1.

C alculus Tutorial 2 ---- Integral C alculus

S riniva san Ne nme li-K

Introduction
Inte gra l Ca lculus is the re ve rse proce ss of diffe re ntiation or finding the de rivative .

S uppose y = f(x)
We find the de rivative dy/dx by the me thods give n in the tutorial1.

Le t dy/dx = g(x) , anothe r function of x.

Now we re write this as follows:

dy = g (x) dx

The proce ss of inte gration use s the inte gral symbol or sign:
Le t us "inte grate " both side s

The re sult is : y = f(x)

We ge t back the original function.! It is re ally that simple .
The Inte gra l is ,the re fore ,calle d "Anti-de rivative ".

A fe w te rms to le arn: The function f(x) is calle d 'the inte gral of g(x) dx" .
The function g(x) (within the inte gral sign) is calle d the integrand.
In ge ne ral we write :

He re C is calle d "the constant of inte gration" . Why we add this? You will le arn its
me aning shortly.

Note that : df(x)/dx= g(x) and dC/dx=0

The re fore the addition of C doe s not affe ct the proce ss at all, but se rve s a purpose .!

Now le t us se e a fe w simple e xample s to be come familiar with the proce ss of

inte gra tion,be fore we e xplore the 'physical and graphical inte rpre tation ' of the inte gral.

Simple Integration Examples

Example 1 Le t g(x) = k, a constant say g(x) = 3

Inte gration is some what e asy,be cause we can always che ck our re sult by
diffe re ntiating the inte gral;we should ge t back the inte grand.DO THIS CHECKING
ALWAYS.

f(x) = 3x+C df(x)/dx = 3 =g(x)

This we ca n unde rstand at once : y= 3x+C is a straight line with slope of 3. The function
g(x) = 3 which is the de rivative of y or dy/dx which is the slope .
The re is nothing surprising or strange about this.

Wha t doe s C signify he re ? we ll---C is the inte rce pt in this line e quation.. g(x) is the
de riva tive a nd so, we are looking at the slope only.The inte rce pt could be any value .This
inte gra l 3x+C re pre se nts all the straight line s with the same slope of 3 or the family of
line s or paralle l line s with the same slope but with diffe re nt inte rce pts.

Le t us find the inte gral : Give n a point on the line , x=2 and y=9
The n y= 9 = 3x+C= 6 +C --> C=3 --> y= 3x+3
Now you are spe cifying a particular line with inte rce pt C=3
This is the purpose or me aning of attaching C, the inte gration constant.
Go ove r this e xample once again to gain an unde rstanding of this e sse ntial conce pt of
inte gra tion.

Example 2 Le t g(x) = x The n

Che ck:

Le t us unde rstand this re sult. y = g(x) = x is a straight line passing through the or igin
with slope =1.
The inte gral re pre se nts a family of parabolas.
If it is give n that the inte gral re pre se nts a parabola pasing through (2,5) the n
y = 5 = 4/2 + C C= 3
Now we a re re fe rring to a particular parabola with ve rte x at (0,3)

Try ske tching this parabola.!

3 Le t The n:

Che ck:

4. Now we can ge ne ralize and find a formula:

If

--------------------[1]

Che ck:Re ca ll that

The re fore :

You have to re me mbe r this formula for quick work.

This formula works when n is negative ,[except when n = - 1] and also when n is a
fraction.

We ne e d two important re sults ,as we did for diffe re ntiation:

1. If k is a constant, the n

2.
[The inte gration is also a line ar ope rator like diffe re ntiation.]

We illustra te this re sult with a fe w e xample s:

Exa mple 3 Find

Example 4 Find

=
This is calle d "inte rgration te rm by te rm".

Applica tion Proble m 1: The ve locity of a car was give n by the e quation: v= 25 t + 10
whe re t is time in hours.

Find its position,S , as a function of time .

Ve locity = v = ds/dt = 25t +10

ds= (25t+10)dt

If the original position of the car was 5 mile s from home , find the e quation:
Whe n t= 0, S =5=C

[Note : In the e quation v=25t+10, the acce le ration is a=25, since v(t)=at+v(0)]

Example 5 Find

Re call that

The re fore :

Example 6 Find
He re n = -2 Using the formula [1] give n e arlie r:

+C

Example 7 Find

He re n= 1/2 n+1 = 3/2

+C

Example 8 Find

Example 9 Find
Expand the function (2x+1)^2 and inte grate te rm by te rm.

