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DAATON02 IIAPMENIAH2.

DUBLIN UNIVERSITY PRESS SERIES.

IIAPMENIAH2.

THE

PARMENIDES OF PLATO,
INTRODUCTION, ANALYSIS,
BY

AND

NOTES,

THOMAS MAGTJIRE,
LL.D., D.Lix.,

FELLOW AND TUTOR, TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.

DUBLIN HODGES,
:

FIGGIS,

&

CO.,

GRAFTON-STREET.

LONDON

LONGMANS, GREEN, &

1882.

CO.,

PATERNOSTER-ROW.

DUBLIN

PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

THE

following edition

is

intended chiefly for the

accordingly,

Metaphysician.

That reading,

has

always been preferred which makes the argument

more
I

plain.

am

indebted to PKOFESSOR DAVIES,

of

the

Queen's College, Galway, for his careful revision

of the proofs.

TB.LNITY COLLEGE,

January, 1882.

INTRODUCTION,

TjmSTENCE ^
ence
is

is

an aspect

of thought.

All exist-

thought
is

thought either actual or

possible.

That

to say, every

mode

of existence,

when grasped by cognition, would be found to be a mode of thought. Such is the position of the
Idealist.
2.

The
all

Idealist thinks his case

made

out,

be-

cause

such notions as Matter and Things in

themselves,

figments

when examined, prove to be figments made up of elements so incompatible, that

is

to affirm the one

to

deny the

other.

So Berkeley

disposes of Matter,
is

by

the bare statement that what

vice versa.

inactive

is

not causal, and

The
is

Idealfill

ist rejects

a monster whose sole function

is

to

gap, where there

3.

no gap.

The

rejection of a zero,

made up

of incom-

which cancel one another, has nothing to do with the position of Plato and Hegel, that
patibilities

Existence,

when
?

analysed,

yields

opposite

mois

ments.

This brings us to the question

What

Philosophy

viii

INTRODUCTION.
4.

Philosophy -makes explicit to thought what is Berkeley showed implicitly contained in thought.
that Sensible Qualities are

modes

of consciousness.

Kant showed
what

that consciousness contained a Neces-

sary and Universal element, meaning

is

by

necessary

construed to thought as not possibly otherit is

;

and by universal what is thought as exceptionless. These characteristics, Necessity and Universality, Hegel extended to the object,
wise than

and

so to the

universe.

Philosophy

is

thus the

explicitness of universal thought.

5.

The

other day, G. H. Lewes, while showing

that Physiology could not supersede Psychology,

pointed out that while Force could be translated

into Feeling,

Feeling could not be expressed in

is

Force.

Thus the most advanced Empiricism

idealistic.
6.

It

may

be

said that Science will that

in
it
:

time
will
it is

express Feeling in terms of Force

translate Psychosis into Neurosis.
:

Granted

nothing to the point Neurosis is the antecedent, and so can never be the consequent. Psychosis thought
7.

will

keep

its

coin of vantage.
Idealist,

According to the

thought

is

the

only object of thought

thought

is

the sole instruof thought

is

ment

of

thought

and the product

of

thought.
8.

The instrument

thought

is

thought only

INTRODUCTION.
that
is

ix

to say,

we

analyse a synthesis and reconout

of

struct

synthesis
;

our analysis.

We

do

nothing more

yet this process condemns as im-

possible the prevalent opinion that

Psychology

is

Philosophy.

In the Timaeus, the Demiurge mixes various ingredients in a bowl. Everyone sees that this is
9.

But when a Psychologist talks of the interaction of Subject and Object of the action
Allegory.
of the

Object on the Subject, he

is

unconsciously

allegorical.

10.
e.g.

The

older hypothesis

was that

of Impulse,

Yet impulse implies weight, and weight, or gravity, is the result of the whole uniLocke's.
verse, and, so,

cannot account for

that the weight

it.

billiard

player

may assume

is

in the ball;

but a thinker ought to see that weight, or any property of a part, must be the result of the whole,
and, so, cannot be prior to
it.

So

of

Force

it is

another word for Movement, and cannot, therefore,

originate.
11.

So of Chemical Action
it

chemical action

is

only possible, because

is

the result of certain

It

conditions, and, therefore, cannot cause them.

is

easy to say,

let

Oxygen

represent the Subject,

Hydrogen the
Consciousness.

Object,

and Water

the result
retranslate
:

But the chemist can

of the

and the weight

new product

is

that of the

x
old elements.
will

INTRODUCTION.
Dewar has shown
that old elements
is

form that new substance which

attended by

the greatest evolution of heat.

in

On

the other hand,

the mental product the old

constituents sur-

vive,

and so the analogy breaks down on every

point.

Psychology starts with a Subject and an Object; and by bringing the two into combinaeither tion, and by feigning some reciprocal action
12. So,

mechanical or chemical
Consciousness.

generates the Universe of

As

before, Subject
at a
it.

and Object are

stage,

results of consciousness

certain

and,

therefore, cannot generate

13.

Des Cartes assumes an Ego,

It is

isolated

from

the rest of the Universe.

obvious that the

;

Ego

is

in contrast to the

non-Ego

to evolve the

non-Ego from the Ego is to offer a proof of that which the proof pre-supposes, and without which
the proof would be unmeaning.
14. Locke's
is

Essay

of value as a reply to the

Psychology of Des Cartes. As a piece of philosophy, it assumes that there is a Mind on one
side,

and a

set

of

Things on the

other.

It is

mere Psychology.
15.

Natural Realism
tells

is

not Philosophy.

Natural

Realism

us

' '

that along with the presentation

of the Object there is

always a simultaneous pre-

sentation of the Subject, the two being mutually

INTRODUCTION.
related to each
lates

xi

other." *
:

True

but this postuis,

Subject and Object

that

a Universe,

and that Universe cut in two.

chology.

It is

mere Psy-

Atomic theories cannot be Philosophy: they assume Space and Quantity that is, from an aspect
16.
;

of the Universe

they explain the whole. 17. Molecular theories cannot be Philosophy.

the assumptions of

To

Atomism they add the

as-

sumption of Quality, and of Difference of Quality. Quality, like quantity and space, must be a result
of the Universe.

Clerk Maxwell considers that the

is

family likeness of the molecules that they are not original.

18. Sir

an argument on the

John Lubbock has

calculated,

authority of Loschmidt, Stoney, and Sir

son, that the molecules of gases are not

W. Thommore than
It

the fifty-millionth part of an inch in diameter.

is

obvious that any one of these molecules involves

the whole problem of Natural Realism, aud of the

relation of

Psychology to Philosophy.
to

Sorby

is

of

opinion that in a length of 1-80,000 of an inch there

would probably be from 500

2000 molecules

500, for instance, in albumen,

and 2000 in water.

The nameless
space and
its

fraction of an inch presents us with

contents as surely as the field of the

* Honck's Hamilton,

p. 83, n.

xii

INTRODUCTION.

seventy -five millions of worlds, of one of which our

earth
is

but a fraction.

19.

Movement
Space,

in the line of Least Resistance

System of Pressures. Granting that Space and Motion are Metaphysical Ultima, Philosophy asks why Space and Motion
are found
in

assumes

and

combination.

How

did the

Atom

acquire

its

tenure of Space, and

?

why

did Space

tolerate the intrusion

20. Evolution

is

not Philosophy.
is

If a thing is

evolved from within, the process

more than the

starts.

mere accretion with which the doctrine

If

the thing gathers material from without,

like

rolling snowball, then the process belongs to

Me-

chanics or to Chemistry.
21. " Life," as

Virchow expresses

it,

"is the

sum

of the joint action of all parts,

of the higher

or vital ones as of the lower or inferior.

There

is

no one

but every truly elementary part, Granting especially every cell, is a seat of life."
seat of
life,

that this statement gives us the results of Physio-

" logy, the philosopher must ask,

'

What

'

brings

the

parts

into juxtaposition ?

Is it

merely a case of

how otherwise? What is apart*? What is higher ? What is lower ? What is joint action ?" Socrates would not have had much trouble with a man who described Life as the action of
juxtaposition, or
vital parts.

INTRODUCTION.
22.

xiii

Huxley enunciates the hypothesis

"
:

of

Evolu-

tion thus

The

successive species of animals

and

plants have arisen, the later cation of the earlier."

by the gradual modifibefore,

if

As

the modifica:

tion be from within, the fact explodes the theory

if

from without, modification

23.

is

accretion.

Sir

John Lubbock

tells

us that " an aston-

ishing variety of most beautiful contrivances have

been observed and described by

nett, Fritz Miiller,

many

botanists,

especially Hooker, Axel, Delpino, Hildebrand, Ben-

and above

all

Herman
is,

Miiller

and Darwin
insects,

himself.

The

general result

that to

and especially

to bees,

we owe

the beauty of

our gardens, the sweetness of our

fields.

To

their

beneficent, though unconscious action, flowers

their scent

owe

and

colour, their

honey

nay, in

many

cases, their form.

Their present shape and varied

arrangements, their brilliant colours, their honey, and their sweet scent are all due to the selection
exercised

by

insects.

In these cases the relation

is

between plants and insects

one of mutual advanA Platonist might put it thus: " Insects tage." select flowers by selection." "That is, the idea dominates the process, not vice
versa.

At

all

events, the

process implies prior capacity, and therefore reserves

for discussion

What

is

Capacity,

What

is

Relation.
its exis-

That

is,

Physical Science, as always, owes

its

tence to notions which

professors discard.

xiv

INTRODUCTION.
24. Professor

Huxley, in referring to the nervous system as "that which co-ordinates and regulates Physiological units into an organic whole," uses

more metaphysical terms than Virchow.

that which, according to them,
is

That

is,

both use terms borrowed from thought to explain

the explanation of

thought.

Neurosis
is

is

explained by Psychosis, while

Neurosis
chosis.

the only scientific explanation of Psy-

25. Spontaneous generation throws

no light on

Waiving the decisive objection that it would describe a process which takes place in Time,
Philosophy.

what does the doctrine amount

That a mixture
of turnip- juice

to,

if

established
is,

and cheese
life.

under
doc-

certain conditions, an antecedent to

trine is invested

The

with importance by the ignorant, who persist in obtruding on Science the notion
Cause, which Science affects to discard.
26.

The

Scientist,

to

set

aside
If

Metaphysics,

reduces Causation to Sequence.

Causation be

Sequence only, Thought

But,
in

is

not caused

by

Neurosis.

order

to

degrade Thought, he invests

Neurosis with causal power, so that the destruction

of Neurosis involves the

destruction of Thought.

Thought

is

the

Whole

of

which Causation and Severy small parts, indeed.

quence in time are parts

27. Professor Williamson, in his opening address,

gives a sketch of the theories which guided Chemis-

INTRODUCTION.

xv

try fifty years ago, and of the changes wrought in

them by

fifty years'

work.

Chemical explanation

has got rid of predisposing affinities. " Our present " is a simexplanation" (of a certain phenomenon)
ple statement of the fact that under the conditions

described,

zinc

displaces
is

hydrogen from

its

sul-

phate."
it

The statement
to this
:

amounts

zinc

anything but simple, as one set of relations dis-

places

hydrogen

a second set of relations

from

its

sulphate

a third set of relations.

A Hegelian would
fact.

not ask for a more idealistic position than Professor

Williamson's simple statement of the

28. Physical Science is not Philosophy, for it

requires antecedence
explicit basis.
of antecedence

and consequence only as an

explicit basis, for

As an

the analysis
a great

and consequence
fact, it led to
is

may lead to

deal more.
29.

In

the Idealism of Kant.

That Science

apparently content with

antecedence and consequence

is seen in Professor " Science can Burdon- Sanderson's address: hardly

be said to begin until

we have by experiment
between processes

acquired such a knowledge of the relation between

events and their antecedents,

and their products, that

in

our

own

sphere

we

are able to forecast the operations of Nature, even

when they
vation."

lie

beyond the reach

is,

of desired obser-

That

we

predict consequents, because

they are caused.

xvi

INTRODUCTION.
30. Clifford

and Lewes

hold

that

the

Uni-

formity of Nature ought to be expressed as the

Law
they

of

the Collocations

of

Changes.

That

is,

merely postulate Simultaneity, Succession, and Fixed Order. What more could an Idealist
?

require
31.

Herbert Spencer's Heredity may account It does not explain what for Necessity as a fact.
the Idealist contends for
is

not merely that a notion

it

what

it

is,

but that

is

explicitly thought as

not possibly otherwise

the Necessity of Leibnitz,

Kant, and Hegel. 32. Mr. Whittaker, in the interest of Empiri" in the cism, reconciles Empiricism with Idealism
:

final

statement of Empiricism, 'relations' are just

'

as

fundamental as
is

feelings.'

All that afterwards

becomes thought

implicit not in

mere
'

feeling,

but in the primitive relations between

feelings.'"*

Feelings are capable of primitive relations, simply

because both presuppose one intelligible whole the position of the Idealist.
33.

Taking a portion

of the Universe, in order

to account for the Universe, is as idle as to suppose

that a square on a chess-board

is

the cause of the

board.

There can be no fraction outside the whole, and the business of Philosophy must be analysis.
*

Mind, No. 24,

p. 507.

INTBODUCTION.
34.

xvii

Taking
Plato,

analysis
in
ev

as

the

instrument

of

thought,

the Parmenides,

analyses the
>os;

Universe into TO

and raXXa TOV

the posiits

tion of TO ev explaining everything, tion nullifying everything.

and

nega-

35. Positing TO ev, the Universe, as conceived

may be best described in the words of " Free and infinite Form, as a Totality, Hegel:* involves the principle of Matter in itself" taking
by
Plato,

Form

in his sense of Complete

Whole

of Charac-

teristics.

Without TO

ev,

we may have

provi-

sionally an Empiricism like that of Hume and Mill, Farm. 164 b but this, when examined, will end in
;

Nihilism, Parm. 165e.

by Kant and elaborated by Hegel, is variously termed The Ideas and Numbers are Ideas and Numbers.
intelligible

36.

The

element,

vindicated

substantially identical,

but Idea denotes the

in-

telligible in relation to the sensibility,

while the

Numbers
37.

are the

movements

of the pure, intelli-

gible process.

To

ev

brings the Parmenides into close reof Platonic

lation with the notices

doctrine preis

served in Aristotle and his Scholiasts, as TO ev

the formative element in the Idea, and the spring

from which the Numbers

flow.

Logic, p. 204, Wallace's translation.

xviii

INTRODUCTION.

38. Xenocrates has given a hypothetic genesis

of the Ideas.

It is

only to

assist

apprehension, as

yeVecris implies evolution in time,

which

of course
/cat
el

does not apply to the Ideas,

fjiLKpov

e/c

TOV peyaXov
eyevovTo
av,

VTTO

ToG

*Ei>6s

io'ao'BevTtov

SVVO.TOV avras

fy yevea-Oau.

Schol.

828 a,

1, 2.

39.

To
it

ev is neither

Number nor
neither

Idea, although

without
Idea.

we should have
a/H0/x6s
is,

Number nor
Theon Smyrn.

Number
To

according to Greek

arithmeticians,
23.

o-vcmj/za

ju,oi>a8a>z>.

ev is the dpx*l of

Numerables.

40.

As

TO ev has for its contre-coup TO oLTreipov

indefinite plasticity

the

first

Number
of

is

the Dyad,

avroSvas.

That

is,

The One and

System

TO a-rrapov, as

two
17

items, constitute the

Two Monads
Met.
B.

auToSva?

the

Prime Dyad.

Arist.

iii.

The Dyad has for its Material TO oiTreipov, and for at irpa)Tov yeyovmai 8vo /zoi/aSe? its Form TO ev
:

a>9

e^ vXrjs fMv
'Evo?

TVJS

'AopicrTOv AvaSo?, etSov? Se TOU

TOV AVTOC^O? S^Aoi'OTt

auTat

TreTrot^-

Trjv TTpoiTrjv

AvaSa.

Syrianus ap. Schol. 818 J,

46-9.
41.

As the

Indefinite

Dyad

is

Majus and Minus

TO /u,eya

and TO piKpov each moiety is a monad. These two monads, with TO ev as unifier and equathe System of Three
17

tor, constitute

Monads

the

Prime Triad
yeyovmai

avTOT/oias:

at
e

Se

TTO.\IV
fj.ev

T/aet? /ao^aSe?,

w?

uX^s

/cat

INTBODUCTION.
rrjs

XIX

'Ao^ourrou AvaSos, etSous Se TOV Avroevds,

r>}i>

/cacrt

AuTOT/HaSa.
the
the

$yr. ib. 819 #.

Indefinite

42. Lastly,

taking on
stitutes

itself

Dyad as plastic, Prime Dyad as formal, conMonads

the Prime
/cat

the System of Four

77

Tetrad

avrorerpa,^:

IK

rfjs

AuroSuctSos

TT^S

v AuctSos ^v

'Ao/oio~roi> /caXet

AvaSa,
(^c.

ctTrereXoui'

TerpaSa'

ov crwrt^eVre? avra?

ra? SvaSa?)
'Ao/atcrrov

ov8e Kara Trp6<r6e(Tiv av^ovre?,

dXXa

rrjs
/cat

AvaSog

SiTrXacriacr^s TI^V

AvroSvaSa,
/S'j/r.

ovrco?

0,770-

Te/couV^s nji/ Ter/aaSa.

43.

ib.

819*, 26-31.
Suets
is

The Archie Dyad

infinite.

do/no-ros

no

blank

It is plasticity, aVefcXeiTrro?, Syr. ib.

907 a, 25.
of Syrianus

Its virtues are best

:

given in the words

ra
eiBrj

KLvr]TLKr)v ovcrav a-pxfy iravra*

yovipov
<jiv TCOV

7r\r)povi>

Swa/xew9
/cat

/cat

Trpodyew

ets

aTroyeW^Syr. ib.
eiScov

Sevrepuv

Tpiratv av\a)v
/cat rpirtav

etStot'.

906*,

3032.

Sevrepuv

avkw

are

the squares and cubes of the Prime Numbers.

44.

The Archie Dyad

logical

CIO/HO-TOS

Suets

is

the

link between Plato's Physics

is

Movement both

and Metaphysics. It and mechanical. All

mechanical movement, whether purely mechanical

or chemical,
relation
relations
is

in reality a

brief

description

of

between two moments.

in disguise.

All qualities are

is

Analysis, therefore,

the

supreme organon. 45. The two components of

1

all

things,

TO ev

b2

xx

INTEODUCTION.
TO aireipoV) are thus Metaphysical

and

Ultima

dis-

covered by analysis,

and not agents in the me-

chanical, chemical, or so-called psychological sense.

46.

Why

did Plato use such barren terms as

All the rest of it?

TO ev

The One, and ra\\a

To

ev is the geometrical unit,

and Geometry
Intellect.

is

the

medium between Sense and

is TO,

Aristotle's

usual term for Mathematics, as Plato viewed them,

fJLTav.

47.

Previous to Plato, the notion

:

The One had

been so far developed a. Xenophanes deduced Unity from the theological notion Moral Perfection, making Unity a predicate of Essence
b.
:

ject,

Parmenides, by identifying subject and obmade Unity both the logical and substantive
all real

essence of
c.

existence

Melissus

made Unity
:

a predicate, but deduced

it

from
d.

infinity

Zeno defended Unity by proving

plurality

impossible.
48. In Aristotle's hands the notion

Unity became

Substance, and in that shape was transmitted

by the

schoolmen to modern thought.

the modern atom
49.
is

It is obvious that

a Lilliputian substance.
positive,

The One being

TaXXa TOV ho<s

is

thrown

off as its contre-coup,

by

the process which

Hegel elaborated.

INTKODUCTION.
50. Anti-Platonists,

XXI

ask

from Aristotle to Jowett, Where are the Ideas ? "Would a Kantian

entertain the question

Where
?

are the Categories,

and Ideas, and Forms

51.

According to Hegel, evolution

is

Specifica-

tion
tion.

according to Haeckel, specification is Evolu-

That the road up

is

the road

down must be

seen in time.

THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO,

THE PAKMENIDES OF PLATO.

-L

philosophical portion of the Dialogue is divided into two parts the first extends from
:

127 d to 135; and the second from 135 to the end, 166. The first part deals with the question of the
the second relation of the Ideas to sensible things with the relation of the head- Idea The One to
;

part discusses generally the relation between the supersensible and the sen-

everything
sible

else.

The

first

the second elaborates the relations of the

paramount metaphysical entity

its

The One

to all

The subordinates, including sensible things. is thus a particular application of the first; but, as The One is the paramount entity, its
second part
relations are all-pervading. With regard to the first portion, we are told by Mr. Jowett that Plato has anticipated the criticism

on his Ideas. Mr. Grote declares that there are no dialogues in which the Parmenidean objections to the doctrine of Ideas are
of all future ages
recited. But surely all the are urged in the Parmenides are objections which

elucidated or even

xxvi

THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO.

the

based on an assumption with which

doctrine of Ideas has nothing to do.
(1).

sound
This

The Idea
sail:

is

spaceless

and

timeless.

disposes of the objections illustrated

and by the
(2).

130

The Idea

le, par. rtmst either admit of finiteness or

eb

by

the day

6.

proceed to infinity. This disposes of the objections urged in 132 a b, and in 132 d 133 a, pars. 7 and 9.
(3).

The Idea cannot depend

Its
8.

for its cognition

and existence on man. concipi: B. 2, b d, par.

be a truism.
(4).

essence

cannot

be

This to Plato would

man
all

of all

from for this would deprive man on the one hand objective knowledge, and God on the other of
exist in total aloofness
of

The Idea cannot

knowledge

human knowledge.

The

obvious

conclusions are, that we have a knowledge of the These conclusions Idea, and that God has so too.

are quite in accordance with the other Dialogues. It is curious that what Mr. Jowett regards as the
that they exist only in the deliberately rejected by Plato in this If the paramount One does not exist, Dialogue. the result is Phenomenalism and Nihilism. In the

true theory of Ideas

mind

is

same way, Mr. Green, in his introduction to Hume, shows that without Identity and Causation the sensualism of Hume and the phenomenalism of J. S. Mill are impossible, and with them untrue.

To moderns,

the difficulty

is

to conceive that

the Idea, while timeless and spaceless, is likewise That Plato held the Idea to objectively existing.

THE PAKMENIDES OF PLATO.

xxvii

be timeless is evident from numberless passages, from the authoritative passage in the Timaeus, and the express statement of Aristotle that Plato was the only philosopher who held Time to be the The Idea is result of what we may call creation.
likewise a fortiori spaceless. Space, according to is the creature of an illicit process of reasonPlato,

not an object of the senses nor of Its double function is to express the apparent but unreal identity of phenomena in a state of flux, and their dependence on the higher
ing,
it is

and

natural belief.

essence of the Idea.

Aristotle's

clusive on the point. He locate the Idea in space. Phys. iv. ii. 5. If the Idea be not in time or in space,

testimony is conasks why Plato does not

how

In the mind, says Mr. Jowett. In what mind ? If mind means the human mind, qua human, then we are reduced to individualism. I may infer, or I may not, that there may be some
does
it

exist ?

If

other being with a mind like mine, more or less. we say in the Divine mind, or in the Universal

mind, then the Idea will only be an accident of

But if we mean by Idea, the higher consciousness. as Plato did the Form which perfectly and completely dominates pure thought, and which dominates ours to a smaller extent then it is true
is not only logically but to thought and volition, Divine substantially prior as well as human, and is therefore independent of

to

say that the Idea

Surely in a narrower sphere, where a man has consciously grasped the Law of Identity or the
both.

xxviii

THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.

of Contradiction,

Law

he sees at once that these

the facts of his
actual clearness

Laws are something more than own brain something more than
or passing confusion.
is

But, first, as human thought dominated consciously or unconsciously by the Laws of thinking, so the Divine Thinking is dominated by the Ideas. To say that Ideas exist in the mind is much the same as saying that the Law of Gravity exists in a man's watch. The relation of the Idea to sensible things, and of God to both, is somewhat as follows The Idea consists of two elements, the One and the Indefinite.
:

The

Indefinite

is

pure Passivity.

Neither of these

elements

is created.

They

are co-eternal with God.

As Aristotle explains it, Goodness is good. the matter, and One, the form, of the highest Ens.
is

God
God

is also

Cause, the notion which brings the

into

One by

and Goodness

communion.

Goodness works
set

through Causality, according to the type

the Idea of Good.

Consequently, the Law which dominates Goodness in its Causal Energy is logi-

cally prior to that

Energy.

On what

does the

? On the Indefinite, or the in the Idea, the space, or rather passive element The first causal act of place, of the Timaeus. Summum Ens imposes the Law of mere sequence

Summum Ens

work

on Passivity. The

a chaos of unpredictable sequences, a notion grasped by Milton. The second causal act of Summum Ens is to impose on Chaotic
result
is,

sequence predictable sequence or physical Law, and the result is, the Sensible World. The God of

THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO.

xxix

Plato thus creates nothing, he organises Passivity. the Idea is not in space, Aristotle's question,

Why

if

pressed home, comes to this

all its

Why is

the whole

Idea, with

Form and
is

Matter, not in a small

fractional result of its Matter misconceived, namely,

not an independent Entity can be proved by other considerations. The nonexistence of a Vacuum inside the world is stated
Place
?

That Space

positively in the Timaeus, where its existence would seem necessary, in the case of one moving body

displacing another. This phenomenon Plato explains by the hypothesis of circular motion, a motion

which may be exemplified by moving a set of balls round the edge of a "solitaire" board. He has been charged with inconsistency in allowing the
structural solids, the Tetrahedron, the Octahedron, and the Icosahedron, to combine in different proportions, all the while he denies the existence of

Vacuum.

easily be defended by the consideration that the complement of the interstices is

He may

furnished

the element of Passivity TO aneLpov or Receptivity in the Idea.

by

What
is strictly

then

is

the Sensible Thing, the Sensible

?

Idea of Locke and Berkeley

Relatively to us,

it

TO ^aivo^vov, TO yiyvopevov, that which is in course of presentation, and which, therefore, ex

vi termini, is passing

away.

causal action of God,

Objectively, it is the working through the Idea, on

the senses.
distinct

Logically,

and chronologically,

it

is

In essence, it is the contrary of the Idea, as the one is ever abiding and

from the Idea.

xxx
the other

THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.

is

momentary

and

finally,

with regard

to theories of perception, the sensible thing bears to or rather congeries of Ideas the relation its Idea

only of a sign to the thing signified. " cannot " Mind," says Shelley, create, This is the popular view. only perceive."

it

can

It is

the usual confounding of Brain and Thought. In the individual, Sensation precedes Thought; Neurosis precedes Psychosis; but Neurosis Brain

presupposes Space, Time, and

of Intelligibility.

all

the constituents

Everybody agrees that what is in consciousness may be safely dealt with. But the question arises
:

Is there

anything outside consciousness

of the Dialogue,
is
if

In the

language

TO ev

is

the formative

element, what

raXXa rov evos?

?

In other words,
It is food for

What
Form

is

TO

oLTreipovj

which Aristotle represents as

alter Clifford's term, it

the second element in the Idea

TO
Trepa<s.

To

may
at a

be called Form-stuff.

And

this Form-stuff,

certain stage of development, is the a or space Timaeus the only passage in Plato's writings of the

xP

which Aristotle

finds at variance with the official

statements in Plato's lectures.

Phys.
in

iv. ii. 5.

To make Space an ultimum

Genesis
is

the Platonic

preposterous as to make Hegel a Hamiltonian because he allows Richtigkeit to the

as

pabulum

of the senses.

To aneipov
of

is

not outside
:

consciousness.

It is part

consciousness

it

is

there as TO aTrtLpov. taken such hold, that

The chemical metaphor has when we talk of an element

THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO.

of consciousness,

xxxi

we almost

eo ipso assert

that

it is

in

not to be found in the mature consciousness, except a totally different shape. But, in Plato, the
aspect of the element reappears in the compound TO aireipov is TO aTreipov, and will not
original
:

be anything
Idealist
:

else.

Plato
is

is

TO

aireipov

thus a thorough-going part of the domain of

thought.

In applying the terms of modern speculation to Plato, it is not meant that he had before him

modern problems

in their present shape.

But the

best teaching of our time is the importance of history as a basis of criticism, and this teaching

we must read a philowhat went before and not by what comes sopher by
shatters the doctrine that
after him.

Hegel allows

Richtigkeit,

but not Wahrheit, to

is

the sensible element. the sensible element

Plato

more

idealistic

for

while in the Phaedo he combats the notion that

is

argues that the same and does admit of opposite relations. The most striking passage in the Dialogue is where Parmenides rebukes Socrates for withholding
ideas from

delusive, in the Republic he volume of raw material may

not really at variance with the passage in the Timaeus, 66 d-67 a. There he states that Smells are the result of air and
objects.
is

mean

This

water affecting the organs, and that they are disIn tinguished merely as pleasant or the reverse. the Philebus, Smells are not preceded by any craving, and so far are higher than the plea-

xxxii

THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.

