting the protective devices for incoming circuits. A convenient point of interception for locating of faults. A means for cross connecting the external circuits to the appropriate internal circuits. The primary function of MDF is to remove fault. It is also known as Fault Remove Section. The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF because of some specific reason. A line from the subscribers telephone set involves: Subscribers House wiring Overhead wires Cable Distribution Point Underground cables Exchange Main Distribution Frame From the subscribers house wiring, the line is brought on overhead wires to a point called distribution point(DP). From the DP, the pairs are extended to the exchange through underground distribution cables,

secondary cables and primary cables. At the exchange are brought through underground cables to cable chamber. In the cable chambers, they are jointed to PVC cables for terminating at MDF. This frame incorporates protecting devices and provides for a flexible arrangement for connecting subscribers lines to exchange equipments. SUBSCRIBERS HOUSE WIRING : PVC aluminum twin wire 1or1.12 mm is used for wiring at subscribers house. Protective devices are not necessary at the subscribers premises as per present standards. UNDERGROUND CABLES : The underground cables laid at a depth to 2.5 feet below the ground level connect the DP post to the exchange MDF. The cabinets and pillars included in the cable network provide flexible arrangement of interconnection between various sizes of cables. The MDF is properly earthed for the protection of the equipment. The external pairs are area wise terminated on the line side of the frame, while connection from the equipment is done on the exchange side in a numerical order. By interconnections at this frame with the help of jumper wires, any subscriber in any area can be given any exchange number. This MDF mounts Delay Fuses Address Scheme : MDF has many tag blocks of 100 and that numbered from 1 to 100. In a tag block, there are 128 pair wire theoretically. Therefore, total number of connecting wires are 1024 theoretically. But in practical, there are only 1000 pairs. For equipment side: From ground, a single pair of 400 wires originates, which is divided in 4 pairs of 100 wires. Practically, each pair is provided with 102 wires. These exact 2 wires are used in case of any manufacturing defect. For broadband connections, different colored tag blocks are provided. Broadband is used to provide different facilities on land-line phones with high speed to access them. A grey colored tag block is used for line

side while yellow colored tag block is used on equipment side. These tag blocks has 0 to 47 pairs. In order to know the centre load point: Cabinet and pillar are provided with capacity as per requirement. The D.P. box is provided with 10 or 20 or 5 pairs. Now a days, a D.P. box of 5 pairs is used which is wall mount instead of being mounted on pole. To identify any telephone, we require the following two addresses:1. Exchange/line address 2. Equipment address Exchange address is written in given manner:
Vertical number--Tag block number--Pair number

For example 7-5-15 Here, Vertical no.=7 Tag block no.=5 Pair no.=15 This gives the address of a telephone in the exchange. Equipment address is given as:Rack number-Tag block number-pair number

For example7-6-87 Here, Rack no.=7 Tag block no.=6 Pair no.=87 This gives the information about the actual location of telephone equipment. This address is provided to lineman for repairing, in case of any fault.

There is another section of fault repairing located in MDF section. When subscribers phone is not working, then subscriber calls to exchange. For this he dials, 198. At other side in exchange anyone on computer feeds subscriber detail and phone number. Further system is fully computerized. Computers do the testing of line and gives fault at its output. Then fault is given to lineman of that area. He checks out the lines of that area and removes the fault. After this, he informs to the exchange that the line is OK and then the exchange informs the subscriber at their phone number, that there telephone is working now. N.E.: The word NE stands for the NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT .It is used for testing number. WEDGE: Wedge is used as a device for checking the ring. Wedge is placed in jack strips, which is connected to telephone for checking. CONSTRUCTION OF M.D.F:Main distribution frame is mainly divided in two parts. (1) Vertical Side or Line side. (2) LEN side or Exchange side. Vertical Side or Line side: All the part from vertical side to the subscriber is generally called outdoor section. 1. One Vertical has 10 tag blocks. 2. Each Tag block has 10 rows 3. Each Row has 10 tags. So finally, each tag block has 100 tags. 4. Connection between vertical side & subscribers are provided by Jelly filled cables.