Pra ctice Proble ms

1 Find

2 Find

3 Find
4 Find

5 Find

Physical and graphical interpretation of an Integral

We inte rpre te d a de rivative as the slope for a curve at a give n point on the curve .
The antide rivative or inte gral of a function is the are a unde r the curve of y= f(x) a nd
the x axis.

Take a simple function: y= 4x This is a straight line passing through the origin.Le t us
take the triangular pie ce from x= 0 to x = 2. [The ve rtice s are (0,0)(0,2),(2,8).] The
are a unde r the curve will be give n by are a= (1/2) base x he ight = (1/2) 2 x 8 = 8
units.In ge ne ral te rms,
a re a = (1/2) x (4x) = 2x.x
Le t us inte grate :

You ge t the same re sult.

The re fore inte gration is adding up small strips of are a e ach with a width of dx along the
x axis a nd the corre sponding y value s on the curve . Note that the inte gral is a parab ola
and incre a se s rapidly as x is incre ase d---- the are a of the triangle forme d incre ase s in
its are a, a s x square d.

S ince the y value s are changing along the curve [e xce pt for y=k, a constant) we take
instanta ne ous value of y and multiply with a small value of x,that is dx, and add all the se
sma ll a re a s.

Trigonometric Functions
Re call the de rivative formulas.It is e asy to work out the se inte grals.

Example 10

Che ck: d(-cosx)/dx= sin x

Example 9

Che ck: d(sinx)/dx= cos x

Example 10

Example 11
[We shall take up othe r trig functions late r.]

U- Substitution

This is similar to chain rule for diffe re ntiation.We substitute a simple r e xpre ssion for a
more comple x e xpre ssion, and fit into the formula give n e arlie r. This is a powe rful
te chnique ....maste r it we ll!

Example 12 Find

Le t
Diffe re ntiating: du = 2x dx
x.dx= du/2

The give n inte gral be come s:

 =
Che ck: We can che ck e asily by e xpanding the inte grand: g(x) = x^3+x

Note that the constant has change d.That doe s not make a difffe re nce for the inte gra l.

Example 13 Find

Le t
Diffe re ntiating , we ge t:

The inte grand be come s:

The give n inte gral =

Example 14 Find

Le t

du = 3 dx

Example 15 Find

Le t u= 2x du = 2 dx

Example 16 Find

Le t u= sin x du = cosx dx

Che ck: 2sinxcosx= sin(2x)

An alte rnate me thod:

Exa mple 17 Find

Re ca ll that d(tanx)/dx = se c^2 (x)

Le t u=3x du = 3dx
Example 18 Find

Re call the trig ide ntity: and

=
=

Pra ctice Proble m: Find Ans: x/2 - (1/2) sinx cosx + C

Example 19 Find I =

Le t

Example 20 Find

ta n x = sinx/ cos x Le t u=cos x du =-sinx

Note that for ln(x) , x cannot be ne gative ,and so we write

Pra ctice Proble ms

Find Ans: ln(sinx)+C

Example 21 Find

Le t

dx= u du

I=

[S ubstitute for u and simplify.]

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

It is e asy to inte grate an e xpone ntial function.

Example 22 Find

+C

Applie d Proble m
The ra te of growth of a fish population in a lake is give n by:
whe re t is in days and 100 is the initial population.Find the total fish population a t any
time t and find the fish population afte r 100 days.

+C

If t= 100 da ys,

Loga rithmic function

You re call that the logarithmic function is an inve rse function of the e xpone ntial fu nction:
If y = e xp(x) the n lny = x
But inte gra tion of lnx is not straightforward.