In our day a great poet has

sures of repletion.

written

Flower in the crannied wall,

I pluck you out of the crannies Hold you here, root and all, in my hand,
;

Little flower

but

if

I could understand
all,

What you are, root and all, and all in I should know what God and man is.

This
thing
is

is

genuine Idealism.
Ideas
all

What we call
relations

a single

the concourse of
all

all

the corn-

plexus of

in

all.

nAPMENIAHS.

TA TOY AIAAOrOT ITPOSnilA

KE$AAO2,

"I

AAEIMANT02,
J>

Characters in the Introduction.

'

ANTI<J>2N
.

TAAYKON,

Characters in

the

Main Dis-

cussion.

1IAPMENIAH2,

API2TOTEAH2.

IIAPMENIAH2.

St. III.

'ETretSir)
/)

'AOrfva^e oiKoOev
\
>

e'/c

KXao/z,eva>i>
A
~'

d(/>t/cov

introduction.

p. 126.

juec/a,

/car
t'

ayopav
'

everv^ofjLev
\

Aoet/Aavra) '
<>

re
<

/cat,
'

/cat

atP
e

'

7)/x,et?

/xov Aapo/xe^o? TT;? ^et/aos o Aoet- lus relates his intro~ ^ * ? -ir ' -L \ ^ > e 9 7?' w KecpaAe, /cat et rou oeet TOJI/ auction to ' / j* * \ \ ^ / ? ^ j a\\a p.ev 017, enrov Antiplio. OVVOLTOI, (ppa^e.

O'

>*

CePha -

vC

ya>,

7rdp6Lfj.i,

ye

eV avro
r^v

rovro, SeiycrojLtevos v^wv.

/cat

Xeyots av,

e^/,

Se^cri^.
rt

ey<u

elTrov,
;

ra>

vp,a>v TO)

ofjLOfjLrfrpia)
lyi'

^v ovo/xa

ov yap

Trats Se TTOV

Sev/Do

e/c

ore TO irporepov KXa^o/Aevw^' TroXu? Se

iTdrpi,

eKeivov.

TO)

pev yap

8o/cw,
'Avrt^aiz/.

Trcivv ye, e^>iy'

avrw Se ye
otS',

dXXa

rt /xdXtcrra irvvOdvei
etcrt,

etTrov

eyw, TroXtrat jaot

re

jaaXa

<f)i\6cro<j)OL,

d/c7y/coacrt

on

ovros

'Az/rt^aiv
c

Ilv^oSwyaa)
/cat

rtvt

ZTJVCDVOS

eratpw vroXXa

ei/reru^/ce,
/cat Zujvtov

TOVS Xdyov?,
Ila/a/xevtS^s

ov? TTOTC ^CDKpaTrjg

/cat

SteXe^^o-a^, TroXXd/cts
aTro/x^/xovevet.
elTrov,
aX'TjBr),

d/covcras
f(f)f),

TOV IIv^oSwpov

Xeyet?.

TOVTOJV roivvv,

Seo//,e^a

Sta-

dXX' ou ^aXeTrov, e^ry* jaet/ad/ctov yd/> av avrovg eu /adXa Ste/AeXeV^crev, euet vvv ye /caret rov
/covo*at.

TraTnrov

re

/cat

OJJLCOVVJJLOV

Trpbs

iTnrLKrj
7ra/o*

TOL

TroXXd
apri,

Star/ot^Set.

dXX'

et

Set,

tw/xev

avrov'

B2

I7AATONO2
evOcvfte ot/ca8e ot^erou, ot/cct Se

yap
XtVfl.

eyyus

>

Mcp. 127.

raura etTroWes

ey8aStoftei>, /cat

KareXaySo/xev

TOZ> 'A.VTL<j>o)VTa ot/cot,

yaXivov TWO. ^aX/cct e/cSt8dvTa (r/cevdVat' IVetSr) Se e/ceu>ov aTnjXXdyr) ot re dSeX<ol eXeyop avr<w ai^ eVe/ca irapeipev, aveyvapicre re
K r^s Trporcpas
SeofMevoiV
7TtS^/xtas
/cat

fjie

/xc

^CTTTa

/cat

rjfAuv SteX^etv TOVS

(^17

Xoyoug TO
flvai'

u>KVL' TroXv yayo

Stryyetro.
2.

epyov

erreiTa

Antipho
v

6(^17

relates,

the authority of Pythodorus, a

ort
,

Se ST) 6 *A.vTi<f><t)v Xeyetp roi' / >i/ acpiKOLVTO 7TOTC ets iLavauirjvaiCL

>TT/I/

conversa-

AV)VtoV TC Kttt llayO/xevtO^?. o />/

/5

tionbe-

oir^v
\ \

^ ev ftaXa or) TT/aecrpvTTp etvat,

f/\e>\
O
o\

TOl' /XCZ/

VNT OW
j/^
\

TO,

/\-L /iyaXa b

(r<poopa
^

tween
Socrates,

KCL\OV
/

/>\

Zeno, and Panuenides

:

TTC^TC /cat egrjKovTo, ' ' the T

\>-/

KayOLUOV

TrjV O\\IIV, TTtpl TV) ry/ oe eyyvs erw^ /tf)va)va

particulars

P aK VTa TOT
'CCt

eiVdL,

>/o\\
O
e<^)7y

o\>\
/Cat

rerra-

VjJir)K7)

yapieVTOi

tOtV

>o

meetfng-

'

"

at aTOI/ TTtttt/ca TOV

^ KepCLfJLeLKO)'
T7-

viva.1.
.,],,,;,]

/caraXvetv Se avrous
/

>,,(,

>

treatise

on

KTOS
T($j,

''"Ct^OV?

CV

TON Ot

Trapa TW
Ol)
/Cttt

\>|

a(pt/C<TC/at C

//I

Existence.

Te
ug,

^ w /c/oar^
Tore

/cat

aAXous
aKouerat

Ttj'as

fter'

aurou

liriBvfj,ovvTa,^

TOJV

rou

TrpaTov vif Sw/c/aar^ Se el^at rore <r<f>68pa veov. avayLyva)(TKeLv ovv aurot? roi' Zyvava avrov, TOV
8e HapjjLei/iBrjv rv^elv
ert

yo.p avra

ea) ovra'

/cat

et^at Tra^u

XotTrov

rwv Xoywv dvaytyvwcr/cojaeVw^,

eTretcreX^etJ^
6^)17

avros

re

IIu$oSa>pos d

/cat TOI>

TlaJievi,$rv

xer'

avrou Kat 'Attr/cat

TOV Tov rpiaKovra yevopevov,

ctTTa ert e7ra/covo-ai

TWV

yyoa/x,/u,aTOJV
TOI)

ov

ye, dXXct

/cat

irporepov d/oy/coeVat

FIAPMENIAHS.
~
~

rov ovv 2co/cpari7 d/covcravra TrdXtv re /ceXevcrat Firstpart

x

Ti]v irptoTiqv VTrouea'Lv

\ >

//)
/

/cat

Q
>

avayvcoo-f/eto-rjs,
\ \
'

rov Trpcorov Aoyov avayvcovat, / / f TTCOS, cpavat, co Ziyvcov, TOVTO

>

of the dialogue:
nary
dis-

prelimicussion, the relation

Aeyets;
r

et

TroAAa ecrrt
?

avo^oia, TOVTO oe or) aovvaTOV ovre ya/) ra avojAoia o/xota oure ret o//,ota olov re etvat ; ovv oura> Xeyet? ; ovrw, <bdvai TOV
re
eti/at

/cat

\/
et

ra ovra,

<>

cos

o\o\>o/

apa

oet

aura

>

o/ To

E?Sjj

to sensible

3.

Socrates

criticizes

T ^ etvat'

etz>at /cat
et

vvv ,/ ra at'o/xota, >\ o/xota\\v* TroAAa

ya^
177,

OVKOVV

aovvaTov ra re avo/xota

aowarov
/

>0/

5^
017

7rao"^ot

* at'

ra aowara;
Xdyot,
'

\o/

^\\^ /cat TroAAa

o/x-ota Zeno, and

wislie S
t<>

know if he is ng11 * in
the view he

apa rovro
aXXo
t
>

eo-Tiv

/8ouAoi>rat <rou ot

ov/c Zeno says

rt

cos

ov
/

^7 Stajaa^eo~^at Trapa TrdvTa ra Xeyo/xeva, "Then > ' \\ /j y u TroAAa ecrrt ; /cat rovrov avrov otet o~ot z e no "

re/c/xT^ptov

etz/at

TV

</

CKCLO-TOV
/

TUTS
/

Xoywv,
/)

cocrre
v

says So/cat crates

\

"

r)yet

rocravra

affree

re/c/x^pta
a>

Trape^eo-c/at,

oo-ov?

Trep witg Par_

128

Xoyov? ye'y/aa^as,
^7

ov/c eo-rt

TroXXa; ourcu Xeyets,

eya) ov/c 6p0at<s

KaTapavBdva)
o-wrj/cas
eiirelv

rov ZT7^(wva,
ySovXerat.
tS^,
<itXta 1

/caXcos

dXXa, cravat oXov ro ypa/x/xa 6

;

ov/c,

fAavOdvo),
Zrjvaiv
'

TOV ^w/cyoar^,
JJLOVOV

d>

Ilapcrov

Existence

ort

o8e

ov

Ty
/cat

aiXXy

ySovXerat

a>/cetwcr^at,

dXXa

rw
'

crvy- menides '

ypa/x/tart.
o~v,

ravroz/

yap ye'ypa^e
Se
^

Tpoirov TWO. oirep

puts his in the affir-

jaera^aXXcov
\ /

i7/xas

Tretparat

e^aTrarav
/

cos

tliat

Exis -

o~v jtxev yap e^ rots 7rotT7/xao"t^ erepov rt Aeycuv. ' ' d , s T ' V rpv rrb ev cpTys etvat io llav, /cat rovrcov re/c/x^pta Trape^et

tenc f, S one." Zeno

that his
tnesis is a

/caAws re
,

/cat

v-rwoox-y ev ooe oeav

\

re/c/x^pta oe avros Tra/xTroXAa /cat vra/x/xeyecfy vrape-

^erat.
>

\/ Kat ovrcus e/carepov Xeyetv,

/

\v

CNNJX \-? rov ro ovi/ e/

oo/cetv
v

/xev

>\\ \o\\ >*// rov oe ev cpavat,

N
<x

T \\'j ov TroXAa qrrjo-iv ewat,

>

//i

reductio ad absurdum

of the antagonistic
thesis, i.e.

etpry/cevat
c

?^

coo-re

/x^oev rcov avrcov

<>\^^
tt?)

TroXXa,

\\/

greater absurdities

cr^eoov rt
'

'

\' Xeyovras ravra,

c

i)/xas

rovs

aAAovs

*\\

j c/>atverat

v/xtv

ra

\j etp^/xeva
/

>/t\ v?rep

follow
from sup-

posing Existence

DAATONO2
vat,
\

plural than

from supposing Existence

one.

elpr)o~0ai. \ * 5> (TV o ovi>

/i

Tijv

TOV Zrjvuva, a* ~ / a\r)tfLav TOV ypa/xttaros ov trav<f>dvai

/ /)
> x
>

<>.

ra^ov

Tjcrtfycraf

/catrot

a)(nrep
/cat

ye

ai
ret

Aa/cati>at c

cr/cvXa/ce? ev /xera^ets re

t^evets

dXXd

trparrov

^ev

<re

TOUTO \av0dveL, ort ov

wcrre

rdiracTLV ovrat
crv

cre^vvverai TO ypafji^a,

Xeyets oiavorjOev ypaffivai, rov? dvOpunovs 8e

a>s

a>v

StaTrpaTrd/xevoV dXXa ^"Tt ^^ T d crv/u,y8 6/877 KOTa>z> Tt

rt /xeya

yc

dXr)0e<;

fioijBeid

rts

ravra ra ypa/u,/Aara
TroXXa
/cat
/cat

TO>

Xdyw
et

777)69

rou? eTTi^et/aovvras avrbv

a>s

eV

e<rrt,

yeXota

(rv/u,-

rw Xdyw
Xeyet TToXXd
TrXeteo,
ST)

eVavrta avr&>.
Trpos

dvrtrot

ovv

rovro
/cat

TO

y/od/M/xa

TOWS

Xeyovrag, rovro @ov\6jjievov

ai^

dvraTroStScocrt
SrjXovv,
vir60eo~L<;,
a>5 et

ravra
ert

/cat

yeXotdCO~TLV,

re/9a Trdfr^ot
fj

avraiv

T)

TroXXd
eTre^tot.

rj

TOV

eV
or) /cat

etvat,

et

rt?

t/cavais

Std
e/otov

ToiavTTfjv

<f>i\oviKLai>

VTTo

veov

OVTOS

eypd^ir),

rts

avro

e/cXei//e

ypa<eV, ware ovSe

e^OLCTTfov

/SovXeucracr^at

e^eyeVero,
/xr;.

etr'

avTO

ets e
a>

ro

^>OJ5

etre

TavTrj
VTTO
VTTO

ovv

ere

\avOdvei,

S<w/c/3are5,

ort

ov^
etTrov,

j/e'ou

<^>tXo^et/ctas otet

avro

yeypd^Ocu,
eiret,
4. Socrates

dXX'

TrpearfivTepov
/ca/cai?

<^>tXort/xta?'

o7re/3 y'

ov

aTret/cacras.

dXX'
(

aTToSeVouat,
c

<bdvai

TOV
/^

Sw/cpdrn,
oe

/cat

sets forth

his theory

ofGenerali-

7ryovaai ^

/;

oj?

Xeyet?

zation,that vojMLi,L<s etvat avro the things ^ , x ^ denoted by /cat ra> rotovrw av

^
N

evetv. A
c

rooe
x
,

aot

/
etTre*
,

ov
,

/cat7

avro etoos
,

rt O/xo torero?,
A

aAAo
~
v

rt evavTiov, o
v

general

Mords

may

fJiOLOV'
v

TOVTOIV
.

Oe

~^

OVOtV

participate in opposite

/cat

*S \\ raAAa a or) TroAAa

.

OVTOtl' Kttt V " /caAov/xei'

>>N
fJL

v ecrrti/

/Cttt

\x

A 129 Avo- 10

CTC

I1APMENIAH2.
it

ra pev

rrj<s

'O/AOtor^ros /AeraXa/AySdvovra o/AOta

re
\
P. \

^ST?,

but

yiyvecrdai
v

\/->/
v
>
/

ravrrj
/

/cat
/>

/cara
>

rocrovrov ocrov av
/
/

fify themselves can-

fj^eraXafjipavr), '

ra oe
>

ri7?
i

AVO/AO toreros
,

avopoia,
>
/

not admit
of incompatible affections
e.^. a
:

ra oe a^orepcov
/

*
/

evavri(t)V OVTOJV ap,(porep(i)i> jiteraXa/Apavet,

,

>/'
/

apyorepa ;
\

et

oe

/cat

rravra
>

'

b TO)

jaere^etv
rt

a/A<potv

i~<// o/AOta
et

avrot?,

//!

>\

re

/cat
\

\>/

/cat

eo~rt

man

avo/Aota

>/ /; rts aTrefyaivev avo^oia yiyvo^eva i] ra avo^oia v y-j> o/Aota, repas ai>, ot/Aat, i)V et oe ra rovruv /Acre/

vavpacrrov ;

jaei/

ya/3

avra ra

-yjovv/
rt?

*\/
jaere^etv

\\<//
/

avra

\is

one, and so participates in

o/AOta Unity: but

he

may

be

a i so one O f many, in wiuch case

dfJL<f>orepa)v

dfjL<f>6repa

d-no^aivei irerrovdora, p ^

e/totye,

o>

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droirov 8o/cet etVat,

ovSe rov
7
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ye

et

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et

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erepa 8e rd oina-Oev,
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/cat

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'

877,
,

eii'n

deniesthe

umversality of
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N

6 IIu#oSa>pos,
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,

rou
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v

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allows that there are

7;

O.

Beauty, Goodness, and such

like

TOP Ztrjvuva, TOVS oe iravv LLapfJieviO'rjv / ^ T ttVTO) 7TpOO"^etP TOP POVP Kttt ua^a tS N / O\' Xovs pXcTTOPTa? jotetOtap ws aya/xepov? TOP
/cat

^c
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;heis

doubtful about the

existence of etS-n for

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crv
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,,
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9*

Tou? Xoyovs'
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suchthings
as

^\' e\/ a>?

\

/cat /u,ot etTre, ai>ros

>/\r
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Man, Fire and Water and he is

:

aTTCt >
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oftotoY^To? exofjitv,
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etTretp
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Filth. Parmenides
replies that this is a

^. ^

,,

otop At/catov

Tt
/cat

eTSos

auTo

avTo

/cat

KaXou
;

Ka l *Aya^ot)
<f)dvai.

Tt

/,
',

TTttPTtop

av TWP roLOvraiv

pat,

dv0pa>Trov etSos

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OtOt
*
77
x
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77jltetS
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TT

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77
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cj
i

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CLVTO Tl cTSo?

'AvOpWTTOV human
'

Toaros
v

ev
x

A
airopia,

<pavaL,
/

rro\- thinking,
and that
nothing is reaU 7 vile
-

Aa/cts 017,
/

/o T-T <w ilapfJLevLO'r),

irepi
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avrw
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i)

yeyova, Trorepa v ? ^\ \ aAAw?. ^ /cat

^w/cpare?, a
/cat

yeXota So^etez/ av
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otov

pt^

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ov
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<aVat Kat rovrco^

d

e/cacrrov

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etre

aXXo
^17
;

avra)z/

5^

17/^615
<f)dvai,

jotera^etpt^o/xe^a,

ouSa/xw?,
ye,

rov ^(OKparrj,

dXXa ravra
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Se'

joteV

aVe/>

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ravra
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/cat

etz/af

rt avraiv

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^
77

arorrov.
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17877

rt

TTOLVTUV

eVetra orai' ravrr) crrw,

Setcras
fti;

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SI/) ta<pt7a/3w
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e

/^/r e/cetcre
1817

TTOTC ets rtv' d/3v0ov (f>\vapiav e

O^

ovz/

>_i'
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el ert,

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yap

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^w/cpare?,
ert

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ore
airo-

drtjadcrets' vvv

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Sta ri^v

i^Xt/ctav.

roSe

ow
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^ *5>v etO77 arra, wv

jitot

etTre.

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N

,, 131

eTrtoi'v/uas

>^y avrwv

raoe ra aAAa
-p

'^

^\

\o/ /xeraAa/xpaz/ovra
<^]7?j
.-.

crot,

as

etvat
v

6.

Par-

rag

nienides discusses the ratio-

tcr^etv,

otov OfJLOioTirjTos peis /xera- naleof

Xafiovra o/xota, Meye'^ovs Se /xeydXa, KaXXovs re

/cat

At/catoo-w775
^ctj'at
77
;

St/catd

re

/cat

/caXd

yiyvecrdaL.
T^rot

irdVu ye,

ro^ ^aiKparr).
e/cao-rov
rt?

OVKOVV
ro

oXov

rou

etSovs

pepovs
7^

fteraXa/x/3dVov

/aeraXa/>t/3d^et

dXXT?

av peraX^LS
etTrei'.

x^P^
ov^

rovrwi/ yeVotro;

/cat

TTWS aV;

Trorepoi/

10

OAATONO2
\ \

whole or
of part, either

So/cet

by way
simul-

TTOAAwv ev
,

"**<->
OV,
T)

O~Ot

oXov

TO

CtSos
/

CV
N

e/cdoTO)
\ /

etVttl
i

TWV
v
\
i

taneously Or 8UCC68sively, *'.. the elSos

is

A <.,_-. /<?>' w HapfjLevior), evetvat ev apa Vx \\^ W3tS OVCTLV O\Ol> TTOAAOt?

7T6D?;

Tt

yap

/CtoXvet,
;

(pavat TOV

N*

ov

/cat b

both

KCU
otoj'
17

av
rjfjiepa.

117.

ov/c

av,

ei

amUime-

/xta

/cat

17

avr?)
<^\\

ovtra
N

a/Aa

ecrrt

/cat

ovoet'

rt

fj.a\\ov

avrr)

<TTLV, el

OVTO) /cat e/cacrrov TCOV etSaii/

'

ev ev vracrtv a/xa ravrov

Sw/cyoare?,
et
tcrrto)
eTTt

CLTJ.

^Seco? ye, <dVai,

Trotet?,

ai

eV

TO.VTOV

a/xa

TroXXa^ov

/caTaTreTaoras

TroXXovs av6PMTTOVS
i^yet
c

iV

TToXXots eTvat
to~a>?,
etiy

oXov ^ ov TO TOIOVTOV
ovv o\ov

Xeyetv;

e/ tcrTtov

vv
/cat

<f>dvai. rj / * av, ^ fJiepos

avrov
a>

aXXo

e^>* ^\ \

e/cao~To>
*\ \
e?r

TO

aXX<u;

fieyoos.

/y,ey3to"Ta
1817,

apa,
TO,

<f>dvai,

Seo/cpaTe?,

ecmv

CLVTO, TO,

/cat

/xeTe^ovTa avTaiv pepovs av

e/cacrTw

/x,Te)(ot,

ov/ceVt
etTy.

ev

oXov,

dXXa pepos
e

e/cao"TOu
o~ets,
a)

^>atvTat OVTW ye. 17 ovv ^>avat TO *Ev eTSos Sw/c/3aTC9,

av

aXrjdeia
etTretv.

/jteyDt^ecr^at'

/cat

eVt

ev eb"Tat;

ou

opa

ya/o, ^>avat* et

avTo TO Meye^os

/xeyaXwv ^teye'^ou? /Ltepet d avrov TOV Meye'^ov? /xeya eo~Tat, apa o-fjLLKpOTepa) ov/c aXoyov ^avetTat; TTO.VV y, ri Se'; TOU (f)Trj.
/cat

e/cao~Tov Taiv vroXXoiv

*Io~ov /iepos e/cacrTov cr/xt/cpov

aTroXaySdv Tt e^et

w
TO>

eXaTTOvt
ecTTat
T7/xa)v
;

ovTt

avTov TOU

lo~ov

TO

e^ov

to*ov
jae'po?

dSuvaTOv.
ei^et*

dXXa
Se

TOV

S/xt/cpov

Tts

TOVTOV

avTov

TO

o~^tt/cpov

/xet^ov

aTe /xepov? eavTOv OVTO?, /cat ovra> S^ avTo TO Sfu/cpov /xet^ov ecrTat' w 8' av TrpocrTeOfj TO d^>ateV, TOVTO o~/u,t/cpoTepov eo"Tat dXX' ov yu,etov ^
eo"Tat

DAPMENIAH2.
OVK av yeVotTO, <dVat, rovro ye. rpoTTOv, etTretv, a) SwK/3are9, TO>V et8wv
trpLv.

11

T(V
crot

ovv

ra

aXXa
oXa

/xeraX^i/ferat,

jjLijre

Kara pepy
;

/x^re

Kara

jucTaXa/xySdvetv

Suvd/xeva
ev/coXov

ov
etVat

ttd

TOV Ata,
TOLOVTOV

<f>dvaL,

ov

/xot

So/cet

TO

TI

132 o~e

Se 817; 7rpo9 ToSe 7ra>9 e^ets; TO irdlov ; ot/u,at o * v A f /i TS e/c TOU Totovoe ev eKacrrov etoo? oteo~t7at ewcu
>

7.

The

origin of

thetheoiy

TrdXX'
oo/cet
?

^>o/

aTTa /xeyaXa
e

o~ot

ot/ev ev Tt

v/i

TO
\

toea IT '

T)
t

avTT) n f

>\^> etvat
etz/at.
x

80^17

etvat,

>\

/xta TI? unique

:

CTTI

Travra

/$NJ

avTo

Meya i^yet ^TIT' TO Meya

a>

/cat

\ TaAAa Ta /xeyaAa, eav av Tt,

>\ /] aA.fjtfr) v v \\

if elSos >^/ LOOVTI, thee?8osbe \ ' j ' absolutely Aeyet?, (pavai. distinct
/ x

5N

from the

sumofparticulars,

7TOU jaeya <pavetTat,

ravra

auantitv *

is

fyaivea-Oai;
I

eoiKev.

'

<pavr)a"TaL,

Trap

ss/ auTO
crot

aXXo apa eTSo? /xeye^ov? dvav N v-m/r'/l

TC TO Meyec/og yeyoz'o?

/cat

Ta jjiere^ovTa avrov' /cat eut TovTots au erepov, w TavTa irdvTa /xeyaXa eo~Taf /cat
8^ e^ e/cacrTW
TO 77X^05.
TO!>I>

Tracrtv

^ um(
it.

is

lue -

ov/ceVt

etSwv ecrTat,

dXX' dweipa

dXXa,

>o^v etowv e/cacrTOi/

/

<f>dvai,

a>

nap/xe^tS^,
/

T/
</

TOZ^

Sw/c/octT^,
/cat
*
5

i)
/

TOVTOIV voTrj^a,
/i

7rpoa"rjKy
v

OVTW ya/9 av e^ ye eKacrrov / Trao-^ot a vw 017 eXeyeTo.

>*</ eyytyvecrcrat
A^>^V5\^
ecrTt

aAAot/t
v
ear)

v\ \

Tt

\*y 'T
/)
i

\o ^ ^ ^
g.

The
3

T8os per-

ovoafjiov

ay

77

e^

be an inteli//v^;ats' i ectu a lCon-

/cat

ou/c

av

eTt

nent whinh

//

ovj;;

<f>avai,

ev

Air>

existsy
flip miTirl t

Of

h e con-

e/cacrToV

TWV vo^/aaTwv, vorj^a Se ouSei^os; dXXd Ttvo?; vat. WTOS TJ dXX' dSwaTov, etTreti'. ovv evo9 Tti^o?, o eTTt Trcrtv ov/c OVTO?; TO?,
'

^utthV
Hypothesis eventuates
l a } dilemma,
1

e/cetvo

TO voTQ/xa eTrov voet, /xtav Ttvd ovcrav ioeav ; and

etTa
del
ov/c

either alternative
is

vat.
etvat,

eI8o? eo~Tat TOUTO TO voovuevov

ev

an at .

surdity.

ov

TO

avTO

eVt

Trdcrtv

dvdy/c^

av

12

HAATONO2
Tt
el

<f>aiveTat.

Se 877;

etTreti/

rov Ilap/xevtS^v,
17

OVK

dvdyKr),
crot
e/c

raXXa

<i)s TW>V etS<Sz> /xere^etv,

e/cao-TOz>

So/cetz/

vor)fjidT(t)v

eo'at
eli/at;

/cat

vravra ^oetv,

^ votjpaTa
<dVcu,
9.
r8r?

6Wa

dvorjTa

dXX'

ouSe rovro,

<=xet
a)

Xoyoi'.
v

dXX',

TLapfjievt^rj,

may

per-

haps exist
objectively as Types to which sen-

woe

eOTClt'CU \ ^
/cat
ett'at,
,

t/
Vxx
/)

^ e^eti''

Ta
/

/xdXtora e)motye /cara^aiVerat ,

jLie^
/

etoT^

raura
\

a)(nrep Trapaoety/x-ara a
/

T7/

<plCTt, Ttt OC ttXXtt TOUTOt?

/

NC-\V\\
17

>/ Ot/C^at
*> et/car/
/i '

//i

sibiethings

o/AOtcu/Aara'
.

/cat

conform: but this

hypothesis woiild involve an
infinite

aXAots ytyvecTc^at
>

crVrjvai avroi?.
>

>? et ow
\
/Ltl)

^j^^ TCDV tiouv

Tt, v

vjv
*?

>v\\ OVK
.Wai
*
;

/xec/egts

aurT;
rts r\ vo
>

rot

a\\7j

917, eot/ce

rw

etoet, otov

series of

mediating
ftSn,
is

T e e/CetVO TO CtOO? /i> Ka "

O<TOV

which
:

absurd

To

v->j \/ \/</
\

-yo

OfJiOLOV
//i

TO>

IKO.<TUVTI,
^

ttVTW

CKpCDfJiOLOJUir)

Tf

* O"Ti
;

OfJLOLOV
OIJLOLOV

jLtl)

for the

5i\v oe

rat

^/T>>
O/XOtO)

T
tVttt
/\

O/XOtOV

OU/C

Tt? >v eOTt.

fJLTTj^aVT]

TO
N

o/xotw

a/3

ov /AeyaXTy
;

>'
a^ay/7
ou
S'

ei'o?
TO- e

umque-

TOV auTov etSovs jaeTe^etv

o/xota

aWy/a?.
ou/c
ouz/.

av

fJiere^ovTa
;

o/xota ^,

e/cetj^o

eo^Tat

avTo
T
*

TO eTSos
Tt
TO>
^17,

*C>

etoet ofiOLOV

TravTCtTracrt /ACV </ T

etz^at,

ov/c
v
'S'C'

apa

otoi'
*\ \

ovoe TO

>

etoos

aAAa>

et

Se

Trapa

TO

eTSo?
TO>

det

dXXo

dva(j)a^rjcreTaL
/cat

etSo5,

/cat

av

e/cetvd

ovSeVoTe TraucreTat det

TO eTSog
T&>

opoiov y, erepov av, KOLWOV etSo?

o/x-otov

133

eauTou /leTe^o^Tt
ov/c

Xe'yet?.

apa
Tt

ojototbY^Tt

TaXXa

/ATaXa/>ty8dvet,
et.

dXXct

dXXo

Set

eot/cei/.

opas ow,
edv
/cat

<avat,

00-17

17

OLTTOpia,

Tt?

etSr;

6Wa

/ca^*
10. If the 5f8j exist

avTa Sto/ot^Tat ;
Icr9i,

/tdXa.
a>s
/

ev TOLVVV
r/

absolutely,

ttTTTet

we cannot know

avT^?
v

>woo^ \>
fydvai,
(TTLV

on

eVos

etTretv
-?o

TOV

TG)I/

OVTtoV

>/

r)

ttCt

Tt

Oi^Opl^O^VO^

>iy/

(LTTOpia, et ev etOo? e/cacr- b ~ /i/

Ur)(Ti<i.

