EXAMPLE OF BALLAD

THE BALLAD OF THE BLACK SLAVE

This is the ballad of the black slave, Who has been beaten and disgraced, Who has been called the n-word and negro, Who has received no pay. This is the ballad of the black slave, Who prays for freedom every night, Who is going to rebel, For what he thinks is right. Now this is the ballad of the freed slave, Who has seen much blood shed, Who has fought for equal rights, And who has won his freedom. Michael Issac Palmer

EXAMPLE OF LYRIC POETRY

Dying by Emily Dickinson

I heard a fly buzz when I died; The stillness round my form Was like the stillness in the air Between the heaves of storm. The eyes beside had wrung them dry, And breaths were gathering sure For that last onset, when the king Be witnessed in his power. I willed my keepsakes, signed away What portion of me I Could make assignable,-and then There interposed a fly, With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz, Between the light and me; And then the windows failed, and then I could not see to see.

EXAMPLE OF AN EPIC

BIAG NI LAM-ANG (Life of Lam-ang) is pre-Hispanic epic poem of the Ilocano people of the Philippines. The story was handed down orally for generations before it was written down around 1640 assumedly by a blind Ilocano bard named Pedro Bucaneg. (SUMMARY) OF BIAG NI LAM-ANG Don Juan and his wife Namongan lived in Nalbuan, now part of La Union in the northern part of the Philippines. They had a son named Lam-ang. Before Lam-ang was born, Don Juan went to the mountains in order to punish a group of their Igorot enemies. While he was away, his son Lam-ang was born. It took four people to help Namongan give birth. As soon as the baby boy popped out, he spoke and asked that he be given the name Lam-ang. He also chose his godparents and asked where his father was. After nine months of waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang decided he would go look for him. Namongan thought Lam-ang was up to the challenge but she was sad to let him go. During his exhausting journey, he decided to rest for a while. He fell asleep and had a dream about his father's head being stuck on a pole by the Igorot. Lam-ang was furious when he learned what had happened to his father. He rushed to their village and killed them all, except for one whom he let go so that he could tell other people about Lam-ang's greatness. Upon returning to Nalbuan in triumph, he was bathed by women in the Amburayan river. All the fish died because of the dirt and odor from Lam-ang's body. There was a young woman named Ines Kannoyan whom Lam-ang wanted to woo. She lived in Calanutian and he brought along his white rooster and gray dog to visit her. On the way, Lamang met his enemy Sumarang, another suitor of Ines whom he fought and readily defeated. Lam-ang found the house of Ines surrounded by many suitors all of whom were trying to catch her attention. He had his rooster crow, which caused a nearby house to fall. This made Ines look out. He had his dog bark and in an instant the fallen house rose up again. The girl's parents witnessed this and called for him. The rooster expressed the love of Lam-ang. The parents agreed to a marriage with their daughter if Lam-ang would give them a dowry valued at double their wealth. Lam-ang had no problem fulfilling this condition and he and Ines were married. It was a tradition to have a newly married man swim in the river for the rarang fish. Unfortunately, Lam-ang dove straight into the mouth of the water monster Berkakan. Ines had Marcos get his bones, which she covered with a piece of cloth. His rooster crowed and his dog barked and slowly the bones started to move. Back alive, Lam-ang and his wife lived happily ever after with his white rooster and gray dog.

EXAMPLE OF ELEGY

An Elegy Of The Earth

I before my death, Have composed, An elegy of the Earth, Which (after war) Roodali of the Air will sing, Weeping and wailing, Sitting amid the burnt Decomposed bodies. The Decree of Death Has been written, On the pale forehead of the Earth; Only time is to be fixed. We are neither afraid of death, Nor covetous for life, We only wish to relish in full, Our natural life before the final ruin, And it is our right too. If war is indispensable, We shall fight it only for our existence, For our dreams are not The fuel for the wars being fought on rent. Roodali is a professional woman whom the elite class of the Sikhs hires to lament on the death of someone. (Written by Jawaaz Jafri Translated by Muhammad Shanazar)

EXAMPLE OF AN ODE
Song of Myself I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loaf and invite my soul, I lean and loaf at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. My tongue, every atom of my blood, formed from this soil, this air, Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death. Creeds and schools in abeyance, Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten, I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard, Nature without check with original energy.