5. These wires are first terminated in Cabinet box, then according to requirements the group of the wires (e.g. 200 wires, 100 wires etc.) is terminated in Pillar box. LEN side or Exchange side: All the parts from LEN to the exchange are called indoor section.The connection of subscriber from exchange is terminated on this side of MDF. 1. In 1 Tag block there are 128 tags. 2. Each tag block is divided in 4 Segments. That is 0, 1, 2 & 3 and in each segments. DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS: 1. LOOP FAULTIf two wires are joined together because of improper connection, storming air etc. 2. EARTH FAULT:-If two wires get scrape at some places and if this wire comes in contact with tree, pillar or any metal objects then this type of fault occurs. 3. CABLE FAULT:-For outdoor connections, jelly filled wires are used which are affected by natural causes such as rain, earthquake etc. At such time this fault occurs. 4. DISCONNECT FAULT:-This type of fault occurs due to the breaking of wires between the vertical side & LEN side. PROTECTIVE DEVICES USED IN M.D.F: Comprehensive protection against effects of lightning and power line contacts is achieved in practice by fuses, arresters and heat coils. They are not affected by normal speech and signaling voltage and current but operates when the foreign voltage or current on the line is excessive. The line is then disconnected automatically from the equipment. For safety precautions fuses are used. Every subscriber line has individual fuse. These fuses are made of GD (gas discharge) tube, which are connected in parallel. These fuses have two sides, one is exchange side and other is subscriber side.

Connections between the different tag blocks are made using the Jumper wires of red and white colours. GD tubes are connected in parallel while Electrical fuses are connected in series. In electrical fuse, when high voltage appears across it, then it will break up the connection and thus safeguard the system. If GD tube is connected in series, then due to high voltage across any line, the whole exchange will be disconnected. Thus when GD tubes are connected in parallel, it will provide the required facility. In case of heavy lightning discharges, gas discharge protectors are used and more consistent voltage is obtained. The gas discharge protector essentially consists of two tungsten electrodes sealed in a special glass envelope containing a mixture of inert gases, mainly neon. One of the electrodes are for connections to the lines and the other is the earth electrode. If the potential difference across the electrodes rises to a certain critical value(the striking value) the gas is ionized and becomes conducting. This condition will continue till the potential difference across the electrodes falls to the extinction voltage value. For voltages less than striking value it will not conduct. For normal operating voltages on the lines, it offers extremely high impedance and thus does not introduce any transmission loss.

POWER PLANT ROOM :

To feed proper power supply to exchange .As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input. The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power supply is gone off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone is always plays its role in the human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus there must be adjustment source of power.

Main parts of Power Plant Room:

The main parts of the power room are: 1. Batteries 2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) 3. Charging - Discharging Unit 4. Inverter and Converter Unit 5. Engine Room 1. Batteries These are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off.

2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)

The UPS must give supply to the computer. As we know there is some equipment which can withstand any type of power supply, but there are also some instruments which cannot withstand with this type of power supply, even a microsecond delay will cause the loss of data.

3. Charging - Discharging Unit

The batteries we are using in the power room need timely charging. As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging unit present in the power room. The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the TRICKLE charging. But sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this type of charging we take off the batteries from the load and charge separately, until it gets fully charged. The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging of the batteries.

4. Inverter and Converter Unit

The main use of this system is to change AC mains to DC and vice versa as required by the parts of exchange.

5. Engine Room
We know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the power supply. They are of 885 KVA. Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine.

Operations and Maintenance (OMC) Room Describe in written material SWITCHING ROOM:
Switch room consists of BM and CM cabinets mounted in standard switch. These cabinets are fastened to a switch Room and interconnected by cables.