>*

7TWS

FIAPMENIAHS.
877;
et7reti>.
/<>

13

TroXXd
v

jjiev
/

/cat
c>\

dXXa,

oe Tooe.
/

o\

et

/iv v(DO~Keo~ua.i OVTO.

S
1017,
/i

Tts

<pat77

JUTJOC

TO)
v

r\/
J/D^
eVecr^at,

crt/at
* &>v

on

rotavra ota (papev oeiv eivai ra correlative a faculty of * * s^'." ravTa, Keyovn OVK av \OL Tts evoetga- absolute * know\ / i/o \\" yeuoerat, et /XT) TTO\AO>V rv^ot e/X7retpos ie dge;and,
^

?/;

<f)dvaL, /xeytcrrov them, since an absolute / \ / irpocnrjKeiv avra yty- object im\ phes as its

OT

o a/xcptcrp^roji' /cat
/cat

V-/LIT)

'

'/a/x

a.<j>vr)<s,

SJ^ ue\oi oe

'

vrai/v

conversely, Deity, as
18

TToXXa
c

ir6ppa)0v Trpay/xarevo/xeVov TOV evSeLKdXX'

ea>at.
/

absolute
e'
C01j^

vvfjievov

airiOavos

eiTj
a)

ayvtoarra
;

nof
ss

avra
-*

/cat

\\

,o)KpaTr).
/cat

V"?^*/ ort,
a>

TT^

817,

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nAATONOS
817,
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ev
/

a/^cpo- negative, if > the One do >\\>

not exist.
(A). The affirmative

aXyBf).
oet.

Set

8e

A
>

et

ovr a/3a 0X01^ ecrrat ovre /xep^ eget, ^ ' v > > o\ m^ ^T< /o\ ov yap. eorat To EJ/. (3Jov/cout' et ^oev
/

o^

vsv

ye

v\v

/XT)

aXX'
v

arg rgument:
(I.)

pepos,
V ep(ot
v
etTy.
/

OVT
/

v*5\
av
TTW? 6

j^e/or;

>/i^
op0a>s.

Trepa? e/cacrrov.
et
V

e/

yap av /J^^ v (4)rat ^i/

ap^T/jv \*VCN
77077
\

ovre reAevr^v
'

avrov ra rotavra

^O>vv ov;
e
TTOJ?
;

reXevr77

^\v >\ \\
ye

The

first

Hy-

ovre

pothesis : " e j T j, Ej,

aTretpov
\

"TI apa To Ev,

(
/\

*m
/cat

One uncondaitme<i,
^/ifi

apxn

Owe

ufa

apxfr
/

admitsofno

avev
ovre
eo~rt

o^Tijuaros
ev^e'os

reXevr^v V apa' ovre

V

X et.

aTretpov.
*

yap av o~rpoyyvXov
o~rpoyy vXov
ye'
0,776

pit c

/xere^ot.

TTOV

J^y
3)
(4)

rovro,
tcrov

ov

av ra ecryara TravrayTi /Vt/

vat.
/cat
/XTIV

rov
ov
^
77.
,

Whole; Begm-

ptecrov

aireyn.

ev^v ye, '

CTrtTrpocr^ev
v
,

nin ?>

Middle,

av ro aeVov da(iotv rotv ecrydrotv

,

End; and
isthereforo

ovrw?.
v
177,
/
>

ov/covv
,

etr

TTOVV /xev ovv.

XT
*

evaeo?

fl/

V eyot \ o-^/xaros
we'pT?

av

To Ev
.

/cat

TroXX

av

fafipov;

(5)tasno etre 7rept(pepovs /xere^ot. Figure,

138 CTretTrep ovoe /xep77 e^et.

>/
/

ovre
v

>e>v/

apa

evc/v

,/jv

ovre 7rept<pepes

either cur-

rov ye ov ovoa/xov av
ev
TTOV

^v eavrw
<

o*
TTOJS
/

>/i
ovre

opc/cus. v v
177*
;

etT;.

~5 /5 ev
077

'^'''xx yap ev aAAw ovre

ev

(6j/cat /XT)V rotov-

/\v>
/xev

eo~rtv, vihneal or
">

rectilineal
(6) is

not

av Trepte^otro

e>j/ e/cetvov VTT

C 2

"\\ aXXa>

>T/
w

\* ov

/cv/cXw

/\

localized either relatively to itself or to

evetTy,

\ anything /cat e i s e ;

20
u

nAATONOS
av avrov
/cat

O.TTTOLTO

TroXXots*

TOV 8e

eW?

re

/cat

d/xepous

KVK\OV

dovvarov fjLTe^ovTo<;

7roXXax>7

KVK\O>

aTrrecrBcLL.
/cai>

dovvarov.

dXXa

fj.r)v

avTO ye eV eavrw ov

eavro

etry

irepie^ov OVK
ev

aXXo
rt

T)

avrd,
/a^

euirep

/cat

ev eavr&I

t7?*

TW yap b

u>at

Trepie^ovTi

dSwarov.
et>;

dSwarov yap.
TO
Trepte^ov,

erepov jj,ev aV rt crepov 8e TO Trepte^o/xevov

ov/covt'

avro

ou
x

yap oXov ye
/cat

a^o)
To
ou ^'
*

ravTov
*T1

a/Aa

7reto~eTat
*

/cat

TrotTycret'

OVTCU
V

Jbv

ov/c

av

etry

eTt

ev

aA.A.a

>\\

ouo.
ei/

?'

ou y*/3

ov/c
(7)

apa

eo~Tt

TTOV
ou/c

To

"Ei^,

/xifre

eauTw /^^TC eV
17,

has no

aXX<y

evov.

CCTTLV.

(?)
fj

opa

OUTCOS
T'L

f^ov

stationary

et has no motionstate,

otoV re ecrTtv kcrravai

6Vi KLVOVfJLevov

Kivei&dai.
fj

S^ yap
c

ary state
either by way of (a)

ou;

ye

"^

<f>epOLTO

dXXototTO av*

modification, or (#) rb <j)fpfff6ai,

m Ev To
dXX'

vat. avTat yap /xoVat /ct^i^crets. dXXotov/xevov 8e ' \ *l-l / V O / A T '^ / aovvarov. eavTOv aovvarov irov ev eTt et^at.

OVK apa

/caT*

aXXotwo-tv ye

/ctvetTat.
/cat

ou ^atVeTat.
/x^v et <f>epoiTO
KV/cXa>

motion,

either circular, or

apa

TO> <e'peo-#at;
ei/

to-co?.

TO

eV,

progressive, or
qualitative ;

i^TOt

TO>

avTw dv Trept^epotTO
erepav
e

jaeTaXXaTTOt
ov/covz/

^wpav
jaev
/cat

eVe'pa?.
CTTI

/cv/cXa>

Trept^epo/xevov
TO,

jneVov

Trept

dXXa
To

ectvTov'
Tt5

TO /xeVov Se jLt^Te jaeVou

/xifre

fJir)^OLl>r)

TOVTO

KVK\(O
Sr)

TTOTC

evrt

ju,eo~ov

^rat;

ovSe//,ta.
/cat

dXXa
OVTW

^wpav
avTO

dXXoT* dXXo^t yty^eTat

etTrep

/ctvetTat;

ye

817.

ov/cow etvat

/xeV TTOV

eV Ttvt

vaL
varatTepov
ov/c
;

ap' ovv ylyvecrOai ert dSu07717

ei'

OVK

eWow
7ra>

et

ev T<W TI ytyveTat,
ert

dvdy/cT^
P.TJT

jtx^Te

e/cetvw eTvat

eyytyvoetTrep
S->)

pevov,

eri

e^w

e/cetvov TTo.vra.Trao'LV,

HAPMENIAH2.
eyyiyverai
e
;

21

avdyKrj.

et

apa
eV

dXXo
l^epr)

Tretcrerat
117'

TOVTO,
fj.ev

eKelvo
Tt

av

JJLOVOV
17817

Trdcr^OL ov
e/cetz><y,

TO
117

yap oV
TO Se

avTOv

TO Se e^w

a/>ta'

/AI)

e^op p^eprj ov^ olov re TTOV eo~rai

/Ai^Ve
'

ovSevt oXop a/Aa

>

CVTO?
/

etj/at
>

/!

aA.rfur).

ov

'fv

oe

>

>

'/I*

/oii^Te

/>tepi7

etcrt

^,17

1/

"\

ov,
TTOV, fJLTJre

ov troXv ert aSvvaTMTepov

^6/317 /XT^TC KOTO, 6'Xov e

Kara
OVT'

139 fyawerai.

apa

Trot

top /cat ep

TW yiyvopevov

dXXaTTet,

OVT'

ep

TW
Kara Tracrav apa dXXa jaip /cat aKivrjTov.
/

OVTC aotovjae^ov.
K.ivr)(TLV

ovic eoLKtv.

To *Ev
\

aLKivr)Toi>.

ea/at

ye JO'V ovo apa

iv e/cetvoj

(f)a^ev eV TtPt

77OTC ev T&>
117

J^> afTw eo~Ttz>.

avTo

warpv. <a/xep ya/>. V '^' oTt VO.* a.v Tt

017
;

17017

eV

w TW
^>

avT<y eo~Tt^.

irdvv /xep ovv.

dXX'

ou yap ovv. ovoeirore apa eo~Tt lo aXXa /AT)I> TO ye ov/c eot/cep. b ep T<W avTw. / v >^'^ ovc/ v/i>e */)> ep TO> avTw ov f]O~v^av ayet ovc/ v ^ v v */ m *TTI ov yap otoi/ TC. lo EP apa, &>s eot/cev,
evetvat.
>
r

>^

OVTC eV eauT&> OVTC eV

5

aXXw
/

otoV TC ^p avTa>
V

JV-riN

rt-,-,

\^v

ecrTi7/cep

OUTC
\

/cwetTat.

OVKOVV

or)
c

(^atveTat

\>o,\ (ojovoe
/

ye.

v eo~Tat,

av
e

*y

><>>?</ ovo av
Tt
017;
v
117

jJirjv

ravrov

ye

ov#
ovre
/

v/)>

/o./v
/cat

erepov

eTepw avrov

OVTC

eLf).

erepov
ov/c

erepov
jarp
c

av

\*
wore
erepov

pev irov v</ av eur) ev.

eKelvo
ovS'

erepov sitj; no Similarity, eavrov ov evos therefore \no Dis'\^3^*

a\.r)ur).

owe

v/no
eavTO)

(8) has no ^ Identity,

therefore

*\

Diver-

/cat

ravrov
ov/c

ye
117'

erepco

ov

av

elf],

avro

S'

av
ev,

av OUTW?
ov

etiy

eo~nv,
fjiev

dXX' erepov eWs.

erepa)
rj

yap
ov/c

OVP.

6Vep ravrov
ov

apa
ov

eavrov

eo~rai,
liw?

yap.
P.

erepov Be ye erepov ov/c carat,

av ^

yap

evl irpoo~YJKeL

erepw nvbs

elvai,

dXXd

22
ttdvto

OAATONO2
erepa>,

aXXo>
ov/c
/XT)

Se

ovSevt.

opOax;.

raJ

/xev

dpa ev eTvat dXXa /xr)v et

/XT)

erepov fj otet; ov rovrw, ov^ eavrw ecrrat'

ecrrat

Srjra. d
et

8e

avroj,

ovSe avrd'

avro 8e
6p0a><s.

fjifj^afjif)

ov erepov

ecrrat ertpov.
ecrrat.
c6vcrt9,

ov8e

TTW?
ST^TTOU

8'

ov;

avri^

/cat

ov^ T^TTC/ Tou Tavrov.

ra>
rt,

rt

817;

ort

OVK eVetSai> ravrov

clXXa rt
/XT7*>
;

yei^ryrat

eV

ytyt'erat.

Tots IloXXots ravrov

yevo//,ei>oj>

TroXXa

To *Ev

clXX* et a\r)0rj. dvay/c^ ytyvecr^at, dXX' ov^ v. /cat To Taurot' /x^Sa/x^ Stacieyaet, OTrore rt
clet

ravrov eytyvero,
ravrov.
ecrrat,

rrdw
ov^
tV

ye.

av ev eytyvero, et apa To *E
ecrrat'
/cat

/cat OTrore eV,

eavrw

ovr<w? IV ov

eV ecrrat'
dyaa
/cat

clXXa /x^v rovro ye

TaJ 'Evt

dSvvarov
eTvat

aSvVarov

ere'pov

erepov
orj

^ eavr&>

ravrov.
fTlV

aovvarov.

ovra)

lo

*T-,

liiV

V>* ovr av

avroj

*>*/ ovr av
Tov
8e'

erepov ye ^ ravrov V > \ ov yap ereyoa> etry.

ovv.
over
*/5>

ovSe /x^v o/xotoV rtvt ecrrat ovS' dvo/xotov ^ / e/ / v \ >/ "/!> eavrw ov# erepa>. rt 017; ort ro ravrov TTOV
o/xotov.
c/>vo~tv

TreirovOos
<j>dvr)

vat.

ye
<f>dvr)

'Evo?

^(opl<s

rrjv

To Tavrov.

/XT)V et rt

TreVov^e
rrtTrovOoi

X
f)

00 3
/

yap. Tov *v etvat To ""Ev,

dXXa HO
7rXeta>

av etvat

eV rovro 8e dSvvarov.
etvat

vat.

ovSa/xws ecrrtv cipa ravrov TTCTTOV^OS ov ^atverat. ovre ctXXw ov#* eavra>.

To *Ev

ovSe o/xotov

dpa Svvarov avro elvat ovre d'XXw ov^' eavrw. ov/c ovSe tt^v erepov ye rferrovOev etvat To "Ev* eot/cev.
av rrerrovBoi etvat ^ ev. TrXetw rd ye tuyv erepov rrerfovBos r) eavrov r} dXXov yd/3. dvd/xotov av etry ^7 eavrw ^ dXXo>, et7re/3 ro ravrov b
/cat

yap

ovra) TrXettu

IIAPMENIAH2.
1TTTOv9o<S O/AOtOV.

23

OyO^W?.

To
ov

Se'

ye "Ev,
vv
T>

OJS eOt/CV,

ovSa/iois erepov TreirovOos ovSa/xais

over
*/)

dvo/xotov
-

eVrtv
V

eavra)

ovu

V/)>

erepta.

yap

ovre

apa
et7y

o/xotov ovre dvo/xotov ovff ere/aw ovre

eavrw av

To

ov ^at^erat. (9) Kal ja^ TOIOVTOV ye oV oure tcro^ ovre avicrov ecrrat ovre eavrw ovre aXXa>.
^Ev.

(9)nomode
tity, either

7717

^v tcrov
;

\*/>>/
oi'
/

/u,ei^

ro^

v *
\

CLVTIDV fjierpcov ecrrat e/cett'w

>/r w
o^,

<?

r).

i^at.

^j'5''' ^iL,ov oe TTOV

av gv/JL^eTpov rf, tkarrovtov JJLCV / </> ^O\ v >\' oe peiLpvav eAarrco. vat. eget, rwv
/

*.<-/

-?/> TOIV

eAarrov \j\/
17

VT
\/

ots Excess;

Equality, O r Inequality, or
therefore

TrAeta; no Defect;

ots o
raiv

T^>

/XT)

(yv^^erpov,

ra)v

jaev

(TfJUKpoTepajv,
TTO>S

Se

LTpa)V

ecrrat.

ya/3
17

ov;

OVKOVV
rail/

dSvvarov ro

/AT)

/xere^ov

Tov Avrov

/xeV/awv

avrwv
rov.
/AT)

etvat
tcrov

T^

aiXXcov OIVTWOIVOVV rti)v

avrwv ; aSvvaetTy,

/>tev

dpa

ovr*

av eavra> ovre dXX&>

ov.

raiv

avrwv fterpcw
TrXetovcuv

OVKOVV tJMwerai
ov
T^

ye.

dXXa

/XT)V

ye

/Aerpwv
/cat

eXarrdvwv,

d ocrwvTrep
ovroj?
/cat

/xeV/acuv,

rocrovrwv
ev
ecrrat,

jue/aaiv

av

et^'

/cat

av

ov/ceVt

aXXct rocravra

o<rairp

el oe rd perpa. 6p0a)S. ye evo? juer/oov etT;, to~ov av ytyvotro ra> /xeVpw' rovro Se dSvvarov

e^dvTi, tcrov

rw avro

etvat.

e<f>dvr)

yap.

ovre

dpa
a>s

evo? /xeVyoov /xere^ov ovre TroXXaiv ovre oXtycov, ovre

ro TrapaTrav Tov Avrov juere'^ov, ovre eavrw Trore,

eot/cev, ecrrat tcrov ovre

aXXar

ovS'

av

/xet^ov

ovSe
//,ev

eXarrov ovre eavrov ov^* erepov.

e

TravrdVacri
17

ovv
v

ovrcus.
>

(lO)rt
t\
/

Se';
*

Trpeo-fivrepov

mv
;

rT)v

avrT)v T)Xt/ctav e^etv

;

To

rty-,

Ev

o oo/cet ra>
i^Xt/ctav

vewrepov r} (io) no o mode of \ ovvarov Time;

/ACV
TT)V
/cat

etvat

rt

ST)
17

yap
avrw

ov
T7

ort TTOV

avrr)v

e^ov

dXXa>

lo~6rr)ro<s

^povov

/xe^e'^et,

a>v

e'Xeyo/xev

ov /xeretvat

Tw

24

IIAATONO2
t,

ovB' 6/xotor^T09 oure tcrdr^ros.

/cat
fjirjv

eXeyopev yap
/cat

ovv.

/cat

on

d^o/xotor^To? re

dvio~6rq-

TO? ou

^tere'^et,

/cat

rouro eXeyopev.
17

irdvv /xeV ouV.

77

ouV oloV re ecrrat ru>os

elvat,
17

TrpecrfivTepov

vewTe;

HI

r^i/ avrrjv i^Xt/ctav e^etv rw,

ov/c ctp'

rotourov ov

av

et7^

veurepov ovSe
rt

7T/oecry8vre-

ovSe r^v avTrjv i^Xt/ctav e^ov To Ev ovre avrw ov <atVerai. ovre aXXa>. a/a' ow ov8e eV ^p6va> TO
irapdirav Swatr' av etvat
17

To

''Ei/,

et rotovroi/ eoy

ov/c

dvdyKT), eaV rt

iy ;

ev ^pova>, del avrb

avrov

Trpecr/BvTtpov yiyvtaOai

dvdyKr).

OVKOVV TO ye
;

irpeorfivTepov del veuTepov TrpecrftvTepov

rt ^r\v

TO Trpeo-fivTepov dpa eavTOv yiyvopevov pov eaurov a/xa ytyverat, elrrep /xe'XXet
TrpecrySurepov
<f>opov

/cat

vewre- b

e^eti'

orov
Sta-

ytyverat.

TTOJ?

Xeyet?

a)8e'

erepov erepov ovSev Set yiyveor6a.i 77817 wro? Oia<f>6pov, dXXa rov /otet' -^817 ovro? 17877 etvat, rou
8e yeyovoro? yeyo^eVat, rou 8e jaeXXot'ro? /xe'XXetv, rou Se yiyvojjievov oure yeyovevat oure /Ae'XXetv oure
et^at
et^at.
TTG>

dXXa yiyvecrBai /cat dXXw? ou/c dXXa /AT)!/ rd ye irpea-ftvTepov dvdyKT) ydp.
Sid(f>opov,
eo~rt

Sia<o/3or?79 veuTepov eVrt /cat ouSevo? aXXou.

ycip.

ro a/)a irpecrfivTepov eaurou yiyvopevov dvda/Aa eaurou yiyveo-Bai.

7rXeta>
roi'
eot/cev.

yKt) /cat veatTepov

dXXa
I^T/JT'

/XT)^

/cat

^re
dXXa

eaurou yiyveo~6cLi xpovov

eXdrraj,

to~ov yjpovov /cat yiyveo~0ai

eaura) /cat etvat /cat yeyovevai /cat jaeXXetz/ eo~eo~0ai.

dvdyKrj
eot/cev,

yap ovv

/cat

raura.

ai'dy/oy

apa

eo~Tiv, a>?

ocra ye ei^ xpova> eVrt /cat ^ere'^et rou rotou- d eKao~Tov auraiv r?)v avTijv re auro aura) rou,
/cat

irpecrfivTepov re aurou a/xa /cat

IIAPMENIAH2.
ytyveo~#at.
/ctvSvvevet.

25
Ta>

dXXa

fjLrjv

ye 'Evt

TOJV

TOiovYcyv 7ra$i7ju,aYcov ov8ev

fjLtTTJv.

ov yap

jaerryv.

ovoe dpa ^povov avTw

ju,eYeo-Ttv, ovS' eo-Ttv ev Ttvt

ov/covv 817, a>9 ye 6 Xoyos atpet. Xpdvw. (ll)rt(ii)no ovv ; TO r)v /cat TO ye'yove /cat TO eyty^eTO ov Xpovov tion, nor / \ Existence / /xet/egtv oo/cet crrj^aiveLV TOV TTOTC yeyovoTO? ; /cat

*/}><*
Tt

^\
TTOV

jjLaiXa.
r

Se

TO eoTat

/cat

TO yevi7o~eTat
/^e'XXovTog

/cat
;

TO

yvrj0ijo~eTai

ov TOV

eVetTct

vat.

TO Se
Trdvv

877 ecrTt /cat

jiiev

TO ytyveTat ov TOV vvv

et

ovv.

dpa To *Ev ^Sajar

TTOTC

/LteTe^et

Xpdvov,

ovTe

yeydvet

OVT'

OVT' T^V TTOTC, OVTC vvv yeyovev OVTC ytyveTat OVT' ' ecrTtv, OVT eetTa yevicreTat ovTe yev^o-eTat OVT
eo~Tat.

aXrOeo-TaTa.

eo~Tiv

ovv

ovo*ta?
;

OTTOUS

av

Tt

/xeTao"^ot aXXcus
v

^ To *Ev apa
ecrTt

/caTa TOVTWV Tt

ov/c eb"Ttv.

ovo-ta? /xeTe^et.
<x-|-,

ov/c

eot/cev.
>^>
v

ov <patveTat. ovo apa OVTOJ? eWtv WO-TC ev elvat' etTy yap av 17817 ov /cat > / v " /' v '\\> aXA a>? eot/ce, m *n OVTC ev eo~Ttv lo .hv ovo~tas /xeTe^ov'

apa

mv lo

>

Ev.

</

ovTe eo~Ttv,
142 Svvevet.
*

et

Set

TW TotwSe Xoyw
JU,T)

Trto-Tevetv.
jai)

/ctv-

av
t

Tt

*>*
GLVTOJ

(12)6 8e
77

eo~Tt,
;

ij

CCTTtV

>^>o\\/ ttVTW OVOe

ovoe ooga.
>o/
>5'>5'/i*-

avTov

/cat

\^ TTWS
-

TOVT&J TGJ
;

OVTI
v

177

XoyO9 OVOC

>o/
Tt?

>o>" ovo apa

/

(12)

no

logical

ovo/>ia accident

Tat

f /i atcrc/Tio'ts v

' >o\\/ '5' >^^ apa ovoe XeyeTat ovoe ooga4eTat ovoe yiyvw-

ov 0atveTat.

>/
i

eTTtO-T^/Xiy

OVOe Name
/y

s\

e itner of

?^'

ovo
_4
/

p>>>

or Definition

ovo//,a4- and no
psychof gi cai correlative, either as
j

O-/CTat,
v

OVOe Tt TCOV OVTWV aVTOV atO~C7aveTat.

r)

t
v

eot/cev.

v"? -?? ovvaTov ovv

ovv
eVt
TT)V

OV/C

>m Trept To
VTio^eo-tv

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Ev Tav#

^/3>

OVTW?

Notion, perception

X etv

ov/covv e>otye So/eel.

TraXtv

ygovXet

e^

dp X>75
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eav

Tt i7/xtv eVavtovo"tv

dXXotov
ev
et

avf}

>

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juev

ovv

/SovXo/xat.

ov/covv

eo~Tt,

26
The mean- <iaueV,
Second
thesis.
,

nAATONOS
TO,

o~vviBaivovTa
ex
Or)

ing of the

irepl

avTov,

Trota

TTOTC
;

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/

i/at.

opa

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raura'
v
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ov^ OVTGJS
?

et

a/>a otov re

r/

avro etvat /xe, ovcrta? Se /AT /Ltere^etv; ov^ oto e re. OVKOVV Kal 7) ovo~ta Tov 'Evas 177 d^, ov TavTov
ovcra T<5

OVO
ai/

>

^>

*
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'Et't;
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ov

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v O/X,OtOJ/

rn^

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17

eV re

etvat,

/cat

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eV.

^ui/

Se ov^

avri; ecrrlv

VTTO^ecris,

el ev ev,

TL

vew, dXX' et Iv ecrnv' ov% ovrws; OVKOVV as aXXo rt o~r^fialvop TO

ecrrt

rov eV;

ap
,

ovv
177

aXXo ^ on ovcrtas
TO Xeyopevov,
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et ecrri, Tt
/
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TOUT*

ai/

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OTL ev ecrTu>;

TA

IIaXu> (1)S>) Xe'yw/xev, e^

,

SecondHypothesis: $V fl ZtfTl

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T OVV,

>

OVK CLVdyKr)
rt-i-i

>

>

ft

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r-^

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e*TJ>*Ey TTWS; ovffias Ufrn\ rtn

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et

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1
C T1

io

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V
\
/ \

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cowtraru ore-

v e/ Ev TOV OVTO? evo<s, ^ \ rn^ n <^^\>/ r< Ovcrta /cat To Ei>, TOV auTOu oe e/cetvou, ov V

ovTOS XeyeTat /cat ^ >\ TT eo~Tt oe ou TO avro H TC

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/~\ >

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(1)

IfThe
exist,

^
-n

ov

^ at
tri v

avTO

aP a OVK avay/c77 TO ptv oXov TOVTOV Se ytyvecr^at /xopta To Te

'

>>/
'

\\v\
e

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existence

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ye

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yiyveTdi
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27

ekdyicrTov

IK

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av
/

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re ya/>*Ev

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143 WCTTC
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del yiyv6p.evov ^SeVore eV dvdyKr) Sv OVKOVV aireipov av TO TrazTaVao-t ftev ov^.

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cipatein
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o^ TroAAa Number
'

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Ev,

must

exist.

017

ye
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/,

ei'

JJLOVOV

avev TOVTOV ov <^a/xev ^ere^etv, <f>avrjo~eTaL rj /cat TroXXa TO avTo TOVTO;

tSwju,e*>

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ST^'

aXXo

Tt

erepov

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v

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eTepov p,ev 'H Ovo~ta, eTepov Se r * v rri ^ *T* /~v ' ev To Ev Tr)9 Ovo-ta? eTepov ovTe
et
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t

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etre

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ap OVK ev eKao~Tr)
a>

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;

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ev,

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28

riAATONOS
<f>

e/cdcrrou a/z,<&> Xe'yw;

vat.

a>

8'

av d

/u,ev

auraj ewat, ovo oe

rjTov,

6p0(o<s Trpoo-ayopev7)o-0ov, ' \ > f ^ ' ^\

JUT)
;

apa
T'

olov re

ov^ otov re.

eo

*>* o av
crvvSvo

djjLffxo

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eart Tts
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et

i^-rj^avr)

pr)

ov^ tKarepov avrolv

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ev etvai;
e/cacrra

TOVTOJV
etvat,

apa
ev

/cat

av

eti^

e/cacrroi'.

Se

li/

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avruv

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crwre-

ei'os
TO.

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vai.

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iravra; yiyverai Suo apna; TTG>S S' ov;

crvtpyia ov rpLa Se ou ireptrra, /cat rpia

rt Se';

Svotv OVTOW OVK

ryots,

elvai /cat 8ts, /cat Tpivv OVTOIV

TO)

etTre/o

re Suo TO 8t?

ej^

/cat r<5 /cat

rpta ro

r/3ts

eV; avdyKT).