To find

Take y= xlnx - x
The n dy/dx= lnx + x/x -1 = ln x

Example 23 Find

Le t u= sinx du = cosx dx

Example 24 Find
Re call the ide ntity:

Pra ctice Proble ms

1 Find the inte grals:

 Ans:-(1/6)e xp(-3x^2)+C

Ans: ln|e xp(x)-1|+C

Inte grate te rm by te rm

Hyperbolic Functions

The following hype rbolic functions are de rive d from the e xpone ntial function:

Example 1 Find the inte gral:

+C

Pra ctice Proble ms:

2 Coth(x)=cosh(x)/sinh(x) Find

3 Find I:

4 Find I:

Integration by parts

This is one of the difficult portion of inte gral calculus to che w..This me htod is ve ry use ful
for complicate d functions.You have to le arn this!
Le t us re ca ll the 'product rule ':

Le t us inte grate both side s :

This me thod starts with one inte gration and re sults in anothe r inte gral to tackle .! -- A bit
confusing,right!Hope fully the se cond inte gral on the right side will be e asy to find.

Le t us se e a fe w e xample s.

Example 25 Find

Le t u=x du=dx dv= sinxdx

Using this me thod: I=

Example 26 Find

Earlie r I gave the inte gral by showing the answe r first and diffe re ntiating it.Now we shall
find by this me thod--Inte gration by parts.

Le t u= ln (x) du = 1/x
dv = dx v= x

Example 27 Find

Look a t this e quation. We se e m to be in a circular track since we got anothe r inte gra l to
find.
Apply "inte gration by parts" again:

The re fore

[Note :** The ne xt e xample is a bit complicate d. You can study it in the se cond round of
your study.S kip for now.]
** Example 27 Find
The re fore we find 2I now.

Example 28

Comme nt: It is important to practise "Inte gration by parts' we ll, particularly for AP
Calculus.

Integration by Partial Fractions

Example 29
Find

S plit the inte grand by partial fractions:

Ne xt we find : A=5/7 B=2/7

Example 30

Find:

S plit the inte grand into partial fractions:

S olving A=-1/2 B= -1/2 c= 1/2

[Note :

You ca n use the 'Table of Inte grals' found in the te xt books for quick re fe re nce .]

Pra ctice Proble ms

Find the inte grals by partial fractions me thod:
1

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Definite Integrals

We now move into de finite inte grals.

A de finte inte gral has two limits of inte gration: the uppe r limit 'b' and the lowe r limit 'a'
and is
re pre se nte d by this sign:

The value of the inte gral is writte n as F(x), with uppe r case le tte r. [This is just
conve ntion.You can all it g(x) too.]

Le t the corre sponding inde finite inte gral which we have be e n doing in the pre vious
paragra phs be F(x).

The n the de finite inte gral is simply the value of F(x) e valuate d at x=b ,the n F(x) at x=a
and finding the diffe re nce :

--------------Equation [3]

This re sult is calle d a "Fundame ntal The ore m of Calculus."

S te p 1: Find the inte gral e xpre ssion for the inde finite inte gral first.
S te p2: Eva luate the inte gral at the uppe r limit F(b) and at the lowe r limit F(a)
S te p 3: Find the diffe re nce : F(b)-F(a)
The physical me aning is that this inte gral is the are a be low the curve y=f(x) be twe e n two
ve rtica l line s x=b and x=a and the x axis.

Note that for de finite inte grals we ge t a numbe r and the constant of inte gration 'C' is now
gone .We ge t a boundary to the inte gral and so we dont add that ubiquitous C of e arlie r
se ctions!
Le t us se e a fe w simple e xample s:

Example 31

Example 32

Now it is time for some applie d proble ms!

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Applied Problems
Proble m1
John sta rts his car from re st and acce le rate s for 6 mins.During this phase , the spe e d is
give n by the e quation: v=90t whe re t is in hours.V is give n in mile s pe r hour[mph] .Afte r
6mins,John continue s to drive at a constant spe e d of 90 mile s pe r hour for the ne xt 2 4
minute s.Find the total distance trave lle d in this 30 minute s drive .

Acce le ration phase : v= ds/dt ds=v dt

We ha ve to inte grate 'ds' from time t=0 to t= 0.1 hour [6minute s]

distance trave lle d in this phase =S 1 :

Constant Phase : v=constant=90 ds=90dt

Inte grate from t=0.1 (6minute s) to t= 0.5 (30 minute s)

Distance trave lle d in this phase = S 2:

Proble m 2
The stre ss ve rsus strain curve of a ste e l mate rial is give n by stre ss s= Ee whe re e is
the strain and E is the e lastic modulus,[ in the e lastic re gion. ]Le t E =30 units.
The e lastic e ne rgy store d [pe r unit volume ]W, is give n by the are a unde r the curve o f
stre ss[y va lue s] and strain[x value s].Find the e alstic e ne rgy store d whe n the stain is
incre a se d from 0 to 0.5.
Ela stic e ne rgy is give n by the following inte gral:

Proble m 3
The spe cific he at of a subtance is the he at e ne rgy re quire d in calorie s to he at the
substa nce by one de gre e ce ntigrade . For most mate rials ,the spe cific he at C [at constant
pre ssure ] is not constant but varie s with te mpe rature .
For a ne w mate rial, C varie s with te mpe rature as follows: C= 3+0.02T whe re T is
te mpe ra ture in de gre e s ce ntigrade .
Find the he at e ne rgy re quire d to he at this substance from 25 de g Ce nt to 80 de g ce nt.
The he a t e ne rgy [or e nthalpy]H re quire d is found by inte grating spe cific he at C with
te mpe ra ture :

Proble m 4
The population of a town incre ase s according to the rate e quation:
dp/dt= 75000e xp(0.03t)

Find the growth in population for the ne xt te n ye ars.Note that the curre nt populatio n at
t=0 is 75000.

dp = 75000e xp(0.03t)dt
Inte grating from t=0 to t= 10, we ge t:

Proble m 5
Archimedes showe d that the are a of a parabolic arch is e qual to 2/3 rds of the base
xhe ight.
We can ge t this re sult using the inte gration of a parabola which is like a dome :

Take y= 9 -x^2
The pe ak [ve rte x] occurs at y=9 The base e xte nds from x=-3 to x =3 . The base =

The inte gral which give s the are a unde r the parabolic arch=36 units.
Using Archime de s' formula: are a=(2/3)(9)(6)=36 units!.
Proble m 6
Hooke 's law state s that force F(x) ne e de d to compre ss a coil spring or e alstic body is
proportiona l to the le ngth compre sse d:
F(x)= kx

If k= 250,find the incre me ntal work to be done while e xte nding the spring from x=3
inche s to x= 6 inche s

Work done =
Proble m 7
A force of 15 pounds is re quire d to stre ch a spring in an e xe rcise machine by
6inche s.Wha t is the work re quire d to stre tch the spring to 12 inche s. Ans
180 ft lbs

Proble m 8
An a ircraft runs for 3600 fe e t on the runway be fore lift off, in 30 se conds.It starts
with ze ro ve locity and runs with constant acce le ration.What is the spe e d at the lift-off
mome nt?

The initia l ve locity V(0)=0 The ve locity V(t) = a t whe re a is the acce le ration and is a
consta nt.
The dista nce trave lle d is S . V= ds/dt

Now we have the e quations to solve this proble m.

Proble m 9
A nurse ry se lls its pine tre e s afte r 6 ye ars of growth.The spe e d of growth is give n by
the e qua tion: v=dh/dt=1.5t+5 whe re h is the he ight and t in ye ars.At t=0,initial time of
planting,the sapling has a he ight of 12 cms. Find the he ight afte r t ye ars. What would be
the he ight a t 6 ye ars?

Proble m 10
The cost of owning a manufacturing plant[purchase +mainte nance costs] for t ye ars is
give n by the re lation:

Find the cost upto 10 ye ars.

Proble m 11
The fue l consumption of an automobile is e xpre sse d in y[mile s pe r gallon].This
parame te r is not constant ,but varie s with spe e d of the auto. The car manufacture r ga ve
this re la tion: dy/ds= -0.012y whe re s is the spe e d in mile s pe r hour,for spe e ds > 50
mph.The value of y is 28mile s pe r gallon at s=50 mile s pe r hour.
a) Find a n e quation for y (s) for s>50 mph. b)Use that e xpre ssion to find y for the
spe e d at 70 mph.
To find C,use the initial condition: y= 28,whe n s=50

The re fore
If S =70, y= 50.8e xp(-0.84)=50.8/2.32=21.9 mile s pe r gallon.
[Note : We have actually solve d a simple diffe re ntial e quation.! dy/ds=-0.012s is a
diffe re ntial e quation with initial value :y=28 for s= 50]

Proble m 12 The Hanging Cable Hype rbolic functions are he lpful in re pre se nting a
ha nging cable or chain be twe e n two pole s and also ce rtain arche s like the Gate way
Arch in S t Louis, Missouri.
An e le ctrical cable is hung from two towe rs with a distance of 200 fe e t be twe e n
the m.The shape the cable assume s is calle d the Cate nary-- give n by the e quation:

Find its a rc le ngth.