EXAMPLE OF SONNET

ON HIS BLINDNESS BY MILTON

When I consider how my light is spent (a) Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, (b) And that one talent which is death to hide, (b) Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent (a) To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a) My true account, lest he returning chide; (b) "Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" (b) I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a) That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need (c) Either man's work or his own gifts; who best (d) Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state (e) Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed (c) And post o'er land and ocean without rest; (d) They also serve who only stand and wait." (e)

EXAMPLE OF HAIKU
Basho Matsuo is known as the first great poet of Haiku. Remember that in translation, the moras wont be the same as syllables. In Japanese, there are 5 moras in the first and third line, and 7 in the second, following the 5-7-5 structure of haiku. Here are three examples of his haiku poems: An old silent pond... A frog jumps into the pond, Splash! Silence again.

EXAMPLE OF DRAMATIC POETRY THE DREAM CALLED LIFE BY: PEDRO CALDERON DELA BARCA
DREAM it was in which I found myself. And you that hail me now, then hailed me king, In a brave palace that was all my own, Within, and all without it, mine; until, Drunk with excess of majesty and pride, Methought I towered so big and swelled so wide That of myself I burst the glittering bubble Which my ambition had about me blown And all again was darkness. Such a dream As this, in which I may be walking now, Dispensing solemn justice to you shadows, Who make believe to listen; but anon Kings, princes, captains, warriors, plume and steel, Ay, even with all your airy theater, May flit into the air you seem to rend With acclamations, leaving me to wake In the dark tower; or dreaming that I wake From this that waking is; or this and that, Both waking and both dreaming; such a doubt Confounds and clouds our mortal life about. But whether wake or dreaming, this I know How dreamwise human glories come and go; Whose momentary tenure not to break, Walking as one who knows he soon may wake, So fairly carry the full cup, so well Disordered insolence and passion quell, That there be nothing after to upbraid Dreamer or doer in the part he played; Whether tomorrow's dawn shall break the spell, Or the last trumpet of the Eternal Day, When dreaming, with the night, shall pass away.

EXAMPLE OF FOLK SONGS

DALAGANG PILIPINA
Ang dalagang Pilipina Parang tala sa umaga Kung tanawin ay nakaliligaya May ningning na tangi at dakilang ganda Bulaklak na tanging marilag Ang bango ay humahalimuyak Sa mundo'y dakilang panghiyas Pang-aliw sa pusong may hirap Batis ng ligaya at galak Hantungan ng madlang pangarap Ganyan ang dalagang Pilipina Karapat-dapat sa isang tunay na pagsinta (Maging sa ugali, maging kumilos, mayumi, mahinhin, mabini ang lahat ng ayos Malinis ang puso maging sa pag-irog may tibay at tining ng loob.)

KATAKATAKA
Kataka-takang mahibang ang katulad ko sa iyo Biru-biro ang simula ang wakas pala ay ano? Aayaw-ayaw pa ako, ngunit yan ay di totoo Dahil sa iyo puso kong itoy binihag mo. Ala-ala ka maging gabit araw Alipinin moy walang kailangan Marinig ko lang sa labi mo hirang Na akoy iibigin lagi habang buhay.

EXAMPLE OF TANKA
Translucent waves Rolling towards the shore gradually I have come to see Well never be lovers AMELIA FIELDEN Oh, yes, They are still crying Pearl Harbor Inside of Linda Okinawa inside of me MARIO KITAKUBO Outside the cottage We hear grunion at night Swarming the beach Little abominations Perishing in moonlight MICHAEL McCLINTOCK A spring day spent Turning the garden soil To my hearts content Tonight I will caress you With these earth-bound hands MARGARET CHULA A storm coming up And as I take the laundry Off the line It occurs me This is a moment to savor TOM CLAUSEN

EXAMPLE OF RIDDLES
1. What gets wetter and wetter the more it dries? 2. You throw away the outside and cook the inside. Then you eat the outside and throw away the inside. What did you eat? 3. What goes up and down the stairs without moving? 4. What can you catch but not throw? 5. I can run but not walk. Wherever I go, thought follows close behind. What am I? 6. What's black and white and red all over? 7. What goes around the world but stays in a corner? 8. I have holes in my top and bottom, my left and right, and in the middle. But I still hold water. What am I? 9. Give me food, and I will live; give me water, and I will die. What am I? 10. The man who invented it doesn't want it. The man who bought it doesn't need it. The man who needs it doesn't know it. What is it?

EXAMPLE OF SAYING

Don't dream your life, live your dreams!

The moment I first saw you, you warmed my heart, the second time you made little flames and now you make my heart burn like hell!

It is easier to get Forgiveness than Permission. .

If a kiss is a snowflake I would send you a whole snowstorm!

Lord, if I can't be skinny, please let all my friends be fat.

Good night my love! We will meet each other in our dreams to spend a few moments with love and happines together. I love you!

Here's to you, here's to me, the best of friends we'll always be. But if we ever disagree, forget you here's to me!

If I could look into your eyes, I would feel like in paradise ...