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/cat

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ov/c dvdyicrj

Svo Sts
rpia
/cat

eticat;

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S'

/cat

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rt

ryat?

etvat;

TTW?

ou;

Se

Sts 6W&>v, /cat Suoti/ OVTOLV /cat

eti/at /cat

rpLwv OVTOJV T/HS OVTOIV, OVK

;

avdyKr} re r/3ta St?

Svo T/HS; TroXXi^ ye.

CCTTLV 144

aprid TC ayoa
/cat

d/3Tta/cts ai/ eti^ /cat TrepiTTa. TreyDtTTa/cts

dpna
et

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OUTCOS.

ye.
(3)

et

a/3a

ecrTtv

eV,
/x,^z/

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If

dvdyKir).
etl?

(3)dXXa
"""X^C/OS

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participate

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apiOpov ye 6Wos TroXX' aTTeipOV TtoV OVTWV Tj OVK a7Tet/3OS

/cat

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foWo
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distribu tn
t

7raj' u

Kat TO
;

y \\r PP
t

ou/covv et 7ras
V

>>^>/lv/
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jaeTe'^wv ovcrtas yiyverai;

/cat

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vat.
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iy

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yap av

817

ovo-ta

DAPMENIAH2.
row dTTOcrrarot
rai
;

29

ovSa/xa>?.

/caTa/ce/cepjaaTto-/cat

apa as

otoV re
/cat

cr/zt/cpoTaTa
/Aejaepto~Tat

/xeyiara

/cat

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c /cat

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eo~Tt fte'p?;

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dnepavra Trjs Ovcrta?. e^et ovrws. apa ecrrt ra /Ae'pr; avrrjs. TrXetcrra

(4) rt ovv ; ecrrt rt avTaiv, o eitrrt />tev /tepos T^g (4) If Existence / .-.>/ / Ovcrta?, ovoev pevroi {Jiepos ; /cat TTOJS a^ rotovro ye- be dis-

>o\/
>v

\*
/

tributable v * t T eLTrep ye, oi^ai, ecrrtv, avay/a? avro aet, t o Infinity, the One / ^ > eaxnrep av T), ye rt ewat, fj,r)dev oe aovvarov. must b e v distribu\<r ^rri' /^' / airavTi. apa e/cacrra> rw liy? Ov(rta? table likeavay/cTj. TT/JO?

votro
<>>

aAA

xx

\/

*?></

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<

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/

e/

rn x *TI

/xe/aet TrpocrecrTi

To

Ei^, ov/c

Kporepov cure
ovrcu?.

/u,eto*/o5
ez'

aTroKenro^evov ovre /xepovs oure aXXov ou

'

wise.

cr/xt-

apa

ovt

ot*

TOVTO a^pet.

dXX' aOpa),

TroXXa^ov ayaa oXov ecrrt; /cat opw art dSwaroi/. /u,e-

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OVK ap aXirjOrj aprt eXe'yo/xev, Xe'yovre? a>? TrXetcrra ot8e yap /Aep 1? *H Oucrta vevefjirj^evr) etTy.
e

Tov 'Evo?
oure
v

vevtjJLrjTai,

dXX'

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a>s

eot/ce,

Tw

'

yap To *Ov Tou

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oure To

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avro
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TrJ? Ovo"ta9

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re

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v

ev

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Tov OvTOS
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ye oXou TO. v N v jaopta /Aopta, 7re7repao~jaevoi/ av et^ /caTa TO OAOV - <n N v / / * rnv </n, lo Ev ^ ov Trepte^eTat VTTO TOU oAov T.a />topta;
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(5)

/cat

JU,T)V

6Vt

(5) The One must

exhibit

Rest and Motion.

30

OAATONO2
dXXd
v
firjv
Art
c-5

dvdy/oy.
-

TTCDS

ov;
/cat

m\

To Ev
oXov

TO ye Trepte'^ov v / V * apa ov tv T
/cat

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/

av
TTOV

117.
v

145

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/cat jaopta,

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dVetpov

ir\ij6ei.

<atveTat.

ap'
>'

o5V

ou/c,

eVetTrep

Tt 8'; dvdy/oy. ecr^ara c^ov oXov ov ov/c ap^rjv av e^ot /cat /xecro^ /cat reXeurryv ; ^ otov re rt oXov elvat a^ev rpiwv TOVTMV ; KO.V rov

TreTrepacr/xeVov,

/cat

ev briovv avTo>v aTrocrrarTy, e^eXrycret ert oXov

OV/C
\

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OJ^

m ^

d/3^V
v

n *'*'

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e
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X ot

(T)(aTO)v avre^et

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v

TO

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v b

eot/ce,

/cat cr^rnjiairo<s oij TWOS, a>s ov ya/3. ov /AeTe^ot av To "Ev, T^TOI evOeos TotovTov
17

^ o~T/)oyyuXov

yap

dV.

ap' ov

ecTTat /cat ev
c/v

ev TGJ oX<y
TTOLVTO.

>\ ecrTt

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;
ir\

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v

ovT&>9.

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8e
TO,

/ne'p^

VTTO

>

dpa
Tot

oXw Tvy^dvet ovTa, ecrTt Se TC TrdvTa To *Ev /cat auTo To "OXov, Trepie^eTai
TrdvTOi TO, fJLprj iv

8e

VTTO
/

Tov *OXou Ta
mx
etTy.

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To

v-p,

TTOLVTO,, v *

Ev,

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virb

vo

eavTw
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ye oXov
ev d

av

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et

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vi
fir)

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&

aTracrtv etvat*
ecrTt,

et

8e TOVTO /aev TO ev TO>V airavTwv

evt,

TO Se oXov ev TOVTO)

TTW? ert ev

ye Tots

IIAPMENIAH2.
Tracrtv
(j,epa>v.

31

eveo~rai
el

ovSa/z,o>9.

ovSe
TO
/

/u/^v

ev

Ticrl

TOJV

yap
\

ev

Tier!
elrj,
>

6'Xov

117;

TO

TrXe'ov

av ev

TO)
/

eXdrrovi
fJLrj

o ecrnv dovvarov.
\
5 >

dovva\

TOV yap.

ov o

ev TrXetocrt

01
JJLTJO

fjirjo

ev evi

ev

airacri Tots {j,epeo~L

e Ttvt

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ert

ov/c
;

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etvat,

f)

ev ov ovoev av enq,

/A^Sa/iou V* >O\*
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elvai
V

OVKOVV
>

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O\

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dvdyKT) Iv d\\a) elvai ; Trdvv /\ mv >"\\ T5>\ lo k>v okov, ev aAAw eo~TiV i) oe T) jue^ ayaa ye. TO, irdvra pepy ovra rvy^dvei, avro ev eavTw* /cat
f
\

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>'

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ev eavT&> elvai Kal ev V ' * ' rn v *n JL

lo

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ap

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TTVJ ;

TTOV, eifrep

avro ev eavTw
fJir)

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ev

yap

evl ov /cat
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146

e/c

TOVTOV
V

eo~Tt
eo~TO<s

perafialvov / > ^O/ TO oe ye ev ya/D.

ev

TW avTw av
T&>

^5\*
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*

ev

avTW act ov

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ST^TTOU

eo~Tavai,
A>

pr)
v-n

eo~To<s

oe
>

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OVTW?.

apa
\

m To
\

Ev,

>/ avTO

Te ev eavT&j

>\* aet ov

dvdyKir)

/cat

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del Kivelo-BaL re

ravrov ye oet etvat auTO eavTw /cat erepov /z/r)v ' ^ s/ > ^m'^ *'A\\ b eavTOv, /cat Tot? AAAotg wcravTajg ravrov re /cat
,
:

,/

OT
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Kal

eo~rdvai.

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(6)

/cat

>\

The Une must

(6)
f\

exhibit

Identity a nd Diversity with re g a rdto

itself,

</

^>

erepov etvat,
TTttV

et?re/3

7TOV
rj
/

erepov
v
eti

*>\ eav

7T/009

TOVTOV,
117.

\T ^ ravrov y \*v Tros

\

ttTTttV

Ta rrpoauev WOC e^t

v

Jl^^f

rrerrovuev.

ji

^ TT&JS

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nd
^

o></ /x^o erepov,

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(j8)

ftepos av everything

o OVT<U?

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ovSa/xws.

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ov8' a^oa w?
77y>o<?

\e\/
eavTO

117,

32
V

ap otov
ov S^ra.
/xe'vrot.

*/

re.

aXX apa erepov

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et

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re
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et

/cat
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ev ere/aw.

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To

rt

ow;

rov

rt

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;

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et

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ovr apa ev rotg pr) ev * \ mN *-n T* av lo Erepov. ov yap ovv.

J '

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/xr)

ev
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ye

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et

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erepa
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ro
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yap;

Se

/xiyre

avrots 147

Tw
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ov

iravTir)

77877

av

e/c^>evyot

dXXT^Xwv;

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OAPMENIAH2.
>\\v aAAa
v \
C> v

33
v \
<y

yap
av
fj,r)

ovoe lov Evos ye jaere^et ra /XT) ev ov \ * A A ? * 1> 'XX' >X ^J^ S* av /XT) ev T]V, aXXa 7717 av ev rjv. ovo aXTicfy.
fj.r)v
>

-!-!

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>

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ev r)V

ouoe yap av OVTOJ ov yap rravTaTraa-Lv, apiOpov ye e^pvra.

etT7
/XT)

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ev

e^

ovv.
f)

ri Se;

ra

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et

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TravTrj

TO pev ev eo~n, ra oe
ev
v

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To *Ev
ev

Tov 'Ew? apa /xo/na Tov 'Evog ra /XT) ev ;

\^\\v
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ev, a>5

OVT av
/xoptwv'
v\ oAa
e

v>*

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v

owe av ra
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117
v

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m ^ Evo? lov
C T-I

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ov yap.

dXXa

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ra

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erepa aXX^Xc^v ravra

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OI/

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ev OVT&JS

apa

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c

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T0

avTO eTvat

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/cat

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ovv

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eavrov

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eoiKev,
e/c

/cat eavroj.

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o/xotoV re
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dp

/cat

/cat

ye rov Xoyov. dvo/xotov eavrw re /cat

Tots AXXot?;
e<f)dvr),

eTreiorj

/cat

TaXXa
/cat

TTOV

yovv erepov TOJV "AXXaiv rt erep* av e/cetvov etri.

v

/xT^v

ov/covv OVTOOS
e/cetvov,

TaXXa
av;
et

erepov Twv AXXwv, wcrTrep /cat ovre /xdXXov ov^' rjrrov ; rt yap
o/xotw?.
vat.
/cat

d'pa /XT^TC /xdXXov /xif^' T^TTOV,

27

ov/covv

erepov

elvat

TreVov^e

Twv "AXXwv,
'Evt.

TaXXa
d etev

e/cetvov wcravrws, ravrrj

ravrov av

To

re *Ev Tots "AXXots

/cat

TaXXa Tw

Xeyets;

wSe'

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rt
;

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aTra
e/cetvo

ovo/xdrwv ov/c e?rt rtvt ovv ; ro avro ovo/xa etTrots av eycuye. rrorepov ovv edv /tev

aira

177175,

Trpocrayopevets ovirep eo~rt rov-

vo/xa, edv Se vroXXd/cts, ov/c e/cetvo ; T7 edv re aira^ edv re TroXXd/cts ro avro ovo/xa <f>0eyr), TroXXi)

34

I1AATONO2

dvdyKrj ere TO avro Kal Xe'yetv act ; Tt fJii/jv ; OVKOVV orav Kal TO erepov oVofta ecrnv eiri nvi ; rfdvv ye. dpa avrb <f>0eyyr), edv re aVa edv re TroXXaKts, OVK
or'

aXXw ovSe dXXo

dvdyKr).
'Ei^d?,

6Vo/Aaets ^
ST)

e/cetvo ovtrep rjv

ovopa.

TaXXa Tov

Xeyupev OTI erepov v erepov Se To *Ev Taiv AXXwv,

CTT*

orav

[icv

St?

TO erepov eltrovre^ ovSeV Tt /xaXXov

evr*

aXX^ dXX'
rjo-irep
r\v

eKeivr)

rff

<f>v(reL

avro del Xeyofiev,

rovvofjia.

Trdvv ^ev ovv.

y dpa

erepov Ta)v

^AXXaw

To *E^ Kal TaXXa To *Ev Tot?

opoiov'
y

avrb TO erepov 148 TreirovOevai OVK dXXo dXXd TO avTO av 7re7rov6b<s etr)
Tot) 'Evos,
KO,T

AXXots'
vat.

TO 8e
A

irov

rc/Lvrbv

ov\i;

Srj

To Ev erepov lav

Treirovdev etvat,

KOT avrb rovro avrav aTra&LV opoiov

ydp diravroiv erepov eo~nv. eoiKev. vat. TO ye OJJLOLOV TO) dvop,oia> evavriov. fjirjv dXXd OVKOVV Kal TO erepov TW avT<w. Kal TOVTO.
eirf

av

dirav

aXXct

jJLrjv

Kal rovro

e<f)dvri,

0)5

dpa To *Ev Tots AXXots

ecrrl b

ravrov.

e<f>dvrj

ydp.

rovvavriov 8e ye rrdOos

TO

elvai
.

ravrb Tots ""AXXot? TW erepov etvat Taiv

Trctvu ye.

vai.

y ye ^v erepov, o/xotov efiavrj. $ dpa ravrov, dvopoiov eo~rai Kara rovvavTTCt^Ct.

riov TTCt^O? T&> OfJLOLOVVrL

OifJLOLOV

8e 7TOV TO

erepov; vai.
riov
ecrrai

dvo/xotaio'et cxpa TavTov,

^ OVK evav-

TW

erepat.

eoiKev.

OJJLOIOV
"ft

apa

Kal
c

dvofwiov eo~rai To *Ev Tots *AXXots,

n-ev erepov,

ofJLOiov, y oe ravrov, dvopoiov. e\ei ydp ovv 817, KOI ydp rovSe e^ei. cos eoiKe, Kal roiovrov Xoyov.

riva

fi

ravrov TrenovOe,

^ d\\oiov

rfeirov6evai, pr)

dXXotov Se Treirov6bs pr) dvopoiov, pr) dvopoiov 8e elvai' rj 8' dXXo ireirovBev, d\\olov, dXXoto;' 8e

IIAPMENIAHS.

35

ravrov re apa ov ov avopoiov etvat. aXyOfj Xe'yet?. \ V V / m^ A-n m " * A \ \ lo Ev lots AAAots /cat ort erepov ecrrt, /car afjifpo-

/>

>

repa

/cat

/ca#'

e/caVepov,

o/xotov

re

d dvo/Aotov Totg aXXots.

a)o~avTCt>9,
e(f>dvr),

TTCIVV ye.

ov/covv /cat

av efy /cat eavrw

eVetvrep erepov re eavrov /cat ravrov eavrca

djji<f)6repa
;

/car'

/cat

e/cdVepov ojuotov re

/cat
Treyot
>

dvo/xotov <f)avrjo-eraL

rou rou

~* aTrrecrc/at
/)

dmy/cTy.
e

(7)rt Se
X

17;

>m'^ A\\ rn^^AXX AAAwv aTrrotr av' ^ must he pev apa ev Tots AAAots, ^ e v X y A\\ ' Out of COD1SJ X oe avro ev eavrw, Icuv jutev AAAoov aireipyoiro munion X >* ev eavrco ov. writli itplf ^v /I anreo-uaL, avro be avrov airroir av and
x

munion / a7rrecrc/at Trept, TTOJ? e)(et ; (TKOireL. (T/COTTW. with itself ~ an(l with > ' " f\ m^ TI J auro yap TTOV ev eavra> oAa> lo lii/ ecpavvj ov. T&AA.O, \<x / ><-> >/i^ ? everythine; ^'rri *A\\ OVKOVV /Cat ev Tot9 AAAotS TO >; vat. OpU(i)<S' ^ else; and
/XT)
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/

\c/

n/
v
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^y

/cat

TI^

loot'

A\\ AAAwi/

Onem ust

(7)

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/cat be in com-

TW

>v

-p

the

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'

'

rri

'

>\O\e^v
arrroiro.

T^

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/cat

ovra) p.ev or) aTrroir

av To *Ev avrov re wer

TOJV "A\\a)v.

rt Se

ryoe ; ap ov irav
e/ceti/oj

TO fJLeX\ov a\l/eo-0ai Ttvos

e<f>erj<s

Set /ceto-#at

ou

/xe'XXet

aTTTeo-^at,

ravrrjv rrjv e$pav Kareyov

r)

av Kerjrat ov anreraL ; jLteT* eKelvqv y eopa, y avdyKrj. /cat To *Ev apa et /xeXXet avTO avTov ai/fecrSet ev0v<; fjLe&* eavrb Kelcrdat,, ^at, e<f>er)<; rrjv

av

Set ^atpav Kare^ov e/cetvi^?, ^ avTO ecrnv. ' m^ ATI * 149 yap ow. OVKOVV ovo ^ev ov LO Ev Trotiycretev av
e^oiJLevrjv
N
i ^
/->

^O/
ov

x*

TaOra
ev,

/cat

ev ovolv yatpaiv a/xa yevoiro' ecus S* av

77

OVK

e0e\rjo~eL;

yap

ovv.

rj

avry apa dvay/oy

ri Srj

Tw
rj

'Evt fJLyre Svo etvat

/u-if^'

arrreo~6ai avra) avrov.

afyerai.
;

avrrj.

dXX' ovSe

fjirjv

Taiv

"AXXwv

OTt,

<f)ajJLev,

e/cetvw

TO jaeXXov a\jjeo~0aL ^(wpts ov e'^e^s Set eTvat, ou /xe'XXet atyeo-ffai, rpirov Se avTwv
p,r)oev

ev

fjieo~(o

etvat.

a\r)0rj.

Svo

apa
Set.

Set
ectv

TO
Se

oXtyicrrov etvat,

et /LteXXet ai//t? etvat.

36

DAATONO2
/
' * ecrrat, at

TOIV Svolv opoiv rpirov TrpocryeVTjTat

Tpta
eVos
/cat

oe

v i cu//ets

'

'

e^rjs, v \

avrd ptv b
o
\
>

ovo.
/otta

vat.
/cat

/cat

ovrw

017 aet,

Trpocrytyi/ofteVov,
(rv/A/Satvet

ra?

fjoa

eXaTTOvs

etvat.
et?

d^ts TrpocrytyveTat, TOV TrXT^ovs r a\/;ei9 w yap ra Trpwra Svo e

TO
TrXetcy

rrjcre ro>v

ax//e&>v

etvat TOV

apid^ov

17

ras

ai//et?,

rw

tcrw TOVTO) /cat 6 erretTa

Tracrwv raiv ar//ewv TrXeove/cret.

^817

yap TO
/cat
/u,ta

a/xa ev TC

TW apid^to
op6)<;.
/ita

7r/)oo~ytyveTat

ai/t?

Tat? ai//O-tv.
v,

oo~a a/3a
at//et5

eo~Tt TO,

6Wa

TOV

del
el

at

eXctTTov?
eo~Tt,

eto~tv

avTa>v.

Se ye ev p,6vov
177.

Sva? Se

^17 ecrnv,

ax//ts ov/c

av

TTW? yct/3;

OVKOVV, (^a/xeV,

Ta vAXXa

Tov 'Evog OVTC ev <TTIV ovre /xeTe^et avrov, etTrep aXXa ecrTtv. ov yd/o. ov/c dpa tvecrnv dpt^/xos ei/
Tots "AXXot?, eVos /x^ evoi^ros
OVT* d/oa eV CCTTI
ei^

avrots.

TTW?

TdXXa ovre Suo ovre dXXov d

To *Ev
dyaa

ov. e^ovTa ovo/xa ovSeV. ev, /cat Svd? OVK av et>7.

ov/c
ecTTt,

povov Icrnv A
dx//ts

ov (^atveTai.
ov/c

Svou>

ju,^

OVTOIV.

ecrnv.

ovr*
'

To *Ev

Taiv *AXXa>i> aTTTeTat ovre

a\jJL<;

Td *AXXa Tov
ovrw
/cat

TTL7rep
TTOivra

ov/c eo~Tii>.

ov yap ovv.

877

/caTa

TavTa To *Ev Taiv TC *AXXwv

/cat
\

eavTov aTrre/cat
**

Tat The One admits *

(8)

ov^(
\

aTTTCTat.

eot/cev.
/cat
*
77

of the

io"oi> eo~Tt /cat

>
}

avi(Tov avro) re
rr^ *TI

e^

Nm^^ixx lots
*
'll>

(8) dp' ovV

AAAots;
*
ttV
rri

TTOJS;
*\ \

modes of
quantity,

*
ir)
/

et

ptl'&V
"
e -n<

To Ev

*
7;
/

m *\ \ TttXXtt

Equal,
Greater,

m ov ^
*

El/OS

fJiei^O) T) eAttTTOJ,

y*'\
"
OLV

To E "
\\n
i

** T
'

ap OV/C av TOJ ptV V CtVttt AXXa a- AAa Tou El/0 5 ovre Tt ncicu
'

f>>*
*

tXoiTTOV,

v\

77

TaXAtt

^<^'!

Tt eXttTTO)
**

177

dXXT^Xo)!/
^

thin

rat?

ovcrtats'

aAA

>\ \*

ttVTatS ^
T&)
177

y
N

TttVTatS
etvat
^

et

plop

e/
e/caTpa

>/
to-OTTjTtt

fte^
to~a

Trpos
* ai/

Totavr

e^otev,

Trpos

IIAPMENIAH2.
et

37

Se

TO,

/xev

jae'ye^o?,

TO

Se

o-fJLiKp6rr)ra,

r)

/cat

/te'ye#os /xev
/-tev TO)

Se TaXXa, OTrorepo) w Se etSet p,e'ye$os irpocreL^, /xetov av 117,

"Ev,
o-//,t/cpoYi7Ta

To

crfjLLKporrjs,

eXarrov; dvdyKr).

TOVTW

1817,

To re Me'ye#os

/cat

OVKOVV ecrrdv ye Ttve 'H X/xt/cpoTTys ; ou

yap ja^ oVre ye, cvauTUO re a\\r)\oiv eirr^v 150 /cat ev rots OVCTLV et Trais y-/3 av; eyytyi/otcr^^.
az/ TTOV,

dpa
^
e^
'

eV

Tw

*Ez/t cr/xt/cpor^s

eyytyverat, 17x01
dmy/CTy.
rt 8'
%
'1-1

ei/

oXw ay
eV

jj.epei

avrov

eyytyvotro; ov^t rj avrou TeTafJLevr) eltj

JN^J/-^ *m' eg to~ov av la>

rj

eVetTj.

et
N

oXw
r

\^vi
;

? ' ot

OAOV
817.
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'\

f ' > >"- " * a/3 ovt' ov/c eg tcrov

tO"i7

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NT ovcra

Trepte^ovcra aurd

S^Xoy
TTOJ? 8'

' <TT v* rp ^ ti z,/xt/c/ooTT7S la>

iii^t

av avrw

etiy,

Trepte^ovcra Se

fjiei^ajv

ov;

Svvarov
/cat

ovz/ SjLtt/cpdr^ra 10-17 v

rw

etvat

ju,et&> rtvd?,

Trpdrreiv ye ra Meye'^ov? re

/cat 'I O-QTT^TOS,

dXXa
'Ez/t

b /A^ ra eavrrjs;
ov/c

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au rw
TO oXov'
del
eVi;.

eV /xe^

oXw apa Tw
ev
el
/xe'yoet.

av

eti7

S/At/cpdr^?,

dXX'

elirep,

vat.

ovSe ye
TroiTJcrei
/AC/DO vs,

ev

iravrt
TT/OOS

fJLepec
10-17

Se

/x^,

ravra

dnep
eV

eo~Tat

^ /xet^wv TOU
ovSevt
TTOTC

w av

away KIT).

apa
T/T'

evecrrai

TMV OVTMV

Sjat/cpoT^?,

/AI^T'

ev ^epei

ev

oXw eyytyvo/xeV^'
^fjuKpoTyros.
e'v

ovSe Tt ecrTat

cr^iKpov
ouS'
Tt

avrfjs

OVK

eot/cev.

d'pa
117

os
c

e've'crTat

avTw.

/tet^ov

yap dv

aXXo,

/cat

TrX^v

Me'ye^o? evetiy, ou dvdyKr) VTrepe'^etv,

avTou Meye'^ovs, e/cetvo ev w To /cat TauTa cr/at/cpov avrov OVK oWos,

eaWep ^

/xeya*

TOVTO

Se

dSvvaTov, CTTeiS^ S/at/cpoT^g ovSa/xou evt. aXr)6r}. dXXa, /x^v avro Meye^og ov/c dXXov peltpv rj avrrjs Sjat/cpoT77TO9> ouSe S/xt/cpdTi75 dXXou eXaTTov ^ avTou
Meye'^ov?.

ov yap.

ovre dpa To, "AXXa

/Ltet^to

Tou

38
'Evo9 ovSe eXdrrw,
e\ovTa,

nAATQNOS
ovre avrw TOVTCD

Svva/xtv Tr)v
TT/OOS

Me'y0o9 /aifre S/xt/cpdrrjra To *Ev fytTov rrjv d TT/OOS TOV VTrepexetv /cat vTrepe'^eo-^at dXXd
/xifre

dXXrjXcu,

ovre

av To *Ev rovrotv ovSe Ta>v

/u/rfre

*AXXa>v /jtetov av ovS' eXarrov en;,

/xT^re

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ap'

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e^ov.

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(jxtiverai ye.

ouV

et /xT^re

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eXarrov To

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avrb IKLVO)V pyre imepc^eiv nyO* OVKOVV TO ye /A7yTe vTrepe^ov avdyKf).

TroXXi)

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9
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v to"ov evat.
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x
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e
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77/309

ov; /x^v \V *V /x^re Meyec/os /*//) eavro ovrcus e)(of

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>

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t

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v

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ye ev eavra) ov
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117

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ecrriv avrw, /cat 6j/o/x,a^erat /cat

/cat /cat
7re/ot

Ta "AXXa
To
""Ei;

rail/

Xeyeraf /cat oVavrep rotovrwv rvy^aVet wra,

TravTeXus
fj,ev

Trept

ecrriv.

ovv e^et

ovrcas.

ert
T>

8^ ro rpirov
c.

Xe'yw/iev.

(l)
/

To ^Ev

et

ecmv
^
oi'

oiov oieX'qXvuapev,
/cat

//

>

ap

OVK avayKrj avro, ev re

ev /aTyre TroXXa
/cat

>

>

>/</

(in.) ^%e

Third Hypo thesis:

e
l

TToXXa

/cat
it^i>

/xi^re

fJLere^ov _

(rT
*,

'

vpovov, ort

ecrriv ev, ovcrtas

uereVetv wore, ort

avdyKrt.
,

" (r

M eT X e
(!} the

^s

'

8' ov/c eo~rt, u/n Ltereyeti'

av

Trore ovcrta?;

One admits of
contrary predicates

ap ovv ore
*
77

aereVet, oto^ re eVrat rore UTI aereVetv, "

/ /
,

ore

^/
>

/u/rj
,

/xere^et, /aere^etz/;
, ^
>

ov^( otoz/ re.

'

ez/

aXXw
ovrw
/

C"

ly means

a/aa
^

XP
*

^
'/

A6TeX et /cat /
ft.

ei/

\\ a-XXw ov /xere^et
/
>

yap av
156
op6<t)<s.

fjiovoj<s

rov avrov /aere^ot re

eo~rt
/cat

/cat

ov jaere^ot.

Pointoflndifference,

OVKOVV

ovro? \povos ore

4G

nAATONOS
17

fidvei TOV cu/at /cat ore aTraXXaTTCTat avrov;

TTO>S
/u,i)

ofoV re carat Tore

/u,e>

e^etv TO avTO, rare Se

Xiv, edv ^r\ Trore /cat Xanfiavr) avTO /cat d<f>ir) ; ro ST) ovcrtas (jLTa\afjL/3dveiv ap ov ovSa/xa)?.
ylyvecrOai
ovcrtas
817,
(2)
i

/caXet?;

eywye.

ro
/cat

Se

aTraXXarrecr^at

a/)'

OVK a,7rdXXvo-^at ;
Xapftdvov re
/

TraVv ye.

To
Se

^Ei*

a>s

eot/ce,
/cat

/cat cu^teV

ova-Lav ylyveeV
/cat

rat
v

re

dirdXXvrat.
v

TroXXa ov,
neither con-

xxxv

az/ay/o;.
/cat
N

/cat
,

yiyvopzvQV
v ev,

^\\' (2) ^''l. aTroXXv^ievov, ov^, b

v

orav

/Ltev yiyvqran orav Se TroXXa, ro

ro TroXXa

etvat

aTroAAvrat,

a/> '\\

ev eTvat (XTrdXXvrat;

Travv ye.
Sta/cat

cv Se ytyvd/Aevov

/cat

TroXXa

ayo'
;

ou/c

dvay/oy
ye.