Proble m 13 Ne wton's Law of Cooling This law is attribute d to Isaac Ne wton.This state s
tha t the rate of cooling of an obje ct is proportional to the te mpe rature diffe re nce
be twe e n the obje ct and its surrounding.
For instance ,if you have a cup of coffe e at 150 de g F,and the room te mpe rature is 60
de g F,the ra te of cooling will be :
dT/dt whe re T is the te mp and t the time (say, in minute s):

Note that at time t=o, the initial te mpe rature of your cup of cFind the e quation for
va ria tion of te mpe raturoffe e is 150 de gF.Call it T(0)=150
Find the e quation for te mpe rature T as a function of time .
Le t us inte grate :

We know that at t=0, T=150

150 - 60=90 =e xp(c)e xp(0)=e xp(C)
Now ln90 =C
The re fore ln(T-60)= kt +ln 90
ln(T-60) - ln90 = kt

Now to find k:
To find k, we ne e d anothe r information;
If we know that afte r 10 minute s, Twas 90 de gF
90= 60+90e xp(10K)
 e xp(10K) = 30/90=1/3
10k= ln(1/3)=-1.1
k=-0.11
The final e quation be come s:

Note tha t we have use d two pie ce s of information to solve this:1 the inital te mpe rature at
t=0 a nd 2. te mp at 10 minute s to find k.This is calle d 'an initial value proble m'.If the
initial te mp of your coffe e was diffe re nt, the n you will have a diffe re nt numbe r inste ad
of 90 be fore the e xpone ntial function.
Using this e quation, we can find its te mpe rature at any give n time .S ince k is ne gative ,
the te mp of your cup de cre ase s e xpone ntially and e xp(kt) te rm will go to ze ro and T
be come s 60,the surrounding te mp.That is ,your coffe e cools slowly and re ache s the te mp
of the surrounding air.

Proble m 14 Wildlife conse rvation The rate of change of population of we ase ls follows
the e qua tion: dP/dt=k(650-P)
whe re t is time in ye ars. If the initial population whe n ye ar t is take n as 0 was 300 , and
afte r two ye ars,the population incre ase d to 500, find the e quation for the population
growth.
Proce e d a s in the pre vious proble m .

Inte gra ting

At t=0, P=300 ln(350)=C
ln(650-P)-ln350=kt
P=650-350e xp(kt)
Whe n t=2, 500 = 650 - 350e xp(2k)
S olve for k: k=-0.42
P= 650 - 350e xp(-0.42t)

Find the population figure for the third ye ar.What happe ns whe n t is ve ry large ? Try
plotting P ve rsus t.
[Ans: For t=3, P=552 ;Whe n t is large , P goe s to 650, the
saturation value .]

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{Note : The following two se ctions can be skippe d on first study of this tutorial]
Finding the average value of a function

This me thod is one of the dire ct applications of inte gration and is e xtre me ly use fu l for
scie ntists,e ngine e rs and statisticians.
The de finite inte gral give s the are a unde r the curve y=f(x) be twe e n the curve and the x
axis and be twe e n the two limits x=a and x=b,the two ve rtical line s. This are a can be
take n a s the are a of a re ctangle with width as the inte rval (b-a) in the x axis and he ight
as the ave rage value of the function.We re place the are a with a re ctangle of width
(b-a).

-------------[Equation 4]

Le t us illustrate with simple e xample s.

Example 33 The spe e d of sound varie s with altitude .This data is important for aircr aft
flights.The spe e d of sound S (h) (me te rs pe r se cond) is mode le d with the e quation for
the altitude inte rval 0 to 11.5 km,as follows:
Find the a ve rage value of spe e d of sound-for this altitude range in which most of th e
comme rcial flights are done .