Death leaves a heartache no one can heal - love leaves a memory no one can steal.

If your heart was a prison, I would like to be sentenced for life.

EXAMPLE OF PSALMS
1:1 Blessed is the man who doesnt walk in the counsel of the wicked, nor stand in the way of sinners, nor sit in the seat of scoffers; 1:2 but his delight is in Yahwehs law. On his law he meditates day and night. 1:3 He will be like a tree planted by the streams of water, that brings forth its fruit in its season, whose leaf also does not wither. Whatever he does shall prosper. 1:4 The wicked are not so, but are like the chaff which the wind drives away. 1:5 Therefore the wicked shall not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous. 1:6 For Yahweh knows the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked shall perish. 2:1 Why do the nations rage, and the peoples plot a vain thing? 2:2 The kings of the earth take a stand, and the rulers take counsel together, against Yahweh, and against his Anointed, saying, 2:3 Lets break their bonds apart, and cast their cords from us. 2:4 He who sits in the heavens will laugh. The Lord will have them in derision.

EXAMPLE OF PROVERBS
Between the devil and the deep sea Where there's a will there's a way To choose between two equally bad alternatives in a serious dilemma. When a person really wants to do something, he will find a way of doing it.

A burnt child dreads fire A bad experience or a horrifying incident may scar one's attitude or thinking for a lifetime. First come, first served A friend in need is a friend indeed Discretion is the better part of valor The first in line will be attended to first. A friend who helps when one is in trouble is a real friend.

If you say discretion is the better part of valor, you mean that avoiding a dangerous or unpleasant situation is sometimes the most sensible thing to do. A person who does not get what he wants or needs is a frustrated person and will be easily provoked to rage.

A hungry man is an angry man

Empty vessels make the Those people who have a little knowledge usually talk the most noise most and make the greatest fuss. A man is as old as he feels Great talkers are little doers A person's age is immaterial - it is only when he thinks and feels that he is ageing that he actually becomes old. Those people who talk a lot and are always teaching others usually do not do much work.

EXAMPLE OF NARRATIVE POETRY HIAWATHA'S DEPARTURE FROM THE SONG OF HIAWATHA BY HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW
By the shore of Gitchie Gumee, By the shining Big-Sea-Water, At the doorway of his wigwam, In the pleasant Summer morning, Hiawatha stood and waited. All the air was full of freshness, All the earth was bright and joyous, And before him through the sunshine, Westward toward the neighboring forest Passed in golden swarms the Ahmo, Passed the bees, the honey-makers, Burning, singing in the sunshine. Bright above him shown the heavens, Level spread the lake before him; From its bosom leaped the sturgeon, Aparkling, flashing in the sunshine; On its margin the great forest Stood reflected in the water, Every tree-top had its shadow, Motionless beneath the water. From the brow of Hiawatha Gone was every trace of sorrow, As the fog from off the water, And the mist from off the meadow. With a smile of joy and triumph, With a look of exultation, As of one who in a vision Sees what is to be, but is not, Stood and waited Hiawatha.

EXAMPLE OF METHRICAL TALE Ibong Adarna (The Adarna Bird)