Kpive(T0ai
/ut^v

re

/cat

avyKpivecrdai
/cat

7ro\\rf

dvofjiOLOV

ye

o/xotov orai> ytyv^rat,

;

Ojaotou-

cr^at re /cat dvoftotovcr^at

vat.

/cat

orav
/cat

/>tet^ov /cat

eXarrov

/cat

tcrov,

av^dve(r6aL re

fyOiveiv /cat

to~ovo~#at;
/cat

ovra>5.
CTTI

orav Se
ro

/ctvov/xevoV re

tcrr^rat c
Set

orav ecrro?
avrd ye

/ctvetcr^at

/leraySaXX^,

817 TTOV

jw-^S*

ev evt yjpovcp etvat.

/cat

TTW? 8>y;

eo~rd? re irporepov vcrrepov /ctveto~^at

Trporepov
/otera;

vcrrepov ecrrdvai,

dvev pev TOV

ov^ oldv re eo~rat ravra Trdcr^eiv.

Se ye ovSet? eo~rtv, ev
ai ^77$' ecrrdvat.

TTWS yct/o

rt ofoV re a/xa

ov

yap

ovv.

dXX' ovSe
Trdr'

/aeraySdXXet dvev rov jaeraySdXXetv.

ov/c et/cd?.

ovv /xera^SdXXet ; ovre yd/3 eo~ros av ovre /ctvov/xevov d ov yap ovv. /xeraySdXXot, ovV ev xpova) ov. ap
OVV
O~TL

TO
;

drOTTOV TOVTO,

CV

TOT*

Ctl>

etT/,

OT

TO irolov 817;

ro

cai(f)V'r)<s>

ro

yap

rotdvSe Tt eot/ce o")7/xatvtv,

et?

a>?

e^

e/cetvov

eKarepov.

ov

yap

e/c

ye TOV kcndvai

IIAPMENIAHS.
eorwros
fjievr)<s

47
KLVOV<f>vo~is

ert /AeraySctXXet, ovS'

//,eTa/?aXXet' dXX'
17

e/c

TT]? Kwrjcrea)*;

en

e^at^i^? avri?

aTOTros Tts eyKdOrjrcu, /xera^v TT^S Kwrjo-ea><s re

c

/cat

crracreoo?,
/cat
e/c

eV ~^p6va> ovSevt ovcra, /cat ets ravrrjv or)

ravrrj^ TO re KLvovpevov jaeTa/3aXXet eVt TO

/cat

eo~TaVai
/cat

TO eo"TO?
817,
et7re/o

em

TO KLveladaL.

To *Ev
av

ecrT^/ce TC /cat /ctvetrat,

repa
/cat

TTote?

/LteTaySaXXov
ez/

8'

e^
eiirj,

OTe jaTay8aXXet,

ov8e^t yjpova) av
o-TatTy.

ovSe ouv
e/c

Kivoir

av rore, ouS'

az/

ou ya/3.
cj(t,

a/3*

ovro> /cat TTyoo? TO,?

aXXa? jaeTa^SoXa?

oTav

157 TOV ett'at ets TO a7roXXvo~^at //-eTaySaXX^

eti/at

e/c

TOV ja^

et?

TO yiyvecrOai, jjLTav
TC
/cat crTacrewi/, /cat

TWMV

TOTE

/ctvifcrewz/

OUTC eo~Tt TOTC

ov/c eo"Tt,

ovre yiyverai ovre aTroXXvTat ; eot/ce yovv. /caTa 8^ TOI> avrov \6yov KCU e^ ez^os eVt TroXXa to^
/cat
e/c

TroXXwi/

e^>'

e^ oure eV eo~Ttv ovTe TroXXct, cure

crvy/c^otveTat.
/cat

ovre
/cat

e^ 6/xotou
lov ovre

e?rt

e^ avofjioiov

e?rt O(JLOIOV

ovre avofjioiov, ovre o^oiov^evov ovre

b
/cat e'/c o-piKpov enl p.eya /cat evavria lov ovre o~fjuKpov ovre
evrt
/

to~ov

/cat

et? TO,

//,e

ya

ovre

tcrov,
eir)
/

ovre
av.

>* ov/c
m To
v

avav6fJLevov ovre
eot/ce.
>

fyOLvov
^
OJ

ovre
v

lo~ov^evov

CJ\\ /)/ ravra or) ra vra^/xaTa

v

/f* TravT ai^

Tracr^ot

*TI

Ei/, et

earnv.

TTWS o ov;
Tracrvetz/,

Tt Se Tot?

^AXXots 7rpoo"nKOL av
o-KeTrreov
rp
;

*Ev

et (IV.) The

eo-nv,
S
x
/

apa ov
>

or),
/

ev et eo~Tt,

n \ Tov TaXXa m
>

Xeycu/uev / v a' T7 v Ei/os Tt yjpr\ TreTrovuevai ;

vxx
^
, ,

crKeTrreov.

n\\> (I)

VourthHypotkesis: the effect

the existonce of the

1 OVKOVV eirenrep aA.Aa ^ ov Ez/o? eo~rw, \ey(t)[jLv. v v N m> v-r\ m"\\ ovre lo KJV eo~ri iaA.A.a' ov ya/D av aXXa Tov Evo?
/
' >

**\\m^

One
they

T-I

48
admit eondicates.
(1)

OAATONOS
6pO<t)<s.

yv.
^

(2)
.

ovSe
C

p,r)v

<TTepTa.l ye
irrj
/

TTa.VTa.ira.cri

Tov 'Evo?
v

It the
exist,

One

Tfov
ct
/

" T1 y Ta AXXa m Tov Evos

.

TctXXtt, ciXXd /x,ere^et Tny.

*

877;

(3)ort
'

fjiopia expvTO,

*\ \ aXXa COTU>

will not be

yap
/

fjiopia.

JUT)

\OL,
/

Trai/TeXcu? ai> IV en?.

/
/

o (4:J/xo/)ta oe ye, <pa/Aev, TOVTOU eorti/ (2) ^ cannot bei \ / / >\\ x "\ ttXXtt /A7)v TO ye OKOV V <pO-/AeV 'yap. altogether / / unconT T-V

one

but

T\AO

j \

>\**
/AO/Ottt.
1

op0a><;.

nectedwith ^Va,ytCf] f.lVO.1, OV ^ N ' the One. 013 TaJZ/ jt o ot<UI/ but (3\ will *\ OAO ^' 7'' ? TOUTO bear to it
thp rplatinn
of Frac-

COTOU
>

/LtO/attt
'

Ttt

v/

*> K

a*>

<y

v TToAAwv
;

xx^

w >\veeavrou aVTO
6t77'

v Ct Tt C
1

TTOAAWV [AOpLOV
'

\\'>
CZ/O9

,oiov

N* ctvat,
ir),

KO.CTTOV

>r V

>\\ aAAa
N

OtS

'

"^

7rov fto /)toz/

Si)

* CCTTat,

O CCTTtV

a-^V vaLrov

>

K U Twi/ "AXXow

e/CttCTTOV,

TOVTOV
and in the same way
(4)
J
;i

f^j, AXX(U^ eCTTCU,

/Cttt

OVTW? CVOS

e/CttCTTOV OV/C eCTTttt,

each
I't

IS

popiov,

ov

Se

jjioptov

e/cacrTov

ouSevo?

TOJV

related to Unity as

7roXX(j/ eCTTttt.
etz/ttt,

UTlSeWS r
T eivat.

Se
eO~Tt,

OV

TTOLVTUV

TOVTOJV TL

the Parts
are related to

O)V

OvSeVO5 OvSeV

whole

Unity;
and, therefore,

ov/c ayoa <paiVTai ye or), ^ v , , , T01V TToXXwV OUOe 7Ta.VTO)V TO jJiOpiOV ^OplOV, ttXXtt
N

<^>O/ oTiovv aovvaTov

,_
,

I'

Kttl fJLOpLOV
/

KOI CtXXo
>

^/

^
a.v

/i 10,5
e*

rtvos

toeas /cat evo? TWOS,

ev r^Xciov yeyovds,
Tfo.vTa,Tra,(Ti fjiev

o /caXov/xev oXov, e

oiTrdvTCDV
fjiopiov

TOVTOV popiov
el

TO

LTJ.

apa TaXXa T /cai/09 fJ.eTe^OL. irvv

ovv.

ye.
(5)

as

dpa oXov TciXXa Tov 'Evos.

IV

TeXtiov p.6pia
avdyKT).
,

\ov avdyK-q
/cat
/XT}*/

etvat
Trepl

(5)
ttVTO?
x

/cal
Kttl

both in the

Whole and
in the Parts

TOV UOOtOV ye

TovVo dvayKT) ucTevew Tov Evo?.

^ } CLVTtoV fJiOpiOV
(TT) fJLa,LVl,

^,,'

cannot be
Unity,

when conalone, can

TO ye eKCLCTTOV tLVO.1 V OTJ 7TOV 158 d(j)O)pLCrfJiVOV fJ.V Ta>V "A\\(t)V, KO.6' ttVTO
(7TL,

ft
v

KO.(TTOV 6
^

XoyOS.
,

yap

-y**/

et

yap

cKacrTov

Se OV, CtTTep

KCLO~TOV CO~Tat.
v

only have

the relation a.v

definite

^m^e^v^^v lov .bvo? o~qkov

dXX'

OTL

x aAAo ov

\**v ev
6p6a)<5.
7^

fJ.T^OL O ye \ > * ov yap av

VL

{J.TL)(V,

^I/ ttV

aVTO CV VVV O

fJiV

riAPMENIAHS.
nv avroj TOJ 'Eta OLOVVOLTQV
e

49

Tov

*"/
'Ez'os

TTOV.
*>
</

aSvVaroz'.
\

juere'/

dvdyKr)

TO)

re oXa>

KOLL

rw

Quantity toanindex,
therefore

p-opua).

TO ^kv
8'

yap

ev

oXov
ez/

eo~rat,

ov /aopta ra /xopta' ro

av

e/cacrroz>

oXov.

popiov rov oXov, ov av r? popiov ovrws. (6) OVKOVV erepa oz/ra Tou 'Ews (6) r W1 v v ra aereYO^ra avrov ; TT&is 8' ov ; ra 8' erepa when taken
,

T - <T7 Tov EWS

V

cv

ez/os TrAetco

\\ TToXXa TTOV av ar). m*\\ rr - TT,

'

'

et>y

laAAa lov
V
^
rr. ^

>S^* E^o, ovoev av

y
'

yap
J

'd' p,r)u ev
"
eir).

'/J

^rfu

Unity,

m-

definite;

yap
r.
^

ovi/.
'

>^S' evret oe

'

Ez/o? /xoptov /cat \//l aray/a? 170^ TrXtjuei

,,

ye TrAetw ez/os eo~rt " ' ^ "\ Ta Ti Tou Ti Evos oAov /u.ere^ot'ra,
3'

ov T ra re low
'
>

and when
conjuncti0n Witt
definite

airetpa

et^at
;

avra ye
;

>'

ov/c Unity,
">
;

e/cetva and,

therc-

ra

fjLeTaXafjLfidvovTa
rt

Tov

'Ei/os

TTWS

a>Se tStojuez/.

aXXo
c

ov^

ev

6Vra ovSe /Aere'^ovra rov evos rare,

;

ore /xeraAa/xySaVei avrou, /xeraAaya/JdVet

S^Xa

817.

OVKOW
/LteVrot.

TrXrfOr)

OVTOL,
;

ev ot?

To

*E*> ov/c

et't;

TrXrfOr)

rt ovz/

et

e'^e'XotjLtez/ rij

Stavota raiv rotovrt

cueXeu>
/cat

a>?

ofot

re'

eo~^tev o
e/cetz/o,

oXtytcrrov,
etTrep

ro d(f>aipe0i>

Tou

'

/cat

OVKOVV ovT(je del cr/co7rowrt avrrjv KaO* avrrjv ir4pav (frvarw rov etSov?, oo-oz^ av avrrjs aet opai/xez/,
eo~rat

TrXi^et
ez-'

7raz^ra7rao~t

/aev

ovv.

/cat

TTiodv ye
Tre'pa? 17817
e)(et

e/cacrrov /aoptov /aoptoz^ yeV^rat,

Trpos

aXX^Xa

/cat

Trpos ro oXoz/, /cat

/aev
/xez>

ro

oXov

Trpos
Sr)

ra

/xopta.

/co/xtSr;
e/c

ovv.
Toi)

Tot?

"AXXots
/cat
e^-

ToG 'Evos

^v/>t/8atvet

'Ew?

eavTcoz' KOLvajvr)O~dvT(^v,
ez/

as

eot/cez^,

erepoi' rt

yiyz/eo~#at

eavrots,

ST)

Tre'pa?

aXX^Xa'
(f>aivTai.

17

8'

eavroiv covert?
v

/ca^'

TrapeV^e Trpo? eavra aTretpta^.

ovro) or)

Ta AXXa Tov
re'

'Ez^os /cat

oXa

/cat

/cara

/xopta

aTreipa

eVrt

/cat

Tre'paro?

50

OAATONO2
ye.
(

(7)

TtfAAo

Tfdvv

will

admit
,

7) . OVKOVV .
/cat
N

Kal
;
,

o/iotd
, ; ,

re
T
17
,

/cat

dvofMoia

of the
opposite predicates

aXXrjXots re
v

eavrots
aVT(DV

rty]
,

or)

fjitv

TTOV arreipa
,

(771
C/OTtt
/

KOTO, TT^V

<f>VO~LV
/

TTaVTa, TaVTOV TT7TOVN \

ofSimilarity and
Dissimilarity,

/)/

a^
/]/

*
177
,

TaVTYJ.

TfaVV ye.

and TTe/XITO?

/U,ereXt,
7TODS

of the other modes of

TTfTTOvtfoTa.
e

^>v*5/ O OU
/

Kttt

\/

/Cttt

TCLVTrj
T)

TTaVT

/>*v
/A^V
OLV
'

$ y
ir)

aiTaVTCL

TO.VTOV
/

>\

7r7Tpa(7/X^a T

above enumerated.

^C

t *'

^Ctl

oi^ra

^'/3 ravra ra Trac/^

\

OLTTetpa

TTCTrovtV,

vaVTia
vai.
;

'/3 TTCTrovutv.
ai/
117

\5> 'irr ra o evavna \59

Kara ^kv apa

ye

a>s

ofd^ re avo^oiorara.

TO
,

//)

7raC/os o/xoia
8'

*v/
ri prjv
ST)
/cat

avra re avrots ovrw S^ Ta AXXa

/cat
v

Kara

d/A^dre/oa d/x^ore/ows e
Kti'Swevet.

re

/cat

d^o/AOtdrara.

avrct re avrot? /cat dXXi^Xots o/xotd re

avofjioia

av
/cat

eir).

ovra)?.

/cat

raurd

ere/oa dXX^Xa)^,

Kivovfitva

/cat

efrraira,

/cat

Trdvra

ra evavrla
Ta'XXa

irdOr)

ov/cert ^aXeTrai?

evpijo~ofjiv rrerrovBora

Tov
O
r

'Evd?,

eVetTre/3

/cat

raura

<f>dvr)

rrerrovOora. b

Xeyet?.
.)

2%
:

OVKOVV ravra
^ o~KOTra>jJLv
/

u.ev

.F(/<A Ify-

pothesis
iffTt.-

Se Trd\iv,

eai/xev a>s dtavepd, v T ev et ecrTtv, apa /cat

17

-nS-n

e/ectofthe existence of

evet *
ovv.

Td *AXXa Tov
Xeyw/xei/ or)
N
N

ovrw ,>,;.. apxys,

'Ei/os
x
rt

iiovov
v

Trdvv
,

tv et ecrrt,

rt

^T) Ta

,,

x&\\a
farther
considered,

*AXXa Tov
OVV OV
N

Ei>os TreirovOevai.
txI/
/

T&\\a
owe
their
all

X TaXXa Tou
S O
>

00 315 /

^ V m^^AXX ****' AXX(U^,

rt

Xe'yw/xei' yct/3.

(1)5/3* N O^ ytopis O
'

'Ez/6?
</

etvat;

817;

contrary

Tfapa TOVTa TpOV, O aXXo

<N*\\

\v
fJLV
v
'

ort TTOV OVAC ecrrt

O~TI,

and

other predicates to
T}> "Er.
(i) If

<V \\ Twt' AXXwj/.

T''
.-,

m Tov
*

c-n

'

Tfavra
/

yap

* ei/orjrat,

orai/ ^6/17

Et'O?, ttXXo ' /i "

*\

Kat lo-AAa.
iv
,

-i^

"\

Trai'ra
cS
'

yap.

OVK apa
etr?
,

vv er
,'

m To

ecrrtz^

T4AA.be
distinct

erepov TOVTUV, r
x

To re *Ev av

ra>

avrta,
,
,

/cat
N if
rt

iaAAa.
Ei>
/cat

from the One, and

To

>m\\ TaXXa.

ov yap.

ov/c

>v

,,, v ouOeTTore a/3a

eot/ceiA

et'

ravTO) ecrrt

IIAPMENIAH2.
(2) ovoe
*
/.

51

jA7)v
/

fjiopid
*
>

ye
,

e\^eiv
*\

<a/xeV
v
eirj

To a5
,
,

dXr)0(i>s

the

One

mo? yap
x

ovr apa o\ov

/

* , ,_ ~ av ^N EV ev Tot? To

v VA\\ AAAO19 OVre

v

Ct

fJLOpia
, \

aVTOV,
*

\(pl<S T
/

~~
O"Tt

haustive
division,

loJV
*

AXXtov
,

<>

there can
v

rpOTTO)

/aerexot
TI

/cat fjiopua. /U,T) e^ei. v. . , * ai/

TTCU?

'.

>/ j^^v
avrov

ya/o
,

ovoevi
,

apa
,

TaAAa Tou vvx

^

be no middletermbetwo, there fore,

(2)

Ei/os,
/

/ot^re

/cara tweenthe
ov/c
3

/ATjre

/cara oAov

ovoafjiy

eavrots
>

ev

&

>> ovoev.
ev
*

apa
>

ev

mv TaAAa
\ \
^

''

/aere^oi'Ta.

ecrrtv,

ovo

>>*

eo-ri

m v \\ TaAAa.
el

yap V^T'/ av yv eKacrrov yap

vvv Se
ov(9'

ov

ovv.

ovo

>S>*

apa TroAAa / >>> avrotv ^opiov

otre TroXXa
'Evo?, eTretS^)

e)(et ev can in no \\' way admit

the One,
either frac-

TiAAa

TOV o\ov,

TroXXa jjv

ou^' oXov ovre /adpta eVrt

TaXXa Tou

avrou ovoafjiy /xere^et. opOtoS. (3)ouS' apa 8^0 ovSe rota ovre avra ecrrt Ta "AXXa ovre eveo~nv
e

modeoftl10
One, and,
therefore,

/jXsONV 4 ovoe ouota

)
'

ev avrol<s, eiirep Tot) 'Evb<s iravra^rf crreperai.

X

apa
,

/cat

\/ ovre avouoia
f

ovrws.

'E^t TaXXa,
avofJLOiOTrjs.
,
.

ovre
x

eveo~nv
,

ev
>

avrot?
,

,^/
avra
/ ,
/

>/

eo~ri

m^rp LCD lwo

*
ea

>

or

6/xotor77?
r

/cat number,

et

yap
e

o/x,ota

/cat
v

U e^ot ev eaurots ofjLOLorrjra /cat and / ' O > * * >\\/\ 1017 evavrta aAAi^Aot? e^ot av ev eavrots Ta AXXa fore, H0 Of m n ' A ' >?' 5 lov &VOS. (paiverai. rjv oe ye aovvarov OVOLV similarity / or Dis* / >o/ nvoiv /xere^etv a ^170 evo? /nerexot. aovvarov. similarity,

avouoia avra ecr; ^ , , avo/aotor^ra, ouo TTOV

whic
repe of
>

"mV^VV
1

a/x0orepa other mode * x <^of Qualitv rr\*\\ TaXAa. o/otota av rov ^atsover 160 77 ai/o/xota ei/o? ^ ^ if the One * * ' o\v ' j ' S erepov etoov? /xerexot, apyorepa oe ovra OVOLV roiv {jYcomevavrioiv' ravra oe aovvara e^dvrf. ovo aXrjOr}.
o/x,ota

oi^r

vv apa

o\

TO/

v>/ /> avopoia eo~nv \v a *>/ pev yap ovr

01^-

ovr

or any

e\*

^f
-

dpa Ta
eo~ra)ra,

avra

ov8'

erepa,

ovSe

/ct^ovueva

ovSe ovSe

ovoe yiyvoueva

ovSe
to"a'

aTroXXvueva,
v

/'
the

The conclusion of the

^*<
hypotheses

ueita) ovoe eXarrou

ovSe
el

ovoe aXXo ovoev

^

TTC- **' ^*^

/
w

One

rfovue

rwv
rr 1

roiovrojv.
A \ \ a AAAa,
^

yap
"

rt rotovroi' TreTrovuevaL
/cat

exist, the

"

virofjievei

Treptrrov

/cat

x,/ aprtov

/cat

e^o?
/)/>-

ovotv

>

One

mmt

/cat

/xec/eget,

wi>

>^'S' avrots aovvarov

rpiw

/cat c*i*< a*

actual individual

52

OAATONO2
/xeTe'^etV,
/
>

existences,

<j>dvir)

Tou
v

'El/O?
v

a '"* <Ae
One, being
so

ye
OVTO)

TTQ.VTT]

TTaJTOoS b
*

Q-TepO/XeVOtS.
,

a, a\r)U<7TaTa.
x
>

*\
OT)
,

fV

COTl,
N

far phibe
t

ralizcd,

TTaVTO.
v

T
x

OTl To
N

El>
*

/Cat

, s , OVOei/

COTl

/Cat

cao*

7T/3O5
*

one; and
proposi(ions hold.

tOLVTO

/cat TTpO? Ttt

rn

A \ \ AXAa

'

QJ(TaiTCU9.

TTaVT\(t)<S /MCI/

\~

OW.
? *W

withregard to the One

consideredhoth

^
/

617

/Otr;

\* m> *TeCTTt To Ev,

\
>

'

Tt

when

aP

T*
I

ov VKeTTTZOV /XTtt TCLVTa ;

17

<TK1TTeOV JO.p.
ev
;

et//j VTTOt/ecrts,

et

\*

/AT) ecrrti'

/// T/
;

Tt?

a/aa rt

rpJ/ittMi tn

TSA\o(7/v-

>^^v
' '
*

'

ta r e/:)et p-ovov,
"

et /u,^ ez/ * /cat Traz/ rj

Sta^epet >\s \^^ TOVVCLVTLOV earns tv

ZCTTLV
/

2 and

(7

Tt '

TOV

><N*
ev
117
)

"
/

CTTU/

TTtt^

TOVVO.Vecrrtv

3}

positions

S/XI/C/30T175
4^,'

/XT)

<TTiV

TJ

Ti

CtXXo

TO>V TOLOVTWV,

e/cacrrov ai/ 817X01, ort erepov

Xeyoi TO
ort

/XT) oi/

COMtiiclered both

Trafv

ye. '

ov/covi>

/cat

j'Oi'

817X01,
t7TT7

erzpov

TO UT1 OV, OTCLV

e-

eV Ct UTT eOTt, /Cat

}Jil>

(,CTU.V O

eVCt

L(TU,eV.
v

sis*) ,and
also

TTpUtTOV

ana JVOMTTOV
OTCW
LTTfl

when

Tl
v

considered

AeyCt,
x

apart from

tT

\T TO
r

CTTCtTa

Ct^ttl

j^ ttUTOJ
/

0;w (Hypothe<//c

tTtpOV TO)V a\\(i)V, /l^* TO tT 7T/3OO~^et5

\\T et^af
/AT)
>

V,

OUOCV
* eu/ai, d

>o\

yap
/cat

***

t/

)-

v^^'j oTt OLd(popov TCOV a\\o)v.

^
*\ \

r)TTov yiyvwcTKeron,

'

TO Xeyo/xevov
T)

*>/
\

/XT)

ou; ava
/XT)

(B.)

The

aiSe a/Da Xe/CTeoi' e

.

, negative ^ T et^at. arsu(1J7T/3WTOV /XCV OVV ment. The c,~ t v T meaning of OCt, GJ? eot/CCV, Ctfttt ttUTOV

dpxjjs, ev et *

ecrrt, Tt

Negation Negation
implies

,.,

Tt

XeyeTat
>

knowledge and difference.

(VI.) 7%e

eo~Ttv.
-j>

^ a\r)ur).
\
/)

*
T)

cu/cu,

/xT^oe

/o\> ~ ovKovv ( 2) v cj\>* e/cetvo

/cat

ytyvwcr/ceo-pat,

'/)"
v
v

>^>

O.VTO)
/

TOVTO
*
T)

V
/A

eTTlCTTT^/XTyi/,

OTai>
/cat
^rr<

Tts
v

etTTT^

ev

A>X
Tide
et
>

o\w O
/XT)
*

cTepov Tcov

m*\\ AAAwi/
eo*Ttv

la AAAa

A\\

CTe/3
\ '

avrov
a
T>J

Aeyeo-c/at;

Tra^v ye.

eVepotOTTj?

apa
Tcui/

avra) Trpo?

ou
far.
tffri

yap

TT)I/

ci

Xe'yet,

orav To *Ev ircpov

<^au'Tat.

*AXXav

Xe'yTy,

dXXa

n*i

rrjv

Kwov.

(3)

/cat /XT)^

TOV ye

IIAPMENIAH2.
/cat
/

53

TOV TIVOS
~

/cat
,

TovTov
,

/cat

rovra> /cat
^

TOVTMV
V.

/cat
>

tfv,

/
V

<A

TTaVTOtiV TCOV TOLOVT(DV JJLT6)(L J\ / > * > * rpV A-,-,

av lo

av

TOV rtvos avra>

t>

^\^
-y

&v eAeyero ovo

rt T)V

ai>

mi^\ iov E^os

ovo
/
\

TO

\
/AT)

OV

OV
,

Oneisnonexistent

yap
s

erepa, ovo
>\
,

>C.jM^

*/

T&
t>v

/^
cow .

ovo

>

oj

>

e/cetvov,

av

admits of

rt eAeyero, et
v,
,

\v
161

OT)
/

^vm^ lw
o
y

fj.eTrjv {JLrjTC
'T-I

Ei't
\ \

ov^ otov
>^^
>

T(ov a\ka>v TOVTMV. dicates, Production > v T/

re,

trary pre-

ye
N

f^rj
>

eorTL,
/

/xere^etv oe TTOAAW^ ovoev /cwAvet,

\'

>\\^ aAAa

struction,

and
/SC^

is

sub-

/cat
^

avayKTf,
v
'

enrep To ye
' '

rn

A-n

pr)

ecrTLV.

et

/xe^rot /a^re

Ev rr\^ To

e/cetvo /cat
*-*-*

/AT)

aAAo
\

y\ \

V^^
Production nor

Ez^

^r
/

^ > e/cetvo

/X,T)

co-rat,

dXXa

yecr^at Set
e

aXXou rov 6 Xoyos, ovSe <f>0yovSeV* et Se To *Ev e/cetvo /cat /XT) aXXo
vrept
V
1

'
'

VTro/cetrat
7roXXoJi>

UTI '

et^at,

/cat

rov

*"

e/cet^ov
/cat

/cat

aAAcuv
ye. '

*\ \

avdyKin '

avTcH
a/o'

/Aeret^at.
<=CTTLV

irdvv

ledge, and 2 ^ Diffe (

(4) /cat 'Avo/xotorTis

avrw

vrpos

ra aXXa.
^

rence, and, therefore,

Ta yap
etTi

"AXXa, Tou 'Evo? erepa o^ra, erepota

/

aV.

iP'at.

\>e ra erepota
o*
>

/cat existent

ov/c
>

aXXota;

770)9
/^

b ov;
)

ra

o'
y

aXXota
rp

S' be distinguished
,

ov/c

d^o/xota;
> / /

avopoia
5

fjiev

ovv.
c,

OVKOVV
avofjLOiat t

et?rep

TOJ

Evt

a^o/xota
dvofjioua
'

ecrrt,

S ~x or]\ov
elrj.
^

ort everything
(3)thenonexistent

* ^S^^ av eti7 OT) s/ v.\\ AAAa

ra ye

avofJLOia

av

vrr^'i^^' Evt a^o/xotorTT?, /cat Tw

S^Xo^.
T}I/

avo^oia avra> eo~rtv.

/

s^s
y

Trpo?
et

Arr.^ Ta

One admits
various
relations
(4) of

v. xx
e

O~TLV AA.\o)v avofjLOLOTr)<s avayKr) / >'?' eavrou o/xotorT^ra avrw etvat ; TTGJS ; et ez/os az^o\ / / //-otorTTs eo~rt TOJ Evt, ov/c av TTOV Trept rou rotovrov
<>

JI->TJ aurw, ap ov/c

>

v eot/ce^.