Find the inde finite inte gral:

The ave rage value of spe e d of sound for this altitude range [0,11.5]=

Pra ctice Proble ms

1. The e le ctromotive force (voltage ) E in an e le ctric circuit is : E= 3 sin (2t) whe r e E is in
volts a nd t in minute s.Find the value of E for the range of t from 0 to 0.5 se conds.
Ans: 1.38 volts

2 The profit from a ne w product e arne d by a company varie s as follows:

whe re P is in thousands of $ and t in months.Find the ave arge profit in
the inte rva l of 1 month to 6 months by inte gration. Ans: 157000$
3 A life insurance company use s the following e quation for the de ath rate (for 1000
pe rsons)of its custome rs in the age group 20 to 60 ye ars:

Find the a ve rage de ath rate for pe ople in the age inte rval of 50 to 60 ye ars.
Ans: 7.35

Finding Arc length

Ta ke a cuve d line in the X-Y plane .We can find its le ngth,if we know the e quation: y=
f(x) for the curve .
Le t f'(x) be the de rivative : dy/dx=f'(x)
The n the arc le ngth is give n by the de finite inte gral :Le t S be the arc le ngth from x=a to
x=b.

Example 34 Find the arc le ngth of the parabola y = x^2 in the inte rval [2,5]

This inte gra l can be found by "Inte gration by parts":

Afte r some manipulation,we ge t:

Taking the limits:
S (5) -S (2)=21.91units

Arc le ngth in parame tric form

O fte n it is e asie r to work with parame tric form: x=f(t) and y=g(t) whe re t is the
inte rme dia ry variable or the parame te r.
The n arc le ngth e quation is:

Example 35 Find the arc le ngth of a circle ,give n that x=a cos t and y=asint for the
inte rva l of t [0,2 ], whe re a is the radius.
S = circumfe re nce of a circle --- a cool re sult!

Example Find the arc le ngth for x=t^2 , y= 2t in the inte rval: [0,2]

Use the table of inte grals for finding the above inte gral.
Taking the limit t=2,find I

Pra ctice Proble m

1 A cycloid is the trace of a curve whe n a point on a circle or whe e l rolls on a straight
line The pa rame tric e quation for a cycloid is: x= a (t-sint) and y= a(1-cost) whe re a is the
ra dius of the circle .Find the arc le ngth for the inte rval[0,2 ]
Ans: 8a

Summary and comments

1 We have not include d all the inte gration me thods and formulae .You have to le arn
ma ny more me thods to handle complicate d functions.We have not include d in this basic
tutorial--- functions of trig-inve rse for instance .But the basic me thods are he re and must
give you a good start.
2 The re are many inte gration proble ms which cannot be done by analytic me thods as
give n he re .In such case s, we use nume rical me thods.For instance you cannot inte grate
the e rror function

by the se me thods.You may le arn simple me thods of nume rical

inte gra tion in a Calculus course :me thods like re ctangular,midpoint,trape zoidal and
simpson rule s/me thods. The re are more e ffe ctive me thods you would like to le arn in a
course on nume rical analysis/me thods late r.
S ome inte gration re quire s Comple x Analysis or use of Comple x Variable s which is a
se pa rate subje ct by itse lf.
3 For complicate d functions, re fe r to a 'Table of Integrals' --you will find it in the
appe ndix or inne r cove rs of large r te xt books.You can also che ck your re sults with such
a table .
4 Le a rning the te chnique of inte gration is more important than pe rforming complicate d
proble ms.The te chnique s are use ful in othe r fie lds too...e spe cially in physics.
5 The a pplications of inte gration are many.We have give n only the simple ,e le me ntary
one s.Finding are as and volume s of comple x shape s by inte gration is a fascinating
applica tion.You may le arn double and triple inte gration for two or thre e variable s.
La stly, do se nd your fe e dback to me by e mail : nksrinivasan at hotmail dot com

Suggested Books
Whille the re are many e xce lle nt Calculus te xt books, I sugge st the following for
additional study or e asy introduction:
1 Forgotte n Calculus by Barbara Le e Blou [Barron's se rie s]

2 Calculus Made Easy by S ilvanus Thompson {re vise d by Martin Gardne r} [This is a
classic popular book]
3 How to Ace Calculus by Colin Adams and othe rs .{Wide ly praise d by math te ache rs and
stude nts}
4 Te a ch Yourse lf Calculus by P Abbott--[a classic book from UK...may not be e asily
availa ble in book store s --try your library.]

Ple ase note that I am not e ndorsing any book but only sugge sting that you may look up
the se .
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