King Fernando of Berbania had three sons, Pedro, Diego and Juan of whom the last was the favorite. He so loved Juan that when one night he dreamed that his two children conspired against their youngest brother, the king became so frightened that he fell sick with a malady, which non of the physicians of the kingdom were able to cure. Persons were not lacking, however, who would advise him that bird Adarna was the one living being in the world which could restore to him his lost health and tranquility. Acting on this advice, he sent out his oldest son Pedro to look for this coveted animal. After days of wandering through the dense forests ad extensive thickets, he came to a tree of diamond, at the foot of which he fell down tired and thirsty. He never suspected that it was this tree the very one in which the famous bird was accustomed to pass the night; and when the night was setting and the Adarna flung into the air the first of its seven songs, his melody was so softly sweet that Pedro was lulled into a profound sleep. After emitting its seventh melody for the night, the bird defecated on the sleeping prince who was thereby converted into a stone. When Pedro had not returned after the lapse of one year, the impatient king commanded his second son Diego also to launch out in search of the same bird. Diego underwent the same vicissitudes and hardships and came to exactly the same fate as Pedro - converted into a stone at the foot of the enchanted tree. At last Juan, the youngest and most favored son was sent forth, after his elder brothers in search of the treacherous bird. Juan, however, had the fortune to meet on his way an old hermit who impressed by the virtuous and good manners of the young prince on knowing the mission on which he embarked, put him on guard against the treacheries, intrigues and cunning of the famous bird. First, he provided him with a knife and a fruit of lemon, warning him that if he wanted to free himself from the irresistible drowsiness into which one would to be induced by the seven melodies of the Adarna, he had to open on his body seven wounds and distil into them the juice of the lemon that the pain thereby caused might present him from sleeping. Next, the hermit warned him to avoid any defecation that might fall from the bird after it had sung its seven songs, so that he would not suffer the fate of his brothers. Lastly, he told him that after finishing his seventh song the famous bird would fall sleep and that the prince should take advantage of this occasion to take him prisoner. The hermit gave him a golden cord to tie the bird when caught and two pails of water to pour over his two petrified brothers and thereby bring them back to life. Juan did as was bidden and soon found himself in possession of the desired bird and on his way back to his home country with his two brothers, Pedro and Diego. On the way, however, being envious on account of the fact that Juan had obtained what they were not able to do so, the two older brothers conspired between themselves to do away with him. Pedro suggested that they should kill him but Diego who was less brutal convinced Pedro that it was sufficient to beat him, which they did. After beating Juan to whom they owed their lives, they left him unconscious in the middle of the road and the two brothers continued their way to the palace where they presented themselves to their fathers as the ones who actually caught the bird Adarna. To their surprise, the bird refused to sing for the king in the absence of Prince Juan and the monarch did not get well. It was also fortunate that the old hermit who guided Juan to the Adarna found him stretched out helpless on the road, after curing him of his wounds the prince could return safe and sound to his father's kingdom. It as then the bird, out of sheer contentment, burst into most harmonious song recounting it its proper time to the king after he was cured the truth about the absence of Juan. The monarch, blinded by his ire, decreed the death of his two elder sons; but Juan with a noble heart interceded for them as always and once again reigned in the kingdom peace and merriment. But on a certain night when Juan fell asleep while guarding the Adarna bird in its golden cage, his two elder brothers again entered into conspiracy with one another to put him in bad with their father by letting out the bird from the cage. Juan, ashamed of what he thought was his fault, slipped out of the palace and started to go in search of the famous bird. King Fernando hurriedly ordered Pedro and Diego to start pursuit of the bird and Juan. During the search the bird could not be found anywhere, but the three brothers happened to meet at a place close to a well which they decided to explore instead of returning to the palace for the fear of the ire of their father. Pedro, the eldest, was the first to descend by means of a cord lowered by the two brothers who remained above; but he had scarcely gone a third of the way when he felt afraid and gave sign for his two brothers to pull him out of the well. Presently,

Diego was let down but he too could not go farther down than half of the way. When it was Juan's turn to go he allowed himself to be let down to the lowest depths of the cistern. There the prince discovered two enchanted palaces, the first being occupied by Princess Juana who informed him she was being held prisoner by a giant, and the second by Princess Leonora, also the prisoner of a big seven-headed serpent. After killing the giant and the serpent, the prince tagged on the cord and soon came up to the surface of the earth with the two captive princesses, whom his two brothers soon wanted to take away from him. Pedro desired Princess Juana for himself and Diego wanted Princess Leonora. Before the parting, however, Leonora discovered that she left her ring in the innermost recesses of the well. Juan voluntarily offered to take it for her but when he was half way down, the two brothers criminally let him fall to the bottom and abandoned him to his face. Not long after wedding bells were rung in the palace. Pedro married Princess Juana but Princess Leonora before casting her lot with Prince Diego requested her marriage to him delayed for a term of seven years because she might still have a chance to unite herself with Don Juan. Don Juan, thanks to Leonora's enchanted ring found in the well, could avail himself of the help of a wolf which cured him of his wounds, fix his dislocations, bringing him the medicinal waters of the Jordan, and took him out from the profundities of the well. Already shorn of all hope of ever finding the Adarna, Don Juan resolved to return to the Kingdom. But to his confusion, he was unable to find his way. No one could tell him precisely which was the way that would lead him to the kingdom of his father. He came across two or three hermits neither of whom could give him the necessary information. The last of these called into conference all the birds big and small marauding around in those parts, but none of them could tell the prince the direction towards the Berbanian Kingdom. But the king of all the crowd, a swiftly soaring eagle, having compassion for his troubles, offered to take the prince to wherever he desired. In long continued flight the prince and the eagle traversed through infinite spaces until they came to a distant crystal lake on whose shores they landed to rest from their long and tiresome flight. Then the eagle relate to his companion the secrets of the crystal lake. This was the bathing place where in certain hours of the day the three daughters of the most powerful and most feared king fo the surrounding regions used to plunge and dive into the water and swim; and for this reason it was not proper for the prince to commit any indiscretion if he desired to remain and se the spectacle of the bath. Don Juan remained and when the hour of the bathing arrived he saw plunging into the pure crystal water the figures of the three most beautiful princesses whom his sinful eyes had ever seen in all his life; and then he secretly hid and kept one of the dresses. When one of the princesses noticed the outrage, her two sisters had already gone away and the prince hurriedly ran to her and on his knee begged her pardon placing at her feet her stolen dresses and at the same time poured forth the most ardent and tender professions of love. Pleased by his gentleness and gallant phrases, the princess also fell in love with him; but she advised him that it would be better for him to go away before her father would come to know of his intrusion because if he did not do so she would be converted into another piece of stone for the walls of the enchanted palace in which they live, in the same way that all the other suitors who aspired for their hands had been converted into. On being informed of the adventure of the bold prince the king sent for him. Don Juan would dare everything for the privilege of seeing his beloved, presented himself to the king in spite of the princess' warning; and the king greatly impressed with the youth's tact and self-possession chose to give him to series of tests both gigantic and impossible of accomplishment by ordinary mortals. The first was to plant two baskets full of wheat given to him by the king on the top of the mountain after converting same into a level land, and to prepare on the following day with the grain they produce the bread for the breakfast of the king and all his courtiers. The second was to remove the mountain found in front of the king's palace to a place behind it, to make way for the cool breezes which he would like to enter his palace. The third was to gather in a single day a number of negroes and negresses thrown into the sea, and to deposit them together in a big bottle. The fourth was for him to construct a feudal castle in the sea together with its complements of troops and ammunitions, everything to be ready for the king's inspection on the following day. For the fifth and last test the king threw his ring into the ocean and made the prince recover it from its bottomless depths. To all these tests Do Juan submitted himself and in all he came out triumphant, thanks to the talisman which was given him by his beloved Dona (Princess) Maria who shared with her father king his power of enchantment. The last proved to be most difficult, as in order to look for the royal ring in the bottomless depths of the ocean, the princess had to allow her body to cut up into pieces and then thrown into the sea as this was the only way whereby the lost jewel could be recovered by her for the sake of her beloved prince. It happened however that when her body was being cut into pieces the end of one of her fingers was dropped from the aggregate of her flesh and on the account it not recovered. But the king, who as may be seen was more obstinate than the legitimate proverbial Briton, wanted him finally to choose from the three princesses without seeing their persons except on their finger which would be places through a small hole in each of their respective rooms.