>S'V5'\m^ oe Iwz/
OT)

>/

evs

Dis-

vm^c-n/sv
v
etT;
</

similarity to TaA\a,

everything else/and
therefore

o Aoyo?

\t/

Trept et'os,

aAAa

otov >\\^

m Tou
^

Evos, ovo

,-,

o>
*

av
/

77

Trept

aAAou

v \\

*
T)

e^o?.

Travv ye.

VTroc^ecrts etTi Of gimi. / > laritv with

//)

ov

it se if

Set

Se ye.

ov S^ra.
etvat.
et

Set ap'

6/x.otorTrra

Tw
av
*

'

avroO eavrw
eo~rt
/cat

jv^vx^ rots aAAots.

ofJiOiov

Set.

\vv yap
(5)
CITI.

/cat /AT)V

ovS'
v

to~o^

to-o^,

etT;

re av

(5) O f y Equalitv, r)brj Excess

av

etT;

aurots /cara n)^ to-orTira'

etTrep
/AT)

ravra

and Defect
.

S'

d/x(^orepa

dSwara,

eo~Tiv tv.

dSwara.

54

nAATONOS
T)

>C^ oe

OVK

'

rr\

*>

eo~TL

Tots

AXXots
Icra

\ \

LCTOV,

ap

OVK

TO.

dvdyKT) Kal rdXX* e/cetV&> Se /AT) Lcra OVK dvLO~a

TTQ>S

/XT)
;

elvai

d^dy/or.

vat.

ra Se dvto-a ov
'Avto-QTTiTOS ST)

Ta> 'Avtcra) dvtcra/

S'

ov;

/cat

To
re

"Ev, TT/OOS

^v TaXX' avrw ecnlv aVicra; d

dXXa
KCU

/LteVrot 'Ai/tcror^ros y* eo~Tt

Meye^os
cfyxx,

'SfJUKpoTrjS.
/cat

eo~rt

yct/3.

eo-rtv

/cat

Meye^ds re
vevet.

SfLi/c/jdr^s

rw

TOIOVTOJ
(let

ei/t;

/ctvSv-

Meye^o?
Trdvv

ftT7^ /cat S/xt/c/adr^s

a^e&TaTov
avrolv det

ye.

/xera^v

d/aa

rt

eo~rti>.
'

17

'icroTT^ra

ov/c,

dXXd rovro.

orw
aurw,
/u,^

Me'ye^os /cat 2/u/c/3(m?s, ecrrt <^atverat. fjiera^v TOVTOLV ouo~a.

di^rt,

eo~rt

/cat '10-0717?

To) ST)
/zeretTj

'Ei/t

a>?

eot/ce,

/cat

'lo-dr^ro? av
eot/cev.
x v

/cat

MeyeC

(6)ofExistcnce, and,
therefore,

^ous
,

/cat

S/At/c/30T^Tos.
^
,

(6)

/cat

ye OCt avro Set ourws

Ol/Q-ta? ov/c

ttVTO

fJLT^LV

^
7T7).
TT(t)<S

/r)i> /cat v

OTT) ;

a>s Xe'yo/xev.

et

yap

JUT)

ovrws
N

av

d\f)0r)

et

>C'>\/1'^ oe

Xe'yotjaev T^/xets

Xeyovres To *E

aX^tftj,

f * ^ **\ orj\ov ort oi^ra

avra
Se'
<f>a.fj.v

>

ovrws;
\eyeiv,

OVTO)

/xeV

ow.

CTretS^

dvdyKr) ypAv
dpa,
a>s

<f)dvai /cat

oWa

Xe'yetv.
et

eo~rtv

eot/ce,

To *Ev

ou/c dv.

162

yap

JUT)

eo~Tat /x^ d^,

dXXd

rt

TOU etvat

di/^o-et 77/069
jaei/

TO /x^

etvat,

v8v<s ecrrat dV.

exeti'

TravraTracrt

ovv.
eli/at

Set d/>a avro Seo~/x6v

/M^ ov,
et joteXXet
/oti)

TOU ^77 el^at ro

6/u,ota>s

ewat,

axnrep TO, ov TO

iW reXe'ws au etvat 77. ourcus /AT) ov e)(ti' /utr) elvat, 5 yap av TO Te ov /otdXto"T ap etTy /cat TO /XT) ov ov/c
av
/XT)

etr?,

fjLT)(OVTa TO IJLCV ov ovcrtas TOV etvat dv, ovcrtas Se TOV etvat /XT) ov, et /xe'XXet TeXe'cu? b

IIAPMENIAHS.
etvat,

55

TO Se

/XT)

ov

/XT)

ovo-tas /xev TOV

/XT)

/XT)

etvat
/XT)

/XT)

ov, ovcrtas Se TOV etvat

/XT)

ov,

el

/cat

TO

ov av

ecrrat.
/XT)

aX^^ecrrara.
etvat /cat TO!
'Evt,
et?
/XT)

ov/covv eVetTrep

rw
/xe-

re ovTt row
recrrt,
/cat

ovTt TOV etvat

eo"Tt,

Ta>

eVetST)

ov/c etVat.

TOV

etvat
/cat

dvdy/cT}

/xerett'at

ro

/XT)

d^ay/CTi.

ovcrta ST) c^atVerat T&>

/cat
/XT)

'Ei/t,

et /XT)
/XT)

ecmv.

<j>aiveTat,.
TTOJS

OVO~LCL

aipa,

elrrep

eo~TLv.

S'

ou;
(7)
its

(7)

otw

re
/C

ow

TO e^o^
/

TTCU? /XT)
t/j.

ex

6 "'

OVTU,
-P /
<-

/XT)

/xeTa-

of tranessence,

a/aa TO TOLOVTOV fjLTapo\.r)v crTy/xatvet, o av OVTO> v /D\^5'^ T /Cat /XT} OVTWS 6X77OV ; fieTapoXrj be 7TO>5 6
'

v\

TaVTTf)<5

* TT15

e^CWS ; /^\^

OU^

/**</
OI/
-

Te

^ ai/

sition froni

Non-existence,toits accident, Existence, and, therefore

\\<y */i/
T;

OP.JV
/

/ct^crts,

Tt

<pr)0-0fjiev

/ctv^crt?.

ov/couv

>m

lo

*T7i

Ev

ov TC
ovTO)<s

/cat ov/c

ov efydvT)

vat.

OVTCOS a/aa /cat

/cat

o{x
e/c

e\ov TO ou/c ov ev

<^>atveTat.

ebt/cev.

/ctvou/xevov a/oa

Tre(f>avTai,

eireiuep

/cat

p.era(3oXr)v

TOV etvat

evrt

TO

/XT)

etvat exov.
eo~Tt

/ctvSvveuet.
a)?

dXXa

/XT)V et /XT^Sa/xov

ye
T<W

TWV OVTWV,

ou/c eo~Ttv,
Trot.

emep yap;
d yd/).

/XT)

eo~Ttv, ovS*

av /xe#to~TatTO irodev

TTOJ?

ov/c

a/)a
/XT)V

ovSe

ov ye /xeTaySatvetv ev TO> avT<y av o~rpe<j>OLTO' TGLVTOV

/ctvotT*

av.

yap
Se

ovSa/xov

ctTrreTai.

ov

yap

eo~Tt

TO TavTdV TO

/XT)

ov ev TO> TGJV OVTOJV dSvvaTov etvat.

ov/c

dSvvaTOv

yap.

dpa To *Ev

/XT)

ov o"Tpe <^eo"^at av SvvatTo

ovSe /XT)V ov yctp ovv. dXXotovTat TTOV To *Ev eavTov, OVTC TO ov OVTC TO
ev e/cetvw ev
/XT)

eo~Ttv.

/XT)

^V ov.

ov

>\*-3>\/ o Aoyos yap av

T)V

V Nrri'^ e y ' eTt ?rept Tov Evo?,

etTrep T^XXotovTO
op6o)<s.
e
el

avTo eavTov, dXXd

dXXotovTat
ap' av

vrept

dXXov

Ttvo?.

Se

/XT^T'

/XT^TC
7717

ev

TavTw

crrpe-

<j>eraL /XT^TC

/xeTa/3atvet,
/XT)V

ert /ctvotTo;

TTW?

yap; TO ye

aKivrjTov dvdy/cT^

'fjcrv^iav dyetv,

56 TO Se
0>S
(8)

I1AATONO2
r)O"vxd^ov

eardvat.
eCTTrjKe Te

dvdyKr).

To

eOlKeV,
/cat

OVK OV

KOI

KLVeLTOLL.

of all

the other
predicates

(8)
,

%*..** ttXXotOVCTPat.
, e

urjv einep
v

ye

/aveirat,
>

uey 01X17 dvdyKr) avrw

/Iv

OTfT)

ofmodification,

yap av
A

//3 OVKCV WCTaVTWS

^1
lo
v

Tl KLVrjUrj, /CttTtt TOCTOVTOV 163 <x T >\\* c / OITTGJS. (U? eiyCV, aAA T/Oa)S.
v
,
.

Motion,

and Production in
either
direction.

sv
O7)

l^f)V

s~ ye T\* ov yap. y apa

N

KlVOVJJievOV

Jb^
/

Kttl

aAAOtOVTat.

fjifjoafjiy

KivovfJLevov ovoapr)

fjiev

Kiveirai

\>*<j'>\\ TO OVK ov ev, aAAotov/cat

>?*>\\ av aAAototro.
ov/c

VfLl.

KO.I

rat*

y Se

fjir)

Kivelrai,

OVK clXXoiovrat.

To ^Ev
e<jdai

d/aa /x^ ov dXXotovrat re

ov yap. dXXotovYat.

(ftaiveTai.

TO

8'

clXXoiov/ie^o^
rj

ap OVK

avdyKir) yiyv-

npoTepov, a-TroXXvcr^at 8e e/c r^s TrpoTepas chews' TO Se /Lt^ aXXotov/xez/ov /Ai^Te b /cat To ^Ev yiyveo-0ai /XT^TC aTroXXvcr^at ; dVdy/oy.
i*ev

eTepov

d/aa

/u/x)

Xvrat,

6v ctXXotov/A/ov /xe^ yvyveraJi Te /cat aXXoiov/Aei>oi> Se ovre yiyveTai ft^

Kat

a,7roX-

ovre
Te

aTroXXvTat*
/cat

OVTW To *Ev
/cat

pr)

ov yiyveTai

aTToXXvrat,

vre

yiyveTai ovr

aTroXXvTat.

(VII.) The

ov yap ovv. av#ts 8r)

,

Seventh

Hypothe-

et

*-, TavTa
i^jat^
x
,

CTTt

T^V apxf)v
J-.

.*'
ei'

iwfjiev

(paveiTai
et
/

aTrep
/AT)
/

/cat
eo~Tt,

x^*
Trd\iv,
*>vi>,

o^opevoi
v

^ eTepa.
Tt ^py) c
\

dXXd XP 7?^
"W 6 /31

ov/covt'
j.
,

^>a/ieV,
\

CtVTOV

^V^paiVeiV ;

Vai.
Tt

(IjTO 6e
A

/<\

o\

fJLT)

eCTTlV

T\ *EV
admits of MO relation
or predicate whatsoever.
(i) If nonexistence mean the absence of

oTav
>

\eyo){Jiev,
/
/

apa

a>TTOv(Tiav TOVTO)
/

t**/^ at av
(pOJ^eV

[LT\

dXXo

o-^/xatVet ^7 ovo"ta? * S^N^XX

eivo.1
Tt,
;

TTOTCpOV

-yw OVV, OTav

irais
aTT\(t><s

(fxofjiev /XT)
/Ltl)

\-y/ CtVttt
ft

ovoev aXXo.

7TGJS OV/C

>-y/ W/at
ecrTt

(bauev avTO,

Se elvai;
O"niiaivei '
x

TOVTO TO
ovSa/iok

art

Existence, the nonexistent

\eyouevov * ^ ^ eo~Tiv ovoe

OTI

in) jaeTc^et ovo~ta? TO ye

ovi'.

^^

/ar)
x

o^

TaTa

m any way

Onecannot ^

/u,>

ovTe

apa
^
,

eivat ovvaiTO
,

av TO

art
(1

o^ ovTe aAAws ovoa/Mtu? ovcrtas aeTe^eiv.

ov yap.

OAPMENIAH2.
(2) TO Se yiyveo~6ai
17,

57
partake of Existence
and, there-

/cat

TO air6\\.vo~9ai UT? Tt dXXo

77

TO

jjiev

ovo"tas //,eTaXa/x/3aVeti', TO 8' aTToXXvVat

ai

Se ye //^SeV TOVTOV jaeYe- (2)thenxmexistent " > ' 1PJ> A\ ' aTTOAAvOt aVTO. TTW? One cannot O"TtZ>, ^ 'T-I \ * v / t > partake ot o\ m $ v/pe yap; loj Ei>t apa, eTreiorj ovoafjLy ecrTW, ovu eKreov any mode of Quality / v x / >/ >o xx OUTC aTraAAa/cTeov ovTe //.eTaA^TTTeo^ ouo~ta5 ovoa- i n the way
ovcriav ;

ovSeV dXXo.
>

OVT

* \ ai/

ka^paVOl OVT

'

vj
.

>/

et/co?.
s /

OUT

v3vj/\\ a/o aTroAAvTcu

*>eTCU.

ovo

* >5>v>\ aAAoiovTat
x

irenrep ovoa^rf /xeTe^et ovcrta?.

*<\

^*

TO

/AT)
/

\* ov
vo

e^ ovre

of Production,
jj est)

ou

>j/
\

Modi-

fication,

<pat*

ap

ovoa^r)'

rjor)

O Te /cat a,7roXXvotTo TOVTO irdor^ov.

el

yap av a

Or Motion, nor

Se

fjir)

avdyKrj.
ov.

dXXotovTat, ov/c d^ay/c^ yai^Se KiveicrOai; ovSe ja^ eo~Tavat ^rfcro^ev TO

ecTTos eV TO>
;

TO
s

ycty9

avT&J
ST)

Ttvl Set det

TW
Tro6

avTO)'

TTw? ya^o ou
fji^re
jJLrjv

ovTCt)

avTo

/>t^

ov
/XT)

ecrrdvaL

/aveto~#at

Xe'ywjLtev.

ow.
v 17077

(3) dXXa
\

ovo' eo~Tt ye avT&> Tt ra)v '

,

OVTW.
,

(3)

of

any

yap av rov /xeTe^ov

OVTC
v
>

mode

of

OZ'TOS

ovcrtas

/xeTe^ot. Quantity
ot/Te Equality,
/

164

S-^Xoz/.
>

apa Me'ye^os ouTe

/

Sjat/cpoT^g
/-^w

/,l^>S'^^ ov yap. (4Jovoe {JLTTJV O/AOtoT7^9 lo~orrj<s \ / y \ vv\\ ye ouoe iLTepotOTTy? OVTC Trpo? avTo ovTe Trpos aXXa r ' ' * _i" ? a*> avfa). ov (paiveraL. n oe; rn^xx eo-c/ TaXXa -v/3'
T
/

avro) earnv.
,-,

5.

\v

Excess, or Defect, nor (4) of their

results

av

v
.irf

aura),

>>
et
77 77

'J

^\
jj^rjoev

avra>

oet etz/at;

o^'3>

ov/c

Similarity or Di ver . sitv and. *

OVT
Sj/
\

ap

o/aota

OVTC

avo^oia,
ou

ovTe

TavTa
(SJTt
*
77
(5)

ov6' erepct eaTtv avTw To, "AXXa.

oe;

\j/ *\s/ TO e/cetvov TO

/

e/cetz/<y,

yap. *\/*\
TO
Tt,
77

there -

77

TO TOVTO
*
77

tore, as

*\/ *v *?>//**/) b*> do^a eTno-Trjfjir) atcrtfycrts Xoyo? ovopa

77

TO TOVTOV,
/

77

*"\\ *v\\ aXXov

77

aXAw,

*
77

TTOT
77

\*v eireira
77 77

vw,
77
j

general conclusion the One,

ttAAo

v\\>v
OTtOW
OVTCO
or)

*as

non-

77

existent,

eorat.

vo\A>*sv
TOiV OVT(t)V TTCpt TO
OT)
eot/ce'

>

(JLTTj

OV CO~Tat ;
TTOJS

cannot

OV/C

e^ ov/c ov ov/c e^et

>ei^
ovoajar).

existinany
possible

^ ay

OVKOVV

ye ov
ev
et
/AT)

ert ST) Xeyw/xet',

eo-Tt,

To.

*AXXa

Tt ^pr) (VIIL)r/<

58
TTiTov0evcu.
1

riAATONOS
XcyufAev yap.
v

Eighth

Hypothe-

>: t*

aura ewat
.

et

yap

fjurjoe

(l)dXXa aXXa eo-Tti>,

(JMJ

v TTOV Set

ou/c

av

irept

ci

T& l/ Taiv
ft)/-

^<TT

Sv ; the
effect of the non-exisfence of the

AXXa>> Xe'yotTO. OUTWS. (2) et Se Trept TWJ/ V \ \ * A \ \ ' * \ / m> ou/c AXXcuv o Xoyos, Ta ye AXXa eTepa ecrrtv. T) ^ ^ N , > *\\ Kttt mN n eTTt TO) aUTW /CttXet? To T AXXo To ETC/3OV ;
,

ow

ey&)ye.
/

TS\A.o
everything
i.e..

TTOU <pa/Aei> erepov oe erepov * x ^ ^ *\ \ S N *\ \ \ \ eTe^oov, /cat, TO aAAo 017 aAAo etvat aAAov ; vat.
*

^'''i ye
*

\m/

\v TO

T
eii/at
N

/cat

AAXots apa,

* \

et /xeXXet

\\

\\ aXXa

* etvat,

eo~Tt Tt
etTy;

*
oi>

avay/o;.

(3)

8^ ouV av
/ar)

Tov
ov
ert

y-P
P
wlfibfpL-

CE ^? o^'f eo-Tat aXXa,

OI/TO? ye.

y^P-

oX^^v
ap

apa

eo-Tt

TOVTO yap
6p6a>s.
ecrrt.

avTots (4)
/ca^'

XetTreTat,
i)

^ nySevos
e/cao~Ta

eti/at

aXXot?.

If the

Tr\ij0-r)

dXX^Xwv aXXa
/n

ev

non-existent,

yap '
'

ov/c

av o?a TC

etr?,

OVTOS evo?' dXX' e/cacrTos,

CCTTt TT\T/10L,
iocriT.p

TiAAa, everything
else,

aS

OLKV, 6 Oy/COS aVTWV aTTetOO?

KaV d

must
and

TO (j-jJiLKpOTaTov SoKOvv
eV V7rva> ^atveTat '
N
,

etj/at Xd/3]7 Tt5,

ovap
,

rent;

eai<j>vTr)<;
',

avO* evo? So^avTO? etvat

(2)ifdifferent,TiA.\a

TToAAa

/cat

az/Tt

must be
distinct,

cr/xt/cpoTaTOv Tra/x/Aeyec/e? Trpo?

eg-

Ta
?
v

y , /cep//,aTii,o/Aej/a

auTou.
* az/

>/)/ opuorara.
v
etr;

TOLOVTMV
et

'

and, therefore, (3) distinct

oyKCDv aAAa
*

Vv X

from something, and,

therefore, (4^ distinct

VTOS
*

\\ aAAa

CCTTtV.

J/

aAA^Xtw

\\'\

O^^ 01 " N* et7r P ev eaTat a ^T^ V ^O^et, CtlTCp

<*

* eCTOI/Tttt,

fJ.V rv // CtS eKaO~TO5

KOjJLLOr)
v
;

O^\T

TaXXa,

\ \

>e\ evos
(OV

or)
\

/XT)

OVV.

.>* \\^ OVKOVV TTOXXot

OUTCU9.
/Cttt
'

<paLVO{JiVOS, /C\>/IN^>* oe etvat (5)

/cat

*o\ OC

OV,

apttfyios

;,,,.,.

tVo

'

One does

7ravv

Kat Ta
ou/c

v\\Ci\y At &
/
1

|j/

KaCTTOV, TToXXwV NC>> ap^ta, Ta oe

^ati/cTat,
etTrep

OI/TCUV.

a\r)6<i)<s

f?5
is

e'

eo-Tat.

ou

yap
\

ouV.

(6)
/

/cat

/cat /u,^i/

non-

ye,
^

<bau,ev,

So^et
\

eV

avTOt?
Trpos
^ ^

eVetvat*

</>atVeTat
Tail'

Se

existent,

TS\Aa canonlyhe
distin-

TOVTO TToXXa
,

/cat
,

ueyaXa
n
v

Kaa"Tov
N
;

77oXXa>^
%

OJ?

CTfJilKpWV OVTtoV.
,

7TW? O

OU

/Cttt

tO~O5

fJLrjV

T019

lfi-5

guished

TroAAots /cat o-/xt/cpot? e/cao"TO9 oy/cos

HAPMENIAH2.
etvat.
i

59

ov yap av jAereftaLvev e/c /xetovos ets eXaTTOv r* * '/ >\ /i (paLvofjLcvos, irpw ets ro /.teragu oo^etv eX#etV rovro
/

\>\
,

masses, and

not as

genuine
pluralities;

S>

y et>7

av
>

<pavTao~//,a

tcror^ro?.
)((t)V,

et/cos.

OVKOVV
TJ-pOS

/cat and, there(6)

TTyOO? ttXXov
*
\

OJKOV
*

TTe'paS
/

aUTO? ye
/

ovre apx^v ovre Trepas ovre /xeo-ov exwi' ; TTT^ 677 ; modes will v / /</ x'/D only have ort aei avrcov orav ns rt Aap]7 T^ oiavoia a)<s anappa/> ' v > > / ' \ v\ \ ri?wi exisTOVTCOV OV, TTpO T Tr)S CtpX1? 5 CtAA^ act <paweTCU tence and

aVTOV o/

Number
its

and

>\></
pera re
8e,

^^

apxn>

TT?I>
'

TeXevrrjv erepa

vT
/w,eo"ov,
wil1 be tlie

re rc3 Ltecrw
crut/cporepa
'

aXXa aetratrepa rov

/aTQ
'

appearance

Sta TO

Svva<r6ai

evos

OLVTWV

of a

Minimum,

eKaorrov

XauBdve(70aL,
.

are

OVK

ovro?

TOV

ew?.

which

in

OpvirrecrOai
TTO.V

077, 7

otuat,

turn will /cep/xartto- appear a

rft

TO ov, o av Tt? \dfir)

,

oy/cos
\

yap
T
/
\

TTOU
\

/Ltev

ouv.

(7)
>

opcuvTt /cat a/>tpAu o\ \ ) /-\

Aa/xpavotT av. / OVKOVV TO ye TOLOVTOV Troppcopev ' ' ' o\ ^ * JL a ev

evos

avev

o'

* Stavota.
\

>

//i
'

>' TTO.VV smaller

jitev
'/3

^a^
so

con

11

M^us, and
on to
5

infinity

<patvecrt7at
\

avay/c^,
ev
A

eyyvc/ev
</

oe
j

/cat

oi>

VOOVVTL
/

//i

TrAi^c/et

aTretpov

(pavrjvai,
/

etTrep

OVTOJ or) a-Tretpa Te /cat confused ' y \ N* /cat TroXAa e/cao~Ta TaXXa oet view aris\\ v<' Trepa? e^ovTa /cat ev i ng f rom >% > / i/ A /j "\ \ ^^ ^^ imperfect oet vi s i on <patveo~c/at, ev et /otr) eo~Ttv, aAAa oe TOU evos. ^ / / o / /* filospr in-

avay/catoTaTov /xev ovv.

N-y

crTepeTat

m^'T-i^ lov Evo?

vo\y
Te
/cat

/AT)

\y OVTOS;
/

e/caorov

hence, (8) in the absence of

real unity, Unity wili

\bea

mere

m^xx^^
ooget

yap.
etvat;

(8 j
TrrJ

/o\*' OVKOVV
1

\y vv /cat

'

\a/

o//,ota

avo/aota

Sry; otbv eo'/ctaypa^/Aeva a7roo~TavTt jaev

ev TravTa ^atvd/xeva
d /cat

TOLVTOV dxLivecrdaL TreuovBevai

ye.

beiore

S!*-*

W
;
.

ouota
N
V

etvat.

vravv

Trpoo-eX^ovTt
eTe'pov

Se

ye

nen
,

TToXXa

/cat
/cat
,

erepa
;
/
/j

/cat

TW TOU
v

9 ) Slmi -

^'

^>avTctcr/xaTt larityand

eTepota

dvouota eavTot.
y

oi/rcu.

ov^
or)

/cat

avo/xotou9
,

TOUS
v

oy/cov9
v
c

V avTou?
.

(9) /cat

oaotou?

TC

r eavTot?
"

larity,

and

the

the

, l modes of

(paivo~uaL

OVKOVV
c

/cat
/

xv TOVS
\

/cat
,

>\\ '\ aAAr)Aoi?.

/

Travv

jaev

* ovv.
^

Modification

and

avTovs

/cat
e
;

\\ '\ eTepous aAAr^Acov,

\

/cat will have

x

/cat

x w P ts

an apparent exis-

eavTtov,

/cat

/ctvovjaevov?

GO

HAATONO2
/cwTjcrets
/cat
/

tence only, ior there

no unity give them

cohesion.

is, to

TraVag
/xez/Qvs
%

ecrrwra?
*

TrdWTi,

/cat
\

NJ

/cat

*t
eVTTCTCS
/ATToeTepa, ^ > "S

aTToXXvftej'ovs
*

/cat

/cat
<

yiyvo' iravra
~
t

7TOV Ttt TOtttVTa,

\ d a Ol\U.W

7T.OT7

7)/XtI>,

eVos
(IX.) 2%

fir)

oWos
t

TroXXa

ecrrtv.

aX^^ecrrara

jae>

Ninth Hypothesis:
?(TTi

ert ST)
A

aVa^ eX^oWes

yap ow. (Ijov/cow ez^ /A> ov/c TbErotfy ' ^ rri^xx '5'^ \\' J ei/ TTW? yap; ovoe p,r)v TroXXa ye vr,ovffias ecrrat laAAa. ^ >N \V O\ ? /J,fT(X fl \\ * t the effect of ya/> TTOAAOt? OVCTIV 6V6Lr) aV /Cat yap ^Tf)O.V the nonv o/> 9O>* (TTiV V, aTTCLVTa OVOV eCTTLV, CtXTTC OVO GLV existence of CtVTWI^
=
6t

J^
>

p.V,
etvat.

>\v
/XT')

CTTt,
v

TttXXa O
^

ird\iv eVt TT)V ap^r^v etvrw/ v\\ o\

v etTTto/x-ev

/1\*
J>.

Tov EvO?,

e/

Tt
N

>

s>>\vv
\ \ \

>/*
\

Unity on

rS\Aa,
Ttfx\a

TroXAa

v
ctT;.

* \ /) ^ aA^c/r;.

/XT)

>OZ>TOS

oe

5>\\ e^ lots 'm'* evos

"AXXot?, ovre TroXXa ou^' ev e^rrt TaXXa.

pZnomenal
reiult is

v8e

y
t

<^atVTat Iv OvSe
9.

TToXXtt.

ov yctp. Tt 817; OTl TaXXtt 166

absolute

in the

^\\ AAXaw rw
ovcrw.
*
'

KOLVWVIOLV C^t,
/
>

OUOC

'

'

Tt
'C'V

TO)V
^

^,17

ecrrt^.

'\/3^
a\r)ur).

ovoev yap /Ltepo? rots /AT) ' f \ >O>V NV ovo apa ooga rov ja^ ovros Trapa
6f VTTO
"AXXwi/.

\v OVT(i)V >N etrrt

'

Unity, the notion oi

Tots ^AXXot? ecrTtv ovSe rt (bdvTCLcrua, ov8e So^a/erat ouSauTi "

o

Unity and
therefore of Plurality is impossible, and, there-

ovSauws TO
ev
Iz/

/XT?

T<wi>

yap

ovi'.

apa
etf at

et

uw

ecrnv,

ovSe So^a^eTat

rt Toiv

"AXXwv

ovSe TroXXa'

avev yap evbs b

yctp.

TroXXa 8o^acrat dSwaTov.