It will be discussed in various Exchanges Input Output processor (IOP) Room: It will be discussed in various Exchanges AC Plant:
To maintain the continuous temperature + or 2 degree Celsius to the digital switch (exchange). For the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic requirement. The basic advantages of cooling systems are followingIt provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not reach the tolerance limit of electronic equipment It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of equipments. It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused rusting of equipment.

The basic unit of measurement used in the industry is known as Ton of refrigeration (TR) which is equivalent to the heat extracted in 24 hours for converting thousands kg of liquid to ice at zero degree. The compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator coils by compressing it. Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal type a cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal compressors are used. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange process. The capillary tube or the expansion valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and meters its flows to the evaporator. The refrigerant then passes trough the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the ambience.

Computer Unit:
It deals with additional services of the exchange to the customers with the help of computers. As the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the all services provided by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer. It also provides the updated data to all other part of the exchange. The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet also gets connected to the main server present in this room via an internet room. It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different services. The main servers of this room are:IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange.

CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users are facing in repairing of telephone. In this system when the user enters its complained it gets directly entered to the server and user is allotted with an id number. LOCAL DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is another services provided by the exchange, by using this; subscribers calls the particular number and gets the directory enquiry. The server present in the main computer room provides this service. INTERNET DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is the latest service by the exchange. In this type of service makes enquiry using the internet, which gets connected to the main server at the internet room in the exchange and further to the main server in the computer room.

PART-II
EXCHANGE:
All new technology switching systems are based on Stored Program Control concept. The call processing programs are distributed over different control organs of the system and are stored in ROM / RAM of different control units. Processor in the control units by using the programs and data stored in unit ROM / RAM process and handle calls. Handling or processing call means to ultimately establish a connection in a switch between incoming line and outgoing line. Depending on the name and architecture of control units and switch may change but criterion for switching remains more or less the same.

There are two types telephone exchange. They are: 1. Manual exchange 2. Automatic exchange 1. Manual exchange:
With manual service, the customer lifts the receiver off-hook and asks the operator to connect the call to a requested number. Provided that the number is in the same central office, the operator connects the call by plugging into the jack on the switchboard corresponding to the called customer's line. If the call is to another central office, the operator plugs into the trunk for the other office and asks the operator answering (known as the "inward" operator) to connect the call. In these exchanges there are two types of switch boards used: a. Cordless type switch board:

It is used for small Private Exchange, where number of telephone lines is less than 12. b. Cord type switch board: It is used when number of telephone lines exceeds 12 telephone lines.

2. Automatic exchange:
All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges. Todays automatic exchanges use a pair of computers. One, running the program that provides services. Second, monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure. There are two types of Automatic exchanges: 1. Electromechanical Switching system: I) Strowger Type Switching system II) Crossbar Type Switching system 2. Electronic Switching system: Various exchanges present in BSNL are: C-DOT, OCB, EWSD etc. I) Strowger Type Switching system: Almon B. Strowger was an undertaker in Kansas city, USA, the story goes that there was a competing undertaker locally whose wife was an operator at the local telephone exchange. Whenever a caller asked to be put through to Strowger, calls were deliberately put through to his competitor. This obviously frustrated Strowger greatly & he set about developing a system for doing away with the human part of the equation! Strowger developed a system of automatic switching using an electromechanical switch based around electromagnets & pawls. With the help of his nephew (W.S. Strowger) he produced a working model in 1888.in this selector, a moving

wiper (with contacts on the end) moved up to & around a bank of many other contacts, making connection with any one of them. II) Crossbar Type Switching system: A crossbar switch is one of the principle architecture used to construct switches of many types. Crossbar switches are some times referred to as cross point switches. The other principle switch architectures are that of memory switches or crossover switch(banyan switch). A CB exchange was divided into an originating side and a terminating side when a user picked up their handset, the resulting line loop operating the users line relay caused the exchange to connect the users telephone to an originating sender, which returns the user a dial tone. The sender then recorded the dialed digits and passed them to the originating marker,which selected an outgoing trunk & operated the various crossbar switches stages to connect the calling user to it .