The princess Dona Maria inserted her cut finger and it was not hard for Don Juan to pick her out from among the three. At this juncture, the royal monarch declared himself satisfied; but the princess fearing that her father might resort to a new trick to foil their happiness ordered the prince to direct himself to the royal stables in order to take there from the best horse, which was the seventh counting from the left, and to saddle him and have him ready for them to flee on that same night. Unfortunately, the prince made a mistake taking in his hurry the eight instead of the seventh charger which was the fastest in the whole stable, and when the king came to know of their flight he himself mounted the seventh and immediately went in pursuit of the fugitives whom he soon was about to overtake. In this contingency, the princess in order to save themselves, unfastened and dropped her hair pins which, on touching the ground, were converted into an extensive pile of thorns that obliged their tenacious persecutor to along way around. When the next time he came in sight close behind them, the princess shook off the sweat drops on her face and they were converted into a wide mass of impassable clasp which caused the king to be detained long a second time. For the last time the princess poured out over the ground a bottle of enchanted water, which was converted into a big rapidly flowing stream which proved to be an insurmountable barrier between them and their pursuer. When at last they found themselves safe and free, it did not take them long before they could reach the portals of the Berbanian Kingdom. But the prince, alleging that he should have such preparations duly made for entry into the royal palace as are appropriate her category and dignity, left Dona Maria on the way promising to return for her once he had informed the committee that was to receive her. But Oh! the unfaithfulness of human heart! Once in the midst of the gay life of the palace after his triumphant reception by his people, Don Juan soon forgot his professions of love to Dona Maria. The worst thing about it however was that he became dazzled by the beauty of Princess Leonora who had been waiting for him during all the days of his absence that he sought her hand in marriage; while Dona Maria was impatiently waiting for his return. When she came to know of the infidelity of Don Juan, the pilgrim princess made use of the talisman which she always carried with her and adorned with the most beautiful royal garments and carried in a large coach drawn by eight sorrel-colored horses with four palfreys, she presented herself at the door of the palace practically inviting herself to the royal wedding of the Prince Don Juan and the Princess Dona Leonora. Out of respect for so beautiful a guest from far away foreign lands and on the occasion of the wedding itself, there were celebrated tournaments, in one of which Dona Maria succeeded in inserting as one of the number dance of a negrito and a negrita created from nothing through her marvelous talisman. In the dance the negrita carried a whip in her hand and with it she pitilessly lashed her negrito partner, calling him Don Juan while she proceeded to remind of all the vicissitudes of fortune undergone by him at the side on Dona Maria, the part which was played by the whipping negrita: the scene of the bath, the different tests to which he had been subjected by her father, the flight of both that was full of accidents, and his cruel abandonment of her on the way. Every crack of the whip which fell on the shoulders of the negrito seemed at the time to the true Don Juan as it is was lashing his own body and flesh. At the end of the scene, the prince repentant of his grave offense came down from his throne to implore pardon from the princess Dona Maria and to offer her his hand, promising to take her for his wife in the presence of all the people of his Kingdom. When the king, his father Don Fernando, came to know of the rivalry of the two princesses, Dona Maria and Dona Leonora, both aspiring to the hand of Don Juan, he consulted with the archbishop of the kingdom on the case, the church dignitary deciding in favor of Dona Leonora invoking for her the priority of the right. But Dona Maria was determined to fight to the last for the prince of her love and, taking advantage of the power of her talisman, sent all over Barbanina Kingdom a big inundation which threatened to carry away the whole nation together with all its inhabitants. King Fernando and his subjects trembled in the face of the imminent danger and all supplicated Princess Dona Leonora to be content with marrying Don Diego, the brother of Don Juan, which she did for the good of all, occasioning for this reason a double marriage - an occasion which brought about once more tranquility and joy to the Berbanian Kingdom.