'

et
(2)ofSimilarity
larity,

/XT)

\v ecrTt,

a-SwaTOf

n-i"\\

laXAa OUTC
ou/c

ovSe TroXXa.
, ,
,

OiKv.
,

and
and

(2) ovS'
x

apa
,

o/xota ovSe
>

Dissimiof all other modes of

ov yap. ovoe fir)v Ta avTa ye ouo eTepa, ' >o^< " '2^ >^>*\\ OUOC ttTTTO/xe^ a OVOC ^(Wpt9, OVO aXXtt OO~a J/ TOt?
avo/xota.
'
'

o>

/3

55

'\

/J

Quality
tity

iTpoffuev
y
\

otT)A(7O/A'
v

and Quanwhich
are based

^" e Tt CCTTtV
/i

Ol>Te <f>aw CTttt

\

*i'
/cat

tus

'J'
\\'o^

(paivofieva

m*\\v
avra,
TaAAtt,

>'

'

TOVTODV
CCTTtV.
,

on Unity.

ctATTPir.
JU-T)

ovKovv

(rv\\r) por)v

>v et

*>

Cl JUT;

>

etTrot/xe^,

e^ et c

ecTTiv,
xei'

ouSeV eanv,
OVZA

opOw

av

etTrot/xej/;

Tracrt

IIAPMENIAH2.
elprjcrOa)
etr* Tr/ao?
x

61

roLvvv TOVTO re
etre
JUT)
v

/cat

on,
,

&>s

eot/cev,

E^
, /

The sum of theaffirmanegative

is:

cmv
aura
, e

ecrnv,
v v

avio re
x

/cat

TaXXa
,
,

/cattiveand
ecrrt arguments
affir -

/cat
v

irpos
v
,

aAATyAa Tra^ra TravTws

/ /

re

/cat

ov/c

ecrrt

/cat

(patverat re /cat ov

(pat^erat. mativeiy,
One
exists,

a\T]64<TTa.Ta.

the One, both in relation to itself and in relation to T&\\a, exists in every mode of conditioned existence, and in its opposite, and so, the One is not ttnconditioned or absolute unity, so far as it exists in these modes : negatively, if the One does not exist, then all existence both in relation to Unity, and in itself, is phenomenal, and this phenomenal existence, when closely scrutinized,
is

entirely destitute of even

and Quality whatsoever.

phenomenal Unity, and The conclusion therefore

therefore of all categories of Quantity is : the Universe Ti Raj/ is neither

ev alone nor TroAAa alone, but fi>-Ka}-iro\\d.

NOTES.

NOTES,

is supposed a friend of to have been originally reported by Pythodorus, Zeno to Antiphon, half-brother of Plato, and then retailed

The THE conversation between the philosophers

piece

is

a monologue by Cephalus of Clazomenae.

to Cephalus. Plato, by selecting Antiphon, a sporting character, fond of horses (126 c), perhaps wishes to hint that Antiphon has not tampered with the

by Antiphon
is

who

dialogue,
totle

TIKHJTO.

(137 b),
views.

yap av and thus

TroAi/TTjOtryiuovoT,

as he says of Aris-

offers

it

as

the exposition of his

have wished to compliment his half-brother Antiphon, just as he introduces Grlauco and Adimantus in the Republic. The monologue is thus, on
also

own

He may

a hearsay of a hearsay. it, Hermann, to some chronological difficulties, which are inget superable, makes Grlauco and Adimantus cousins, and not
the face
rid
of of

But it is vain to look for the premodern history in an ancient imaginative comSuch exactness is the result of matter-of-fact position. and of abundant means of verification, such as books habits, of reference, &c. No such habits or means existed till the
brothers, of Antiphon.
cision of

other day.
quotation,
critics.

common

strong proof of this is the inaccuracy of to all ancient writers, even professed

126

a.

KAaojUi'GJv.

Stallbaum points out that some people in Clazomenae, townspeople, and perhaps followers of Anaxagoras, would

66

NOTES.

The influence naturally take an interest in the discussion. of Anaxagoras on Platonic thought is evidenced by the
Phaedo.

To Anaxagoras, Mind owes

all its

nearly Mind sphere apart, and assigned to it unique properties. alone was strictly infinite, i.e. unlimited or untrammelled

the recognition of He set it in a metaphysical prerogatives.

by anything else, and subsisted by its own inherent strength. Mind was homogeneous, and was the only real existence.
fond of putting doctrines which he adopts into the mouth of a person of the original school. Thus Timseus
Plato
is

expounds physics, and the Eleatic Stranger metaphysics, and the more practical Socrates ethics.

126

C.

Zrjvwv

teal

Parmenides and Zeno are described by Strabo as ai^ptc

Their connexion with Pythagoreaiiism is philosophically real, as one column of the Pythagorean av-

UvOayopuoi,
is

vi. 1.

reducible to TO irfpag, and the other to TO airtipov.

127

b.

IloAi)

yap

tQri

tpyov

tlvai.

memory, though here a dramatic fiction, cf. Symp. 172 a, is rendered plausible by Niceratus's statement that he could repeat the whole Iliad and Odyssey: Xen. Conv. in. 5. Many rhapsodists could do the same ibid. 6.
Such a
feat of
:

127

b.

TratSiKct.

.\iytaOat

explanation

is

ytyovtvai show that Stallbaum's charitable There is no doubt suggested of untenable.

:

their present friendship

ov\tTcti tyKfiOjaBai

ZTJVWV oSe ov /novov

rrjf

aAAp aov
128
a.

aAAa

KOI

rtjT

ovyypafjifj.aTt,

NOTES.
127
e.
si

67
ovra.
of

TroXXa tern
as follows
:

TO.

The argument

is

In the order

Time

or

subjectivity, the perception of difference between two things andB precedes the perception of their similarity but. in the
;

order of existence or objectivity, the differentia of each of the differents depends on the individual peculiarities of each different.

Each
itself,

of the relatives thus exhibits Identity in rela-

tion to

and Difference in

relation to the other,

and

so

to all other things. If TO irav argument's sake,

we assume,
-existence

then, with Zeno, for ra ovra to be plural,

is

each of ra ovra

is

per

se

opoiov

but the aggregate

plural,

and therefore ra ovra being plural are distinct, and therefore inter se avo/uom. Zeno accordingly agrees with Leibnitz
as to the identity of indiscernibles, thus
identical,
:

Indiscernibles are

and therefore non-plural,

se.

since primordial things

cannot be differenced inter

differenced per
is

The

se without having been previously Platonist and Hegelian say Plurality

it.

subsumed by Unity without being destroyed by Aufhebung settles everything.

The

127

e.

Ta avo
:

Zeno callida conclusione effecit, non esse multa, quum hoc tantum consequatur, non posse huic eidemque rei eadem spectatae ratione plura eaque contraria attribui. To a Greek, the order of Notions would be Motion, Change, Plurality; Motion denoting not merely physical Motion, iroOtv iroi, but the notional movement of
Stallbaum remarks
Metaphysics.

The

identity, in the

Hegelian sense, of Cause

scientific

and

Effect, is the notion

which brings the

order of

Time

into

harmony with the order

of Logic.

128

d.

(v Ian.

So.

rb

riav.

This

for

which Philosophy

the Subject of the Proposition, undertakes to find the Predicate r

is

F 2

68
TO irav
is
fcV,

NOTES.
said the Eleatic
;

it is

TroAAa, said the Ionic

it is sv KOI

rroAAa, said Plato,

and

to prove this is the gist of

the Parmenides.

128

d.

TroAAa ianv

so.

TO flav.

argument has been perpetually misZeno does not deny Motion as a fact, but argues that as implying change, and therefore dissimilarity, it conflicts with the changeless uniformity of the One. In the One
gist of Zeno's

The
:

taken

there

is

no
It

contrariety, while contrariety is the essence of

be remarked that, if Zeno's two moving bodies be made conscious, one will have double the consciousMotion.

may

ness of the other.

The

order of analysis
(See

is

Motion implies

change, and change

plurality.

Appendix A.)

129

d.

tTTTO rjfJLWV

OVTWV.

This

is

irreconcilable with a^iKtadui TOV TE

^UET'

Ttvac

avrov TTO\\OVQ, 127

c.

If

we

leave out

Cephalus the reciter and Grlaucus,

who

does not speak,

we

can count up seven persons, viz., Adimantus and Antiphon in the introduction ; Pythodorus, Socrates, Zeuo, Parmenides, and Aristotle in the discussion. 'ETTTO shows that Plato
either forgot the original plan or did not care to adhere to
it

another proof of the historical unreality of the piece.

130

b.

Xwpi'c> a notion derived from physical separation things are properly x<"pt'c which are not aTTTojuEva, and then the word is applied to things which, as existing under totally distinct
:

conditions, differ
all

in kind.

It should

be recollected that

distinct, e.g.

notions which differ in any degree are metaphysically 3 and 4 are as distinct as 3 and 4 millions.

NOTES.

69

Moderns look principally to the origin or genesis of things and notions in determining their resemblance or difference, and not to their characteristics when matured.

131

d.

TOVTOV SE avTov.
retain the Vulgate TOVTOV St UVTOV.

With Hermann, I
is
:

The argument is plainly wrong. of us shall have a fragment of smallness, the real smallness will be bigger, because it is the whole, of which the
Heindorf's TOVTOV Se OVTO
If

any

fragment

is

a part.

131

e.

a more material expression than jutrBoth, however, express the truth, that the Sensible element, in cognition, without the Intelligible, is inconceivis

able.

Professor

Huxley
tells

invests Sensation with all the Cate-

gories,

and then

us

we do

not want them.

Sensibles

have, in Hegel's words, Richtigkeit,

and not Wahrheit.

132

a, b.

The unique

etSoe.

This passage gives the reason why the aSoc is unique In referring an object to a class we have two things in hand,
:

man,

the particular instance and the genus, e.g. the particular Socrates, and the genus man, i. e. the first and second
intentions.
lar with the

Parmenides argues, that to connect the particugenus there must be a third concept or notion,
to

and then another

finity.

comprehend the
so,

three,

and

so

on to in-

If this be

etSoe

is

not unique, but aireipov.

airupov denotes privation of all Trtpae, Limitation, therefore of Form, therefore of all Cogitability. But every must be either $v or airttpov, as follows: In strict thing

Now,

logic, the

contrary of TO airtipov

is

yields on analysis

TO TreTrepatr^tvoi' (1) TO irtpag

;

but TO
(2)

and

70 something which
TO Trtpae, Htvov ? It
is
is

NOTES.
not TO
Trl/oac,

and

so an-etpov.

What

when

out of any definite relation to TO

TrETrsoao--

must be quantifying power, and we must hold

;

that power to be not plural, but unique

lent powers, if adverse, cancel;

for plural equipol-

and if corroborative, result in To rrlpac, therefore, must be ev, and therefore To unity. "Ev for the ultimate Form must be one, and, without TO tv,
;

as

Plato

therefore, since

afterwards proves, ouSl Qaivtrai n. The tISog, it is Form, cannot be and therefore airttpov,

must be

one.

This
9,

in pars. 7

and
"

and known

avBpwirog.
process which

We
is

Plato's answer to the objections urged to Greek Logicians as 6 rpirog " may remark," says Mr. Jowett, that the
is

thus described has no real existence.

The

mind, after having obtained a general idea, does not really go on to form another which includes that, and all the individuals contained under
it,

and another and another without

end," in. p. 237.

of the Universal.

Plato, in the Phitebus, gives the rationale

(See

Appendix B.)

132

c.

Objection to Conceptualism.
i. e.

Either each thing consists of vor/^ara,

acts of intelli-

gence, and therefore each thing is the being intelligent, i. e. intelligence, or if it be an act of intelligence, it is unintelligent,
q. a. e.

This argument
bfjLo'uy

is

a case of the Platonic prin-

ciple ofioiov

as

Berkeley's

It is substantially the same yiyvwaKtrai. that mind is mind, that therefore position

nothing but mind is mind, and, as a further consequence, that nothing but mind can have the properties of mind it
;

therefore illogical to ascribe to that which is not mind Plato does not hold vovg to be the the properties of mind.
is

ultimate existence either in the moral or in the physical In the ethical sphere we have Tayaflor, Rep. vi. sphere.

509 b
iv
qi

in the physical, ^/u^/j:

TOUTW

Se

[_sc.

vovg

iiriarrifjni}
tr

ri\

TWi'

OVTWV tyyiyvtaOov, ov

TTOT
pt7,

Tig avrb

aXAo Tim. 36 c;

NOTES.
KOI

71
av
Trore ytvoiaOriV)

vovf

iivtv

i//w^ijc

OVK

Phil.

30
is it

c.

M. Eibot

overlooks Plato

when he

" Since Will says,

the centre of ourselves and of all things, we must give the first rank. It is its due, though since Anaxagoras

Intelligence has usurped its place" (La Philosophic de SchoThe penhauer, p. 69, cited in H. Zimmern's Sch. p. 102). same doctrine is developed as to the priority of ^X^ Motive and Yital Energy in the Laws, written in the "sunset of life."

x.

891

e, sqq.

133

c.

= Sv<rava7r(0roe, 135

a.

133

d.

ovrtD

and

With regard
recollect that

to

the

orthography of these words, the

is

insertion of c before a vowel

plausible.

But we must
elided,

we can prove

that

ri

was not

and that

and

134

c.

Objection to the Absolute from the subjective side.

Hep.

This brings out the true sense of absolute To awn-oOtrov, vi. that which does not depend on anything else for
or outcome, or priority

its essence,

Xoyq

in order of thought.
;

Of

course, qua

yvwarov
is

to us, it

depends on us
itself,

but the Abto us,

solute
it is

may

be and

yvwrtrov to itself.
;

With regard
it is

ultimum relatum

with regard to

not re-

ferred to anything else.

135

a.

Objection to the Absolute from the objective side.

is

This objection

ovrec t\QiaToi TO TT^IV

urged by both Hamilton and Mill, but it assumes that because partial
;

knowledge

is

not plenary knowledge, they therefore contra-

72
diet each other.

NOTES.

How

is

the geography of Ireland contra-

dictory to the geography of Europe ? Plenary knowledge, of course, will correct partial knowledge, and may put it in
quite a
is

new

light,

but the facts on which the partial know-

ledge grounded cannot be shaken by the fullest knowledge. Aristotle objects aSvvarov X W P*C tlvai rijv ovaiav Kal ov 17

ovma.

If

x<o/ujc

means that there

is

a bridgeless chasm

between the two, the objection holds not otherwise. Sense and Intellect are essentially x w P''c> yet every act of Perception
is

a blending of both.
is

That the objective sphere, or

to us, is Things-in-themselves, held by Kant, Herbert Spencer, and Comte. This doctrine is favoured by the antithesis between phenomenon and reality.

unknown and unknowable

As

a matter of
i. e.

fact,

the Greek word

is

in the present parti-

ciple, (ftatvofjitvovy and meant that ichich is in the course of In a word, appearing, and not <}>avtv, that which did appear. the modern means by ^atvofievov what the Greeks call fyavraa-

Carneades distinguishes /ua, a kind of delusive appearance. the act of perception into three parts TO QavraaTov, the object; TO QavTCKTiovfjLivov, the subject ; and fyavraaia, the act. Now Plato's meaning is, that TO Qatvoneva, or TO yiyvofteva,
are possible, because they are produced by permanent reality which is discernible through them. For his conception of

genesis of phenomena, see note 154

c.

137c-143a.

To

tv.

To

ev, all

prior to all evolution.

through the first proposition, means pure unity Like Hegel's Seyn, it has not been
is,

stripped of attributes, but is prior to all attributes. It the Seyn, a postulate of completed thought.

like

137

d.
: cf. TsXtvrri ye KOI a( as TO tv has neither ab infra, it is airtipov. hence,

nipac
IKCKTTOV
:

is

the limit ab infra

NOTES.
This
is

73
/urjrc

taken from Melissus To

St

TfAei'rrjv, aTTftpov

rvy^avti tov. Fr. 2.

apx^v exov jurjrc Plato does not discuss

have limits ab extra

the other possibility, argued by Melissus, that airetpov could : for there cannot be more than one

137

e.

Plato's right

line.

This definition

is

exact

one such line

and,

if it is

obvious there can only be unique, it follows it is the shortest

:

it is

If Helmholtz's reasoning-beings of two dimensions living on the surface of a sphere understood the definition given by Plato, they would see it to be the shortest
possible,

in rerum natura.

and that their own geodetic line was not. If they liked to call the latter straight, of course they might which is as irrelevant as the entire of Helmholtz's argument.
;

138

C.

avrat

yap

fjiovat Ktvfj<rttC*

In the Laws
fied.
i.e.

893 b-895

ten modes of motion are speci-

place,

Eight on an axis;

of these belong to
(2),

body

(1),

without change of
(a),

with change of place

either

without change of base, e.g. a stone sliding on ice; (j3), or with change of base, e.g. a ball rolling. The next two are

where motion gives rise to (3), concretion, or (4), decretion. The next two are where concretion is prolonged into
(5)

growth, or discretion turns into

is

(6) waste.

The next

is

where growth in bulk state, and waste into

prolonged into

mind are (9) moved and

;

The (8) decay. move things other than itself, itself being (10) to move itself of itself out of a previous
to

(7) production of two movements of

state of rest.

The power
his followers.

of transmitting motion as a link in the Chain

of Sequence is the only

power allowed

man by Hume and

The 10th motion

includes free-will.

74
139 b-e.

NOTES.

The One has not Identity with

has distinctness
:

itself or

anything eke that

itself or

nor

is

it

distinct

from

any-

thing eke that has

distinctness.

That is, the One, being one and nothing else, admits of no relation "whatsoever if it did, there would be unity and
;

relation,
q. a. e.

something more than unity, and therefore not unity,

It cannot even possess Distinctness, for Distinctness means that is distinct from B, and so is in turn distinct from

A.

Unity possessed Distinctness, it could only be distinct by means of Unity and not by means of Distinctness but Unity, ex vi termini, is not Distinctness. Therefore To Ev cannot be distinct in itself. A similar argument was urged against St. Anselm, that Unity was not Perfection. The mode of argument is due to the Megarics. The AufIf,

then,

tV

hebung

is

the answer.

139

d.

Source of TO

I.e. supplying the ellipses si /nrj rovrq ry tv el vat tarat tr'epov, ov^ !atr<j) Karat 'irtpov' ct Se juj) laureJ carat crEpoi/, oi/Sc avro carat trepov. (See note 127 e.)

141

C.

orjc was read

by

Proclus, T. vi. 237,

and

is

sup-

ported

by

TTbtoVrjc, Theaetet.

182

a.

141

e.

yeyovti.

For yiyovtv, Hermann reads

ytyovet, as ytyovtv has to

be taken in two senses, perfect and past.

NOTES.
141
e.

75

our' i-Vttra yevnatrai ourt yfvr)8riaTai, will neither

into
being,

come
of

nor be brought

into,

being; will neither

else.

come

itself,

nor be brought by anything

141

e.

Ambiguity oftv.
6i'

To

oure

liv

ioTiv OVTS fariV)

i.

e.)

To

ey is neither the

relation Unity, nor the quality Existence.

142

a.

T)

aurtj)

77

aurou.

tt'ij

av
it,

TL

r]

avrq

TJ

avrov, would

ing to

or proceeding

from

it

have any affection resultany income or outcome i. e.

it
;

either accident or property.

142

a.

ovojua, Ao-yoe,

ETTtcrTrjjur), K.

r.A.

Plato gives the following explanation of these terms = the term. UVO/ULO.

Aoyoc =
i7rt(jr?jjur}

definition.

iv i^v^ait; tvov,

KVK\OV

TTIQ

0u(To>c
pist.
is

TMV

rt

$ f/Aoi> trtpov ra ov CIVTOV TOV XtyQivTW rpauv, i.e. ofOjua, Ao-yoc,

vn. 342-3.

the psychical aspect of auro, and is a process of intense activity. Plato objects to the sensible figure of the
i. e. is really a zigzag be the process of describing The Circle then would line. and in this way it without a sensible line (Epist. vn.),

Circle, that it partakes of the Straight,

tTTtCTT/jjU*)

resembles the Kantian schema.

The

Epistles are

considered genuine
teristic.

At

all

by Cobet and Grote, and are very characevents, the passage in the 7th could only have

been written by a great metaphysician.

76

NOTES.
oa,
IK jLtvi7jU}c Kal aiaOfottof;.

Phil. 38 b.

aia9r\oiq

= ro

Iv ivl TTaOei, TTJV i^v\r]v KOI TO

teal

Phil., yiyvojucvov, icoivy the sensation lasts only as long as the imtifically true pressed condition of the nerve is kept up.
:

KivitaOat.

34

a.

mvpa, This is scien-

142 b-155

e.

To
proposition,
is

2v.

In the second
e<m.

To

tv is in

combination with

Each element
;

distinct before

combination and in
does give rise

combination
to

though the combination

may and

new

relations.

142 d

e.

Relation of

To

ev

and

ov.

I.e. ro>v fjiopiu)v eKUTtpov

*Ev

icm

juoptou,

rowrwv Tou 'Evoc "Ovrog (To re To"Oi/), apa airoXenriaOoV) rj To^Ev Tou "Ovrog flvai el vat juoptou i.e. where there is rj To^Oi; Tou 'Evbg
;

To "Ev, To "Ev
ftvat, G.
Ttf jurj-ovrt

is

in combination with

To
tN

"Oi>,

and To*Oi/

is

in combination with

To "Ev.
a property of:
cf.

gen.

to be
TI,
f/

O
a.

Si

jur)

ion, TOVT^

t) av

awry

rj

avrov', 141

Can a nonentity

have either accident or property ?

142

e.

either ro *Ei/, or ro *Oi/ of the two and TO "Ov, holds in combination Ev and fjiopia "Ov, and so on, ad infin. This is strictly true the universe has unity, and the universe exists and each of the motes that people the sun's
juo/otov

Each one

TO *Ev

tV

beam has
istence
is

One is Form Exequally existence and unity. Matter, and to show that the One formulates
:

existence into plurality

is

the aim of the second part of the

Parmenidcs.

NOTES.
143 C.-144
a.

77
i.e.

Genesis of Number,

a system of Monads.
:

There are three av^vyiai or

pairs, viz.

ovaia and trepov ovaia and tv ;

tv

',

and

trepov.

every pair is a'//$w, and therefore Suo therefore each member of the pair is tKartpov, and therefore one so that in
;
:

Now

each pair

we have two members,

2.1 = 2,

and each member being unified by the index

symbols,
3.1 = 3.

1,

we have

three

Now
bols,

where there is Two, we have Ste I'v, and where there is Three, we have rpj? ei>; where, therefore, there are three sym-

we have two members

(2

= Sic

and where there are two members we have three symbols

(3

= 1 rptc symbols .1

ev OVTWV).

Three (symbols) therefore must be two (members), and two (members) must be three (symbols). Therefore apria (= Svo = Si sv) = apTtaKic (= Sic) ev an d Trcptrra (= rpta = rpt?
'

and aprm (= Swo, i. e. members) TreptrroKtc (= T-pte) v, i.e. symbols; and Trtptrra (= rpt'a, i.e. = (Stc ev) members. From this we have = symbols) aprtaicie the genesis of every number: for 2 = te ev is aprta aprtaic<c, that is even numbers even times and 3 = rpic ev is
v)

irepiTTOKiG (= rptc) ev

Trjptrra

and 2 (members) is, odd numbers odd times = 3 (symbols) is aprta, even numbers odd times, Trfptrrajcte and 3 (symbols) = 2 (members) is Treptrra, odd numbers even
TreptrraK/Cj that
; ;

times, a

78

NOTES.
d.

143

ouS

[Ala.

An

sense the philosophic word which is under examples are noticed in note on 157 d.

instance of Plato's habit of using in the ordinary argument other

:

143d.
ov rpia yiyvtrai TO iravra ; i. e. are there not three distinct symbols ? lit., are not the distinct things three ?

143

d.

Interdependence of 2 and 3.

index, say

Let there be two roots, x and y\ let them have a common e. and let x = 1 then we have x y l gr. 1 We have thus three distinct symbols, x, y, and 1 x and y denoting the two roots, and 1 the index common to both.
l ;
:

Now,
is

as there are three symbols, the three symbols involve

;

the index twice

that

is,

x 1 and y
;

but # as a root =

1,

and y

made one by

its

index

.-.

x and y 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
y,

2.

Likewise the two roots x and

and the
;

identical index 1,

require three symbols for their notation

.-.

x and y and
:

I1

= 3

3.

Whatever admits of the predicate both, To apply this admits of the predicate two, and the predicate two indicates
that each of the binaries
is

one.

Now

one as index being

incorporated with each number of each syzygy, each syzygy involves the index twice ;

.-.2.1=2,
and
as each

for its notation, each

syzygy requires, as we have seen, three symbols syzygy involves one thrice,
.-.3.1 =
3.

NOTES.

79

Thus, in Aristotelian language, Three is the Form of Two, and Two is the Matter of Three. Hence, we may see why
the Pythagoreans

made Two

ence, for Matter without

Form

the symbol of indefinite existis indefinite likewise why

;

they made Three

order of existence

the symbol of definite existence.

0wo-c

In the

Three Three

is

prior to

Two,

for

we

re-

quire as prerequisites of
(1).
(2)
.

The
The

radical 1;

=
;

1 lv

other thing which = 6arepov, being unquantified,

to be construed to

thought requires quantification,

and thereto requires

(3).

The index

1.

Without these we cannot have Two,

for 2

and

=2.1.

143 d-e.

Genesis of all the

ellipses

Numbers from To

fv

and To

or.
icul Sic;

Supplying

Svotv OVTOIV, OVK avayicr/ tivat

v,
J

tv] KOI rpiwv OVTWV Etvcu Tpi TO Slf-Iv, KQt T<^ T/0/a TO TjOtC-CV
II.

ttvtp virap\tt
C.
.'

Tq

rt

Avo

t.

= 2

1,

and

III.

-3.1.
S<

Then, Avotf
i.

ct ovrotv KOL

St^-s'i/,

OVK avajKrj Suo

1

e.
1

2/

+ l 1 = l(l + r),
indices 1

but

x and y =
.'.

2,

and the

and

1 = 2;

we have

Svo B\Q in the notion II.

1 (I
l 1

So mut. mut. of 3 1

+
.

I1
I'
1

I1)

=
1

l^ + ly + 1

= 1 + 1 +

3,

but
1

= 3;
= 3
; ;

and
x + y +

V
l

and indices

= 3

80
.'.

NOTES.
we have
rpia
;

T/oic

in the notion III.

That
;

is,

each couple

two things each single thing

is

it is also
is

two single things and the unity of a third thing, i. e. x and y and 1.
:

Formed Matter contains (1) In Aristotelian language and (2) Formless Matter = 1 + 1 = II. but Formless Form, Matter is incogitable therefore we have Matter unified by Form. But Form = 1 Matter = 1 and Unification = 1 ..1+1 + 1 = 3. The mote in the sunbeam contains three metaphysical elements (1) that which unifies (2) that which
; ;
; ;

is

unified

and

(3) the unification of 1 and 2,

i. e.

III.

It is

a pity the scholastic distinction between metaphysical and physical is not kept up. Metaphysical entities were those that could not exist separately, e. g. concave and convex physical,
:

those that could,

i. e.

Xoyt^ and

<j>vai.

143

e.

Sic OVTMV.

TplMV OVTWV
OVTOIV.

KO.I

Sic OVTtoV, KOI $VOIV

OVTOIV
l

KO.I

brackets the second OVTWV and OVTOIV, but are right, i.e. TOLMV ovrtav KOI Sic tv OVTWV = the they symbols are three, and the pairs are two and Svolv OVTOIV,
;

Hermann

KOI Tpic OVTOIV

= SuoTv OVTOIV

teat

To\Q cv OVTOIV, the pairs are

two and the symbols are

three.

It

must be

recollected that

the Greek arithmetic was originally the geometry of rectangles. In the present case, as usual, in place of our abstract

and 2x3, two rectangles are generated. its base and 2 as its side, and as the base is the more important factor, the plural is used, OVTWV. In the here the base is 2, second, 2 is the base and 3 the side and is the more important, hence the dual OVTOIV. The conception is that a rectangle is described on a base, and not on a side. The rectangle 3 x 2 is quite distinct from the
multiplication The first has 3 as
;

3x2

rectangle

2x3.

NOTES.
144
a.

81

does not
units.

mean a

single unit, but a collection of

is
:

Thus one
(optojufvov

is
r}

not aptfyioe, but two

apt

/novaowv avarfjjua fj Trofforrjroc Nic. Ger. I. vii. 1. avvKtifjievov. In speaking of Numbers, both the Platonists and the
tions, the unit

Pythagoreans meant always whole numbers, and not fracbeing the foot, lineal, square, and cubic. The
numbers, or rather rectangles, were aprtot, an even base by an even side Treptrroi, an odd base by an odd side apnot an even base by an odd side and Treptrroi aprta; ; , ;

an odd base by an even

side.

144

e.

To

iv VTTO TOV OVTOS

a.

Justifies

vno in 166

145

c,

d.

A part contains the

1
.

following notions
;

Its separate existence Its

Its

2.
3.

own relation to its fellow parts common relation to the whole.

This

may
is
:

map

be illustrated by a piece of a dissected map. not all the separate pieces one by one TO. iravra
yet
if

The
nor

any piece did not fit, it would not be in the when it was put together, ret uiravra but if the piece map belong to the map, it must be one of the separate pieces.

any one

Metaphysically,

all distinct

ideas are equally distinct.