C DOT Exchange
Control Department Of Telematics (C-DOT) exchange was designed by Mr.Shyam Petroda of Gujarat (The scientific advisor in the ministry of Mrs. Indira Gandhi) to suit the Indian climatic conditions. The exchange works satisfactorily up to 35 degree Celsius. Exchange layout: The exchange can be divided into the following rooms. 1. Switch Room 2. Operation and Maintenance Room (OMC) 3. Input Output Processor Room (IOP) 4. Main Distribution Frame (MDF) 5. Power Plant Room 6. Battery Room

C-DOTs various equipment:

1. C DOT Card Assembly: Cards are used for connection & control of subscriber lines & inserted in the rack of C DOT telephone exchange in their respective places.

In C DOT exchange ,mainly 3 kinds of cards are used : 1. CLR (Control Line Rack) Cards group 2. CNR (Connection Network Rack) Cards group 3. SPL (Special Line Cards) Cards group 2. Card Frames:

From written material From written material

3. Racks:

4. Cabinets : 1. Base Module cabinet 2. Central Module Cabinet 3. Input Output Cabinet

Basic building modules of C-DOT DSS MAX

(Diagram given in written material) 1. Base module(BM) 2. Central module(CM) 3. Administrative module(AM) 4. I/O Module (IOM) Base Module It interfaces the external world to the switch throw subscriber lines like analog & digital trunks, CCM (coin collect metering) & PBX lines. Each BM can interface up to 2024 terminations. It carries out majority of call processing functions along with maintenance & operation functions with the help of IOM. In Single Base Module (SBM) exchange configuration, the BM acts as independent switch system & provide connections to 1500 lines &128 trunks. In such configuration, BM directly interfaces with IOM for bulk data storage, operations & maintenance functions. Clock& synchronization is provided is provided by the source within BM.

Central module Consists of message switching space to provide inter module communication & perform voice & data switching btw BMs. It also provides clock & synchronization on a centralized basis. Administrative module Performs system level resource allocation & processing function on a centralized basis. It performs all the memory & time intensive call processing support functions & also administration & maintenance functions. It communicates with the BM via the CM. It supports the IOM for providing man machine interface. It also supports the Alarm Display Panel (ADP) for the audio visual indication of faults in the system. Input / Output module It is a powerful duplex computer system that interfaces various secondary storage devices like disk drives, cartridge, tape drive & floppy drive. It supports printers & up to 8 serial ports for video display units, which are used for man machine communication interface. All the bulk data processing & storage is done in this module. Remote Switch Unit (RSU) RSU is an integral part of DSS architecture. In order to realize a RSU, the normal BM can be modified for communication with the host exchange via 2Mbps digital links .No. Of 2 Mbps links btw main exchange & RSU is primarily determined by the traffic. A max 16 PCMs can be provided btw RSU & main exchange. Analog & digital trunk interfaces are also implemented in RSU to support direct parenting of small exchange from RSU itself instead of parenting it to the main exchange.

As far as call processing is concerned, RSU is an autonomous exchange capable of local call completion. In the event of failure of PCM links RSU goes to standalone mode of operation .in case ,it is not possible to process a call request due to unavailability of links to the host ,the subscriber is connected to appropriate tone or announcement. Common Channel Signaling # 7 (CCS#7) It is implemented in CDOT DSS to provide value added services in network e.g. intelligent network services, ISDN services .ISDN services are the most widely used carriers to transport the bulk volume of data. With the increasing use of internet access , the use of ISDN interface is likely to go up as it has to provide reliable access to the user at 64/128kbps.It integrates computer on telephone on single access. Redundancy To meet the stringent availability CDOT DSS employs hot standby techniques for all processor complexes so that event of the failure of any one security block not more than 8 subscribers will be affected. Hardware crosslink planned in such a way that even failure 2 dissimilar processors do not affect the system performance. In the event of failure of 1 unit, other units will share its load preventing the disruption of services. Time Switch Unit Alarm Display Panel Power Supply Arrangement Cabling