EXAMPLE OF METHRICAL ROMANCE

FLORANTE AT LAURA {FLORANTE AND LAURA} STORY SUMMARY

Florante is alone and weary, in a deep dark forest, tied to a tree waiting to be eaten by ravenous wild beasts Florante was the son of Duke Briseo of Albanya and Princess Floresca of Krotona. At a young age, Florante was sent to Atenas to pursue his studies. There he met Menandro and Adolfo. Adolfo was naturally selfish and envious even when he was still young. He held a secret hate towards Florante. Menandro was Adolfos exact opposite. He is a kind, loyal, and a trustworthy friend to Florante. Of the three, Florante was the smartest, which was the reason why he was the professors favorite. Adolfos anger fumes even more. He secretly swore to plot revenge upon Florante. Once there was a dramatic play being help at the academy. Adolfo made true the part he played. He stabbed Florante for real, but failed to kill him because of Menandros speed and agility. He saved Florante. And everyone hated Adolfo. He was advised by Antenor to return to Albanya. Meanwhile, Florante and his fellows stayed and continued studying in Antenas, until, Florante received a bad news from his father his mother had died. Florante returned home to Albanya. Not very long, his father, the duke, introduced Florante to the king. And this is when Florante laid eyes on Laura, the beautiful daughter of King Linseo. Even it was only their eyes that met, the hearts of Florante and Laura had an instant and clear understanding. They loved each other from then on. However Florante had to go to Krotona, where his grandfather ruled. Albanyas King Linseo assigned Florante to come to the aid of the warring Krotona. With Gods help, Florante succeeded. He saved Krotona against the Moors. Unfortunately, when Florante returned to Albanya, he discovered that it was now the kingdom that was in peril. The moors had imprisoned his father, and even Adolfo. Nonetheless Florante saved them all and freed the prisoners once again. So King Linseo loved Florante even more. And Florantes deeds became famous overseas.

RECENT DISCOVERIES AND BREAKTHROUGHS IN EARTH AND SPACE

Background: Recent Astronomical Breakthroughs

The discovery of habitable Earth-like planets, a long-time goal for scientists, is a lengthy process in which every step counts. Recent years have brought a series of breakthrough discoveries that bring us closer to the discovery of other habitable planets in space. In March 2008, NASA discovered methane in the atmosphere of HD 189733 b, a planet in another solar system located 63 light years away from Earth. Even though the scorching atmosphere on this planet would make life on it impossible, this discovery opened the doors for the future detection of smaller, cooler planets that could offer an habitable atmosphere similar to that of Earth. In June of the same year, a team of European astronomers amazed scientists around the world with their discovery of a rare trio of super-Earths orbiting HD 40307, a sun-like star 42 located light years from Earth. These rocky planets have up to 10 times the mass of Earth and, as scientists suggested, could have the ability to maintain enough warmth to support life for 35 percent longer than our planet. In March 2009, NASA scientists paved the way for a 2020 expedition to Jupiters moons, Titan and Europa, in hopes of finding new clues in their search for life in space. Within the same tear, Samuel P. Kounaves of Tufts University and his team managed to discover alkaline soil on Mars, a feature that would enable plant growth on the Red Planet. These encouraging findings have given scientists a more solid basis on which to found their hopes for the discovery of other habitable planets in space. In March 2009, NASA scientists paved the way for a 2020 expedition to Jupiters moons, Titan and Europa, in hopes of finding new clues in their search for life in space. Within the same tear, Tufts University professor Samuel P. Kounaves and his team managed to discover alkaline soil on Mars, a feature that would enable plant growth on the Red Planet. These encouraging findings have given scientists a more solid basis on which to found their hopes for the discovery of other habitable planets in space. In January 2010, NASA announced that its Keplers Mission had discovered five new extra-solar planets. Even tough these planets, labeled roasters, had extreme surface temperatures due to their proximity to the stars they orbited and their short orbit time span, their discovery allowed scientists to be optimistic about the potential detection of Earth-like habitable planets in a not too distant future.