145

c,

d.

aXAa
TIVI

fjitvToi

TO je oXov av OVK iv rot?

(tl

[Jiipeuiv
/cat

lanv, ovre
iv tvt.

Iv Tracriv owrc iv rivi.

7p

iv TTCHTIV, avajKi)
irou Suyairo
'iv

tv

yap

ivl

jurj

ov OVK

civ tri

yt inrarnv

82
ei

NOTES.
8t

TOVTO
Tt

/j.tv

TO tv rH)v inravTwv tort, TO

',

<St

oAov tv
OV$t
/LtTJl/

tVl,

7TWC

iV 76 TOtC TTCKTIV tl'tOTai

tl

OV$a/JiM.
tit},

IV
njg

TWV

jutpwv.
to/,

-yap

li>

rto-j

TO oAoi>

TO w\iov av tv

o limv aSuyaTOv.
is

Whole

distinct from the parts

for if the Whole

is

in

each quaque of the parts, it must be in some one quavis; and if that particular part contains the Whole, that one part cannot be

one of the parts.

The argument
some, or one
;

is

if

the

Whole

is

the clause from tv nvi to tlvat

in the parts, it is in all, is the converse

In opposite of the clause it 700 tv iraatv, avayKi) KCU tv tvi. the clause TO oXov tv TOUT^ [JUT}] tvi, Hermann brackets

&

[JUT?].

I have struck

it

out, as it spoils the

is

is

if the

Whole

is

in each part, it
is

the part thus specialised

argument, which some one part. If so, differentiated from its former
in

peers, but it is so differentiated by containing the Whole, not by not containing it.

Hegel says

The

relation of the

Whole and
and the
of the

untrue to this extent

relation are not in
;

that the notion

the parts is reality of the

harmony.

The notion

Whole

is

to

contain parts but if the Whole is taken, and made what its notion implies, i. e., if it is divided, it at once ceases to be a

Whole. Logic, p. 211. All through the Parmenides it must be kept in view, that any two notions in any degree distinct
are totally distinct.
it is,

"

Each thing," says

;

Butler,

"

is

what

and not another thing."

iravra
is

Ta
the

the roll or litany of items

:

airavra

is

the

sum

total of the

same items summed

is

sum

airavra

the

sum

iravra are the parts of of the parts. It is a pity that

:

To

modern English has

lost its

" hot blood begets hot thoughts, deeds, and hot deeds is love."

neuter plural and verb singular and hot thoughts beget hot

145

e.

fj.lv

apa TO tv o\ov, tv
is

a\\tf> iariv.
:

The notion Whole

Cf.
T)

not the notion Aggregate of items

\4jltf JtJOt'bg IV
Tl

KOI TO

oAoV

tK

TWV

/U(>U>1/

ItSog tTtpOV

NOTES.
;

83

tywyt.
;

Theaet.

204
;

a, b.

The order
;

of

notions

is

(1) TCI /uepjj

(2) TO. iravTd

(3)

TO aTravTa

(4) TO

o\ov

',

(5) TO TTUV.

14:5 e.

Kivt'iaOai.

tion
is

Zeno's contribution to thinking is, the showing that mois relative to a something which is not moved. This

moment
which
146

well brought out in the Flying Arrow, which at any given coincides with its equivalent in the space through
it

is

passing.

a.

/*>}

loravat, juj earoe Se KivtlaOat.

;

By Excluded Middle
146
a, b.

if

not the one,

it

must be the

other.

srtpov.

Hegel's view, that Otherness is negation, is supported by If ^77 is etymologically ne, the history of the particle /IT). as Curtius mentions, comparing the Lithuanian nei (i. 317],

na in the Vedas very often means as, and the order then cf. ava and would be assertion, comparison, negation
:

ci\\og, ib. 307.

146 a-148

e.

1. Everything possesses Identity, and, in that respect, resembles primarily everything else.

it

2.

Everything

is

that respect,
3.

it differs

from everything else, and, in primarily from everything else.

distinct
it,

In being
else
;

distinct,

eo

ipso,

resembles secondarily
else

everything

and, therefore,

4. Differs secondarily

from everything

by the con-

trary of diversity identity. Hence TO cV, in possessing either quality, has resemblances, primarily and secondarily, to
(a)
(b)

itself,

and
;

to

raAAa

and,

84
in

NOTES.
possessing either quality,

has diversities primary and

secondary to
(a)
(6)
itself,

and

to

rAXa.

In possessing both, TO
is

tv

is

primarily like itself and raXXa, and primarily unlike itself and raXXa.

Nothing can be clearer than that Plato held that there were *}'/ TWV Trpoc n. Idealism is only the development
of relations.

The One
and diverse

is

identical

and diverse
all ideas

to itself,

and

is

identical

or objects of Reason are and therefore distinct : they all agree in disequally ideas, tinctness ; but, being distinct, they differ ; therefore they agree
to raXXa,
i. e.

through Difference, they differ through Identity and as each has both Identity and Diversity together, each agrees with and
;

differs

from

itself,

and each agrees with and

differs

from
;

raXXa.

agrees with raXXa in having both qualities and the very having both qualities is the essence of its indi-

The One

viduality.

148

c.

The

order of notions
(1) (2)

is

TOVTOV
jjiri

oXXoTov

(3)

fjiri

apo/iofov

(4) ofjiotov.

To *Ev

is is

ravrov Tot?

T6*Ev

ETtof Twv
:

"

Taking each case separately

(1). (2).

To*Ev islikeraXXa;
To*Ei>
is

unlike raXXa.

NOTES.
Taking both together

85

T6 E^ and
so,

tV

is

both like and unlike raAAa

by parity
lN

of reasoning,
is

To Ev

like

and unlike

itself.

148 d-149

e.

Ancient arithmetic was originally geometrical

the notions,

hence

Whole and Parts

Contact.

149

a.

Contact
1.

ai//te

presupposes
distinct,
e.

Something

g.
;

a
2.

and
it; e.g.

Something
a

else in

immediate contiguity to
b
c.

Here a
guity.

b is distinct

from
c

c,
y

and

b c is in

immediate conti-

If to b c

we add
a

d,

if

tarat at Se ai//te $vo. Hence, ad Jin., the things, are always one in advance of at a^ttcHence, raAAa be totally devoid of unity, junction between TO S-V
ta,
,

and raAAa is impossible, for raAAa must be one, before combine with TO ev to form two.
149

it

can

e.

cf.

75 raura/e TOIQ Phaed. 78 c-d.

tt'Sr,,

oi/crtat?,

i.

e.

essences, notions, IBtai

Stall.

8G
150
a.

NOTES.
Ta
/jityiOovt; TE nal ierorriroc,

aAAa

//}/

TO

TL TIVOC;

= attribute.

150 c-d.

is

To "Ev, qua "Ev, is tv, and nothing else ra/XXa qua aAAa, aAAa, and nothing else ro [ntytOog, qua /ulyiOog, is
: : :

and nothing else and 77 o-^ticporjc, qua o-jufjcporijc, is and nothing else. T6*Ei> therefore cannot be greater than in the same way, ToAAa, nor TaAAa greater than To "Ev
:

neither
less,

is

less

than the other

but

if

neither greater nor

they are not unequal,

it is

and therefore equal.

commonly said, all infinites are equal. Metathere is only one infinite, that whose essence it is physically, to have no bounds or limit. It is evident there cannot be
two of
other.

So

would overlap, and so bound the in mathematical infinites, infinity merely means infinitely divisible or infinitely addible ; i. e. a process which
this nature, for each

But

may be worked

anything to work on. The process is always one and the same, and so infinite the material is always finite, and may be as different as one pleases.
as long as there is
:

150

d.

the Phaedo runs thus,

surest

takes the genitive therefore the vexed passage in if the ellipses are supplied one of the
;
:

Tou ways of construing Plato avTOV TOV Swicparove rv\v

i.e.,
TcjJ

fj.lv

a/iticporjjra
;

sub.

= cause; ptytOti = instrument = gen. on virtplxtiv, and TTJV o/idcpoTrjra

virfpe^eiv

ace. de quo.
i

151

a.

/mri^tv ilvai

SKTOQ TOV evog re KCU TMV a\\b)V.

" Both these Many) are predicates (One relative and phenomenal, grounded on the facts and comGrrote says
:

NOTES.
parisons of our

87

own

senses

and

consciousness.

We

know

nothing of an absolute, continuous, self-existent One." Here "absolute" is used in the sense of Plato, i. 105-6.
all possible range, a sense popularised discussions of Hamilton, Mansel, and Mill.

out of

by the

frivolous

151

d.

The order

of notions is
1.
2'.

Magnitude; Measure
;

3.

Parts.

151

d.

" But that a thing, which bears no relation to any one (cuivis) given item, should bear any relation to each (cuique) of the sum
total

of items,

to

no one of tchich (cuiquam) does

is

it

bear any

actual relation either as part or otherwise,

impossible."

151 d-e.

Shadworth Hodgson makes similar remarks on the subjective embracing the objective, and vice versa, Space and
Time, pp. 45, sqq.

154 c-d.
does not grow younger or older than raAAa, because it is so already it has had so much start, and equals added to unequals leave the difference absolutely as before

To

ei/

but,

if

we

subtract the difference,

the residue
is

growing

larger,

and therefore the

:

difference

always growing less

is

thus relatively to the residue e.g. K. is born a year before but when is two years is always a year older than
;

old the relative difference

is

greater than

when

A is ninety.

88

NOTES.
c.

154

7ryvra/, the emphatic word, because it is.

is

not (/rowing or becoming,

154

c.

yivtait; is
iviK

explained in the Laws thus yiyverai Srj iravrwv av TI TraOog y BijXov, wg OTTOTOV a/ox*? Xa/3ou(ra
: ;

c TIJV Sfurtpav
7rAt)(m>v,

KOI

jue^pt
a.

X0# firaj3a<nv, Tptwi; lAOouaa

steps are

ica^

OTTO raurrjc

tc

aiafti}aiv

a\p

rote

894

The

fjivovaa.

155

c.

jUraXa/^j3ai;etv differs

from Msrt^tv

jUraXaju]3ai'a> is to
JUETC'XHI'
is

coincide in part with, to have share in one with, to unite with cf. 158 b.
;

to

form

155 e-157

a.

in this hypothesis passes from one state into and so do its attributes. The transition takes place another, through an unextended point that is, time is cut in two by a timeless point, just as Space is cut in two by a breadthless
:

The One

line.

Shadworth Hodgson seems

a/uEpf'c iort ry iStorrjTt

to suppose that Plato held

that the point possessed duration.

It

is

well explained

by

Damascius

cm 8m TOWTO a

156 a-157.

The notion

is,

any one

state or condition

which passes into

a different condition has to pass through an intermediate

NOTES.
state, in

89

which

it is

of becoming.

what it was nor what it is in course Anaxagoras, from whom Plato took much of
neither
:

ov Kt\<i)piarai TO. tv TQ tv\ Koa/jiq) owSt cnroKtKOTTTat irt\tKH ovre TO Bto^bv OTTO row ^u^pou oura TO This joined with \Jjvxpbv airb TOV Oepnov, Fr. 13 Mullach.
his Physics, says

his doctrine, adopted

OVTC TOW

by

Plato, that there

is

no minimum,

lXaYfTOl| aXX' tXaaaov em/', (JIJLIKOOV -y necessitates the presence of TO ev in and out of Space and
yi ton TO

Time.

156 d-e.
tip'

oifv tar]
;

TO UTOTTOV TOVTO, Iv
S/7
;

<j>

TOT
(sse

av

iir]

ore /utra-

(3a\\ii

TO irolov

TO tSat^vTjc

155

e).

157 b-159 b.

of TO tv.

of

Here Ta'AXa owe their predicates to their participation Cetera and ceterum are very inadequate renderings the Greek neuter plural, TaXXa expressing neither unity

nor plurality, but food for both.

157

b.

Here we have the

full

phrase To'XXa TOV tvog

157

c.

The
Xa

correlatives are

6Xov and

/mopia

now

TO oXov = TroX-

juopta, therefore any one //op/ov is not juop/ov of Ta TroXXa For unless TO /uoptov any given part juopia, but of TO 6Xoi/.

be part of itself, there must be one part of the lot of which the given Part is not part. Consequently if the given Part be a part of many parts, it must be a part of the parts minus
the given Part. But if it be a part of the other parts, it must be a part of every one of the several parts taken by them-

90
selves,

NOTES.
since qua parts the parts are similar, and therefore E. g. a shilling is part of itself q. a. e.
:

must be a part

of a pound, but a shilling is not a part of the several shillings which make up the pound. For, if it be a part rwv TTO\\UI>

must be either a part of itself, q. a. e., or of the renineteen shillings. But as the other nineteen shilmaining lings, when out of relation to the pound, are nineteen totally
shillings, it

independent units, the Part must be a part of them qua units, and therefore of every one of them (since there is no difference

between them qua

units),

and therefore

of itself,

which

is

Whole, any one or all of the other parts, save that of being a fellow-part of the same integer. In Plato's day, abstract language was taken from Geometry perhaps fraction and integer would be better renderings of nopiov and oAov. Mutatis mutandis, the same reasoning
is
;

Part exactly similar to the rest. but it has no relation whatsoever to

correlative to a

is

triumphant against Natural Realism, substituting Quality for Part, and Body for Whole. The Natural Realist makes
all qualities,
;

minus one, depend on the residual quality so either a quality which is more than a quality, The same reasoning applies to or which is not a quality. the Antithesis of Kant's Fourth Antinomy.
that

we have

157

a.

toi>.

Justifies the vulgate in Phaedr.,

249

b.

157

b.

The

order of notions in the order of analysis

1.

is

ttvat

2.

yiyveaOat

3.

avyicpivtaOai
b/j.oiova0ai.

',

4.

Order of genesis

e contra.

NOTES.
157
c.

91

niTtyi

irr\.

The

Platonic /utdtZtg
i.e.

is

best illustrated
is

by the Concret

of to

Hegel, be the confluence of several elements

where an object or thought

seen and

known

to

own

nature, and not a mere stationary point

be a process in its of view each

;

object to be equal to itself, multiplied into all other things. Wallace's Ifegel, clxxvi. Cicero makes use of the same principle
:

semper enim

ita

assumit aliquid

(so.

quae prima dederit, ne deserat.

ideal side of the doctrine of

De

Fin. iv. 14.

natura) ut ea It is the

Development.

157

c.

Here,

TO yt oXov = tv IK iroXXwv in d, =

airavTwv tv

157

d.

aEvvarov

tivat

'.

Sc. tan.

Plato often uses words both in the ordinary and philoavrov sophic sense in. the same passage cf. ouSt /urn, 143 d
:

flapjUEvtSou,

136 d

aTrejpov, Phil.

17 e

av^iptaOai, Theaet.

152

e.

157

e.

T6 Ei through TO oXov in modern the notion Law, i.e. in the scientific meanlanguage, through

TaAAa

participates in

lV

ing of the term, when "we think of the parts as held This is Hamilton's description together by a certain force."
of physical unity.

REID, 852.

158

a.

6 av y jjiopiov o\oi>.

vXov

So the MSS., and they are right. The conjecture is a mere truism, for the notion Whole is the correlation

92
of the notion Part.
is

NOTES.
But
fiopiov

u\ov

is

emphatic, that which

a genuine part, and not a part per accidens. shilling is amount of silver defined to be a legal pound it is x 20 = 1 whereas therefore, qud -$, /uoptov 6Aou, because
$ of the
:

a shilling qud shilling

shillings,
5.

is

only one amongst any

1, per accidens, just as

number
it is

of

only -^ Each part must be

tl

and

is

of

-j-^ of

one, because the parts are TroAAa.

tv

Of. owS' apa TroAAa sort TaAAa.

juopiov TOV o\ov,

yap av

TIV

tKaarov OVTUV

change would

Besides, the proposed TOW /uop/ou TO o\ov. require

TroAAa

T^V.

159.

158

e.

The

order of notions
1.

is

aVt/pa
i

icat

2.

3.

159

a.

Kara

fjikv

apa

TaAAa ^m'TreTrepaerjuli/a are similar (2). TaAAa qua aVetpa are similar; (3). TaAAa qua irnripaantva KOI aVftpa are dissimilar, both per se and inter se. c. as uniting two opposite predicates, a a/u^ortpwcj
(1).
;
'.

double contrariety, lvaAAa,

(1).
TTfTTfpao-juei/a icat aTTttpa.

(2).

7re7Tfpa(T/ui'a KOI

159 b-160

b.

TaAAa

are capable of

no predicates whatsoever,

if

the

One

be one in aloofness.

The key

to this section is the notion

NOTES.
aloofness
is

93

the negation of actual relation.

is

The One

allowed to be, but

relegated to isolation.

160

a.

Illustrates

Hypothesis

ii.,

as the order of

Number

is

f/5>tvo, cuoiv,
The
order
is

rpiwv, TrsptTTOv,

-./ apriov.

objective, ^uoret.

160 b-d.

TO
is

JUTJ

ov.

Negation
giving
rise to

the notion IVepov

considered as relative to knowledge, and thus otherness distinctness.

160

b.

The order

of notions is

The

order

is

subjective.

160 d-163

b.

The One

positive predicates,

in this section, though non-existent, admits of which are contrary opposites. Here the
call

One

is

granted what we would

a subjective existence.

160

e.

In

scholastic

language TO
1.

firj-Qv

has
;

Illudditas

2. 3.

Quidditas
Hocceitas.

94
161
b.

NOTES.
et

EIOC-

have unlikeness to one, then the argument will not turn on anything like To "Ei', nor will the hypothesis
If

To

lV

Ei>

relate to one, but to

something

different.

That

is,

To "Ev,

the subject of discussion, must have unity for its essence ; if Mr. Jowett not, the hypothesis deals with something else. ignores the difference between To^Ev and ev.

162

b.

To

HY)
;

ov has ova I a +

/uri-ovaia

',

it

therefore involves

jusrajSoXr)

and therefore

all

incompatible predicates.

Here
Mr.

we have Hegelianism

in concrete, as applied to

To

ov.

Shadworth Hodgson, in his Philosophy of Reflection, attacks Hegelianism on the following grounds, which apply equally It must be premised that Mr. Hodgto Plato's proposition.
son uses the term contradictory to signify, not the opposition of general and particular, but that between a proposition and
its

negative,

*'.

e.

difference of quality only

e.g. A. is

A,

is

by a contrary he means that the negative paris not-A. To ticle joins on to the predicate e.g. A. is A, " The evolution of the resume, the objection is as follows
not
;

while

his (Hegel's) fundamental idea ; it evolves itself by Entgegensetzung, a concrete opposition containing undistinguished the purely logical opposition of contradis-

concrete concept

is

tinction,

The former

contrariety. gives the motive power, the latter the order and arrangement, of the evolution. Thus the pure Nothing,

and the opposition of content, which

is

Nichts, at the beginning

is logically opposed to the pure hence the movement between them. There is no Being, Sein; opposition of content, no difference of content at all, between

them, until they are conceived together ; then they are perceived to be different in content, but at the same time to be a
process,

a Werden, not (either of them) a state or thing.

process of opposi-

The Whole makes one undistinguishable

tion, a becoming, Entgegensetzung, a Werden.

To

analyse

NOTES.
this process, to

95

ception,

what

to

show what is due to perception, what to conwhat part of the opposition is due to content, and logical contradiction, would be to destroy it as a

" Of pp. 384, 5. Again two wholly contradictory terms, the one is thought as exis" The tent, the other as non-existent." negative member of a pair of contradictory terms, which is a pure creature of

theory of the universe."

VoL

i.

logical

matics,

method, analogous to imaginary quantities in matheis treated by Hegel as if it were a concept with a

The " Nichts" at the beginning of the perceptual content. Logik is the first instance of it." p. 382.
The question
is,

What

And

here comes

in the

the value of a creature of logic ? work of Kant. Kant showed that

is

the intelligible element was indispensable. The universe was not a lot of separate things, set in an intellectual substratum,
like stars in the heavens.

No

the intelligible was required

both for the stars and for the space in which they float. Be this theory as it may, it was extended by Hegel to the

more

object; hence, in rerum natura, the intelligible element has reality than its content, so far as that content is
as logic is the explicit statement of the infollows that the logical form has more Wahrheit As to negation, which is the sensible padding.

sensible.

But

telligible, it

than

its

point of the process, Mr. Hodgson makes it arise from our fixing our attention on some one in a train of differents

But surely things already differenced, and the

(p.

376).

are different because they are logical description of differen-

tiation

is

Otherness,
is

or Negation.

And

as

before,

the

Negation of Logic
sensation.

more

real

than the same material of

162

a.

/.

e.

Sit aiiTo

To

jurj-^Ov

^<i> TO
O/ULOtWg

tlvat-fjiri-ov Strrjudv

TOW

JJ.YI-

tlVUL

(tt

jUfXAa

/ufl-tivai),
i/

UKTTTtp

$t T6 *Ov t%tlV

TO

fjirf

tlvai

To-jitJj-X)

Sta/uov TOV flvai, tco TtXiwc; av

tivai

//.

96
I.e.
jUTj-oi',

NOTES.
T6 nri-"Ov requires as a security for its existence as that the proposition should be affirmative i. e.
;

To

jurj-"Ov is fjirj-ov

and T6"Oi> requires in the same way that the proposition

should be negative
;

i. e.

To"Oi/

is

not

/uT7-ov.

Here Plato apparently regards affirmation and negation as an affection of the copula. The reasoning assumes that contrariorum eadem
scientia.

This

is

true of reflex, but not of

direct consciousness.

Of course

all

Philosophy

is reflex.

162

a.

oe

ov ovaiay (jUtv) TOV ttvcu-ov, fir) ovalag fj.iv is understood after the first ovalac; by tlveu-jurj-ov. a common ellipse: cf. TO St pri-ov, /mrj ovaiaq [ilv TOV ilvat
TO
jitei>

TOV

fjLTf-ov^

ovaiaq St TOV tlvai

/j.r]-ov.

For sense

see preceding

note,

ib. b.

162

a.

I.

e. tt

-yap

TO firi-ov
TO

/J.r)

torat pri-ov
eti/at

(aAXa

avi]Oti TI
/ATI

TOV

tlvai
(7TOt

TO
OV.

fjirj-ov TT/OOC

/z^

TO-/ZJ)-OI^), tvBuQ TO

ov

aXXa introduces the same proposition

thus
:

in another form,

= the non-existent is nonyap TO [J.Y)-OV jurj torci jurj-ov aAAa introduces it in existent an affirmative proposition another form if the non-existent gives up its being nonet
: : :

existent,
tives

and becomes not being the non-existent, the negaare cancelled, and the non-existent exists.

It
of the

may be rendered,
Copula
the
is

" if it does allow the affirmative essence

to

merge

in the negative essence of the

NOTES.
Predicate
the
is

97
is

not

the Copula becomes

not,

and there-

by

cancels the is-not of the Predicate."

avTjffEi

is

metaphorically the correlative of

let its is slip

Secrjuoe, infra,

unless

it

holdfast by and not

into is-not.

163b-164b.
In
this proposition, TO
is
ei>

is

totally deprived of etm,

and

the emphasis

on ovaiaq

airovcria.

164 a-b.
This conclusion
is

apparently the same as that of the

First Hypothesis. In reality nothing can be more diverse. In the former case, The One possesses actually no predicate in particular, although, as the second proposition shows, it is

capable of combining with

latter case,
it is

all

predicates whatsoever.

In the

The One has

actually

no predicate

at all, because

incapable of having any.

164 b-165

e.

In this proposition ovata is taken away from the TO t'v, and the effect on raAAa is considered. The result is <j>aivt<rOai, i. e. a presented unity in things, somewhat like the Cause and Substance of Hume, mere fictions. This is the view set forth by Brown, Lect. V. The emphasis is on ^euverat.

164

b.

This proposition represents the views held by the majority

of British philosophers

and

scientific
;

Unity

exists only in the

is

mind

men of the present day. the object, according to cir-

cumstances,
or Degree.

only a

ma jus

or a minus in Quantity, Quality,

98
165
to end.

NOTES.
e,

Soa.
oixrt'a is

In this amount of

proposition,

totally denied of TO

tv

what
;

ovvia, then, can

TaAAa retain ?

None whatever

not even the impression

So!; a

can he produced hy TaAAa.

That is to say, in The non-existence of The One, TaAAa cannot produce in us the idea of quasi-unity allowed in the
last hypothesis.
is

Real unity being no more,

quasi-idea
is

artificial

unity

gone

too.

Hume's

impossible.

166

a.

MSS.
is

WTTO, rightly.

The meaning

is,

the

oa

TO

//)

ov

never produced by TaAAa.

viro is applied to the action of

a notion,

TO TriirovOtvat TO vw' tKtivov, 8C., ivog iraOog. is used passively in this dialogue. Soph. 245 d, e.

Soaw

166

c.

aXnOiaTaTa.

This is the solemn conclusion, the amen of the exposition. Nothing can be in worse taste than to censure the dialogue as aTTovQ. An ethical discourse, which deals with our emotions, may conclude with an allegory but a discussion like the Parmenides, conducted with mathematical formality and colourlessness, would show against the gorgeousness of a Platonic myth, somewhat like the Parthenon in a trans;

formation scene.

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX

A.

THE TroXXa
1.
i

fragments of Zeno, which illustrate the notion Ta

and

its results,
ECTTIV,

are as follows:

TroXXa

avtryio)

rooavra

tivai

ocra

tan,

icai

OUTE TrXetova airwv OVT& IXarrova.

Et SE roaavra tartv oaa

e<m, ir7Tpa(Tfj.va av

tt'jj.

Which

conclusion conflicts with

m\ lO

V.

2.

ji

TroXXa tartv, ccTrapa ra OVTO

i(TTtv*

ai yap
JUETO^U.

IVcpo

^ETO^V TWI;

ovrwv
TO.

lerrt,

Kai TraXti;
lo-rf.

Kti/wv

Tpa

Kai

ourwc

aTTtipa

OVTO.

Which
/.

conclusion conflicts with

the former, and both with To

3.
i

TroXXa

<TT<V,

!UK(>a jUEV, Ct(TT

\/

ava^Kr} aura
/

juticpa TE ftvat

cai juEyaXa'
v
?

^v
JUT}

ll>

jUE^Et/OC) jUE^aAa O

'\^>N

(iOT

Zeno here points out the true objection to space as metaphysical ultima the atom is all
:

a7Tpa EtVat. the atom and

quality,

and

space

is all

quantity.
fact,

Zeno's arguments against motion bring the

analysed, into collision with To
I'v.

when
place
:

Thus motion takes

from point

to point,

therefore within

determinate limits

therefore, to

make motion
:

rational, intelligible things

must

be
is

TTETrfpatTjUEva

q.a.e.

Again, the space between the points

aTTiipov

q. a. e.

102

APPENDIX.
made comprehensible by Mr. ProcGalloping Horse* At a given moment,
is

The Flying Arrow

tor's

Photographs of a
is

the horse

point-blank to the plate.

Professor Monck's

body might move during the breaks,f would have served Zeno, for it would bring out his point
objection, that the

that rest

is

motion and motion

rest.
;

Plato makes
,

much

use of Zeno

for

To 6X0 v, being

tv

is

on the way to motion.

* Gentleman's Magazine, December, 1881.

t Monck's Hamilton,

p. 98.

APPENDIX

B.

method

of specification is given
d.

most fully in

PLATO'S the Philebus,

referring, say,

14 c-18

It has nothing to do with

to the class

an individual

man
take

Man, a

process

which
is

is

justly caricatured in 6 rptroe avflpomoe.

If the

man
is

in the class,
it,

why do you
get
related,

him out
into
;

of

it ?

If he

not in

how do you

him

it ?

By

a medium,

which must he

and both

therefore 6 rpiroe ai>0pw-

TTOC is irrepressible.

The Platonic process states

be discerned
;

that there
is

is

a unity which can

is

that such unity

one pole, while the other

;

lost in indefiniteness, TO airtipov

that the investigator must

discover
limits,

and count the

varieties

which

lie

between the two

;

and in that way approach

real unity

and when such

unity is discovered,

we

may then disregard the endless variety

It
is,

of intermediate details.
research,

therefore, a process of positive

and not a barren negative.

found,
process

if

we
To

search, tupTjaetv -yap

?v,

The thing is The basis Ivovaav.

to be of the

is

just as the basis of Aristotle's view is the

existence of yivn in nature.

logic

Mill, similarly, has to build his

it
;

on causation, as he understands

but, to the con-

sistant empirical, there

can be no basis of logic except TO

lOt

APPENDIX.
" are a " All things," says Hegel,

(Tu/u/SejSrjKoe-

judgment

that

is

to say, they are individuals,

which are a universality

are a universal, which

or inner nature in themselves.

is

They
at the

individuality.

Their universality and individuality are

is

distinguished, but the one

same time

identical with
is

the other."*

Plato's process,

as well as Hegel's,
is.

safe

against 6 rpiroc avOpwiroe, which no empirical logic

* Wallace's Hegel, p. 258.

FINIS.

000 684 307

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