C-DOT Software Architecture

C-DOT Real Time Operating Subsystem (CDOS) Peripheral Processor Subsystem Call Processing Subsystem

Maintenance Subsystem Administrative Subsystem Data Base Subsystem Input Output Processor Subsystem

Facilities Provided By C-DOT

From Written material

OCB-283 Exchange
OCB-283 is digital switching system which supports a variety of communication needs like basic telephony, ISDN, etc. This system has been developed by CIT ALCATEL of France and therefore has many similarities to its predecessor E-10B (also known as OCB-181 in France). It is a digital switching with single T stage switch. A maximum of 2048 PCMs can be connected. It supports both analog and digital subscribers. It supports all the existing signaling systems, like decadic, MF (R2), CAS and also CCITT#7 signaling system. It provides telephony, ISDN, Data communication, cellular radio, and other value added services. The system has automatic recovery feature. When a serious fault occurs in a control unit, it gives a message to SMM. The SMM puts this unit out of service and loads the software of this unit in a back up unit and brings it into service. Diagnostic programs run on the faulty unit and the diagnostics is printed on a terminal. It has a double remote facility. Subscriber access unit can be placed at a remote place and connected to the main exchange through PCM links. Further, line concentrators can also be placed at a remote location and connected to the CSNL or CSND through PCMs.

Various units of OCB 283 system are connected over token rings. This enables fast exchange of information and avoids complicated links and wiring between various units. The charge accounts of subscribers are automatically saved in the disc, once in a day. This avoids loss of revenue in case of battery failure. The traffic handling capacity of the system is huge. The exchange can be managed either locally or from an NMC through 64 kb/s link. All the control units are implemented on the same type of hardware. This is called a station. The system is made up of only 35 types of cards. This excludes the cards required for CSN. Due to this, the number of spare cards to be kept for maintenance is drastically reduced. The system has modular structure. The expansion can be very easily carried out by adding necessary hardware and software. The SMMs are duplicated with one active other standby. In case of faults, switch over takes place automatically. The hard disc is very small in size, compact and maintenance free. It has a very huge memory capacity of 1.2 Giga bytes. The space requirement is very small. There is no fixed or rigid rack and suite configuration in the system.

FACILITY PROVIDED BY OCB-283:

Facilities to analogue subscribers: A line can be made only outgoing or incoming. Immediate hot line facility- The subscriber is connected to another predetermined subscriber on lifting the handset without dialing any number.

Delayed hot line facility-When subscriber lifts the handset, dial tone is provided he can dial any number. If he does not dial a number, within a predetermined time, he is connected to predetermined number. Abbreviated dialing-The subscriber can record a short code and its corresponding full number in the memory. Later he dial this number, he has to only dial short code. Call forwarding-When activated, incoming calls to the subscriber gets transferred to the number mentioned by the subscriber while activating the facility. Conference between four subscribers-Two subscribers while in conversation can include two more subscribers by pressing button and dialing their numbers. Call waiting indication-When a subscriber is engaged in conversation and if he gets an incoming call, an indication is given in the form of tone. Hearing this, the subscriber has option, either to hold the subscriber in conversation and attend the waiting call or to disconnect this subscriber and attend the waiting call. Automatic call back on busy-If this facility is activated and if the called subscriber is found busy, the calling subscriber simply replaces the receiver. The system keeps watch on the called subscriber and when it becomes free, a ring is given to both the subscribers. On lifting they can talk to each other. Priority line-Calls from this line are processed and put through even when the number of free channels is within a threshold. Malicious call identification-In this category, the number of calling subscriber is printed on the terminal Battery reversal-The system extends battery reversal when called subscriber answers. Detailed billing-The system provides detailed bills giving details of date, time, etc. Absent subscriber service-When activated, the incoming calls are diverted to absent subscriber service for suitable instructions or information. Facilities to digital subscribers:

Digital subscribers are provided all the facilities available to analog subscribers. In addition, they are provided additional facilities which are called ISDN services. An ISDN subscriber can use many electronic devices on its telephone line and can utilize them for two or more simultaneous calls of either Voice or Data or Video. 2B+D LINE- 2 Voice Channel of 64kbps and 1 Data Channel of 16kbps It provides 64kb/s digital connectivity between two subscribers for data communication. 30 B+D LINE- 30 Voice Channel of 64kbps and 1 Data Channel of 64kbps The system provides facsimile services. It provides videotext services. It provides display of calling subscriber number on called subscribers telephone. It also provides the facility for restriction of the display of calling subscriber number on the called subscribers terminal. Charging advice - The system is capable of providing charging advice either in real time or at the end of the call. User to user signaling - The system permits transfer to mini messages between calling and called subscribers during call set up and ringing phase. Terminal portability during the call - A subscriber can unplug terminal, carry it to some other place or room and resume the call within 3 minutes. TIME SWITCH CONCEPT: The time switch comprises of a Speech Buffer Memory, A Control Memory, An Incoming Highway Of Digital Speech In Parallel Bits and An Outgoing Highway. This is an Input Associated Controlled Time Switch. In this switch the Buffer Memory and Control Memory are controlled write type i.e. the writing in it is controlled. The control function writes in the control memory at the location corresponding to the Incoming Time Slot Number, the location where it should be written in the Buffer Memory.

Both these memories are sequential read type. Reading of control memory gives the address in the Buffer Memory for writing Incoming TS Byte. Thus reading of Buffer Memory sequentially the TS will be read from the location given by the Control Memory. Thus a one way Time switching has taken place. Similarly a both way switching requires two sets of such switches. DUPLICATED SWITCHING: The switching is done in OCB-283 in two fully duplicated branches simultaneously. For this purpose from each connection units the LR links originate in two parallel branches towards two parallel sets of switching matrices called SMX A and SMX B. The branches of such network are called A and B branches. Also the receive side LR links come from both the SMXs A & B and are terminated on the respective connection units. The duplicated branches of switching have been designed to provide high reliability switching path for such diverse purposes as data switching, video conference, ISDN applications etc. With the duplicated paths of switching if there is error in one path the other path which is good can be used continuous without interrupting the call in progress. SAB FUNCTION: The connection units have their internal duplicated hardware which is called Control Logic, which work in Pilot / Reserve arrangements. Also they have non duplicated hardware such as subscriber cards and PCM termination cards. The duplicated LRs originate from a function in connection units called SAB-Selection and Amplification Of Branches. Its role is to generate two sets of LRs in trans-direction with calculation of parity etc. In receive direction it gets data from both the branches which it checks for parity and compares to detect any error in the two branches. In case of error the samples from only the good branch are taken after automatic testing of the quality of transmission of both the branches by the common control and the faulty branch is withdrawn from the service. The connection units lr links are formed into group of 8 LRs at the factory into cables with both ends terminated with plugs for the convenience of installation. Such groups of LRs are called GLR.

COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING NO.7: The latest signaling being implemented world wide is now the Common Channel Signaling. This type of signaling is essential for the setting up of the ISDN network. In this type of signaling, the signaling information is sent from one exchange to other exchange in the form of message coded in binary which is understandable by the intelligent devices available in both exchange. The CCITT organization has recommended a standard protocol called CCITT signaling. The signaling message travels over a single Time Slot of the PCM connecting the two exchanges. This Time Slot is called Common Channel for signaling, hence the name Common Channel Signaling. The message over this common channel carries all relevant data for any other time slots circuits which carry voice or subscriber data. The channels for subscribers are called Voice Channels. Signaling is often referred to as the Glue, which holds a network together. It provides the ability to transfer information between subscribers, within networks and between subscribers and networks. Without signaling, networks are inert. By providing effective signaling systems, a network is transformed into a tremendously powerful medium through which subscribers can communicate with each other using a range of telecommunications services.

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