Earth Science
Snow-Wing Flights Make Flakes
Reported November 2011
BOULDER, CO (Ivanhoe Newswire) -- When it comes to flying, there are 23,000 scheduled take offs and landings each day in the U.S. Now some of those never make it off the ground due to bad weatherbut what if we told you, some bad weather is caused by those planes? Well show you how the plane you are in could be causing a change in the local weather.

It looked like something out of sci-fi, in 2009 thousands thought a UFO landed in Moscow, but what could this be? After careful observation, scientists determined that the strange looking sight in the sky was actually a hole-punch cloud caused by planestaking off and landing can cause a hole-punch cloud. "Basically, what it means is an aircraft puts a hole in a cloud, Andrew Heymsfield, an atmospheric scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research told Ivanhoe. Atmospheric scientist Andrew Heymsfield says cloudscaused by planes can also impact our weather -causing it to rain or snow under the right conditions. A plane creates what's known as a "hole punch" cloud. As it punches through the cloud, the plane causes a drop in temperature turning the clouds water droplets into ice. The result is a hole of blue sky in the air and snow on the ground below. "You need cloud and you need it in the right temperature range," Heymsfield said. Temperatures have to be between 15 and minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit. In some cases, planes can cause snowfall at a rate of two inches per hour. The phenomenon is most common in places like Alaska, Colorado, and the arctic or Antarctic. It can happen more often than you might think. "We've documented in the wintertime, as much as 20-30 percent of the time over major airport, these cloud layers can persist," Heymsfield added. The length of the holes can be more than two miles wide and 60 miles long. Professor Heymsfield was lucky enough to see one himself. "I saw it in Denver actually. I was on my bicycle, and I said, 'oh, my goodness. This is wonderful. I finally get to see one," Heymsfield added. Its a spectacle where modern-day transportation affects our every-day climate. Heymsfield says people on the aircraft are not aware when this phenomenon occurs. It can happen during take-off or landing. The American Geophysical Union and the American Meteorological Society contributed to the information contained in the TV portion of this report.

Phobos 1 and 2 to Mars (RUSSIAN AND US SPACE EXPLORATIONS) USSR Mars Lander/Orbiter Courtesy of NASA's National Space Science Data Center

Mission Statistics: Launch Date: July 7, 1988 (Phobos 1) and July 21, 1988 (Phobos 2) Launch Vehicle: Proton Mass: 2,600 kilograms (5,720 pounds); 6,220 kilograms (13,685 pounds) with orbital insertion hardware attached Power System: Solar panels

Description Phobos 1, and its companion spacecraft Phobos 2, were the next-generation in the Venera-type planetary missions, succeeding those last used during the Vega 1 and 2 missions to comet P/Halley. The objectives of the Phobos missions were to:

conduct studies of the interplanetary environment; perform observations of the Sun; characterize the plasma environment in the Martian vicinity; conduct surface and atmospheric studies of Mars; and, study the surface composition of the Martian satellite Phobos.

The main section of the spacecraft consisted of a pressurized toroidal electronics section surrounding a modular cylindrical experiment section. Below these were mounted four spherical tanks containing hydrazine for attitude control and, after the main propulsion module was to be jettisoned, orbit adjustment. A total of 28 thrusters (twenty-four 50-Newton thrusters and four 10-Newton thrusters) were mounted on the spherical tanks with additional thrusters mounted on the spacecraft body and solar panels. Attitude was maintained through the use of a three-axis control system with pointing maintained with sun and star sensors. Phobos 1 operated nominally until an expected communications session on 2 September 1988 failed to occur. The failure of controllers to regain contact with the spacecraft was traced to an error in the software uploaded on 29/30 August which had deactivated the attitude thrusters. This resulted in a loss of lock on the Sun, resulting in the spacecraft orienting the solar arrays away from the Sun, thus depleting the batteries. Phobos 2 operated nominally throughout its cruise and Mars orbital insertion phases, gathering data on the Sun, interplanetary medium, Mars, and Phobos. Contact was lost shortly before the final phase of the mission, during which the spacecraft was to approach within 50 meters (110 feet) of Phobos'

surface and release two landers, one a mobile 'hopper', the other a stationary platform. The mission ended when the spacecraft signal failed to be successfully reacquired on 27 March 1989. The cause of the failure was determined to be a malfunction of the on-board computer. Phobos 2 Views Mars & Phobos Collection of Phobos II Color Imagery This is a collection of all the color imagery taken by Phobos II containing both Phobos and Mars, and Mars alone as shown in the upper right-hand corner. The photos in the upper left, middle right, and lower right were processed by he Russians at IKI followed by Ted Stryk to reduce the color enhancements IKI made. The middle and lower left images, as well as the top right, were processed Ted Stryk from black and white Phobos II images. They have been corrected for distortion. The color composite was made by combining the red, blue, and an artificially produced green image made by averaging the red and blue channels. The red channel in the upper left image was so badly overexposed that is was nearly a washout, so the color data is extremely poor. Unknown at the time taken, the image at the middle left, with the badly overexposed disk of mars, was to be the last color image of the Russian planetary program, taken two days before contact was lost forever with Phobos II.(Courtesy Ted Stryk) Phobos 2 VSK image of the Martian Moon Phobos This image was taken by the VSK instrument on the USSR Phobos 2 spacecraft in March of 1989 shortly before the spacecraft failed. It is made from blue and red images superimposed on a broadband high resolution image. The color is as true as can be with no real green image, although color variations are exagerated. From the VSK data, this is perhaps the prettiest color picture.(Courtesy Ted Stryk)

Time Line of Space Exploration

October 4, 1957 - Sputnik 1, the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, is launched by the U.S.S.R., and remains in orbit until January 4, 1958. November 3, 1957 - Sputnik 2, carrying the dog Laika for 7 days in orbit, is launched by the U.S.S.R., and remains in orbit until April 13, 1958.

January 31, 1958 - Explorer 1, the first U.S. satellite in orbit, lifts off at Cape Canaveral using a modified ABMA-JPL Jupiter-C rocket. It carries a scientific experiment of James A. Van Allen, and discovers the Earth's radiation belt. March 5, 1958 - Explorer 2 is launched by a Jupiter-C rocket, and fails to reach orbit. March 17, 1958 - Vanguard 1 satellite is launched into orbit, and continues to transmit for 3 years. May 15, 1958 - Sputnik 3 is launched by the U.S.S.R. October 1, 1958 - N.A.S.A. is founded, taking over existing National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics.

October 11, 1958 - Pioneer 1, U.S. - IGY space probe, launched to a height of 70,700 miles.

January 2, 1959 - Luna 1, first man-made satellite to orbit the moon, is launched by the U.S.S.R. March 3, 1959 - Pioneer 4, fourth U.S.-IGY space probe was launched by a Juno II rocket, and achieved an earth-moon trajectory, passing within 37,000 miles of the moon. It then fell into a solar orbit, becoming the first U.S. sun orbiter. September 12, 1959 - Luna 2 is launched, impacting on the moon on September 13 carrying a copy of the Soviet coat of arms, and becoming the first man-made object to hit the moon. October 4, 1959 - Luna 3 translunar satellite is launched, orbiting the moon and photographing 70 percent of the far side of the moon.

April 1, 1960 - Tiros 1, the first successful weather satellite, is launched by the U.S. August 18, 1960 - Discoverer XIV launches the first U.S. camera-equipped Corona spy satellite.

April 12, 1961 - Vostok 1 is launched by the U.S.S.R., carrying Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gargarin, the first man in space. He orbits the Earth once. May 5, 1961 - Mercury Freedom 7 carries Alan B. Shepard,Jr., the first U.S. Astronaut into space, in a suborbital flight. August 6, 1961 - Vostok 2 is launched by the U.S.S.R., carrying Cosmonaut Gherman Titov, the first day-long Soviet space flight.

February 20, 1962 - Mercury Friendship 7 lifts off with John H. Glenn, Jr., the first American in orbit, and orbits the Earth three times. May 24, 1962 - Mercury Aurora 7 is launched with M. Scott Carpenter, making three orbits. July 10, 1962 - Telstar 1, U.S. satellite, beams the first live transatlantic telecast. December 14, 1962 - U.S. Mariner 2, the first successful planetary spacecraft, flies past Venus, and enters a solar orbit.

GROUP 6

LEADER: GLAIDELLE P. ASIA ASST. LEADER: MELIZA JOY PAZ MEMBER: REGIE MORENO ELIZABETH FIGUERA IVY AURIADA CECILLE ESTRELLA