JURNAL 1: Occurrence of endodermis with a casparian strip in stem and leaf.(Interpreting Botanical Progress)by Nels R.

Lersten

This jurnal is about Occurrence of endodermis with a casparian strip in stem and leaf. We aways know that an endodermis with casparian strip always occurs in roots, but few people are aware that it also occurs in stems and leaves of some vascular plants. Plants consist cortex, which this cell composed parenchyma cells lying between the epidermis and inner tissues, mostly store food. This tissue, which may be many cells thick, is similar to the cortex of stems except for the presence endodermis at its inner boundary. The endodermis consist of a single-layered cylinder of compactly arranged cell whose primary walls are impregnated with suberin. The suberin bands, called casparian strip. The endodermis in the root is important in the development of root pressure. The endodermis is a single layer of cells between the cortex and the pericycle. These cells allow water movement until it reaches the Casparian strip, made of suberin, a waterproof substance. The Casparian strip prevents mineral nutrient ions from moving passively through the endodermal cell walls. Water and ions move in these cell walls via the apoplast pathway. Ions outside the endodermis must be actively transported across an endodermal cell membrane to enter or exit the endodermis. Once inside the endodermis, the ions are in the symplast pathway. They cannot diffuse back out again but can move from cell to cell via plasmodesmata or be actively transported into the xylem. Once in the xylem vessels or tracheids, ions are again in the apoplast pathway. Xylem vessels and tracheids transport water up the plant but lack cell membranes. The Casparian strip substitutes for their lack of cell membranes and prevents accumulated ions from diffusing passively in apoplast pathway out of the endodermis. The ions accumulating interior to the endodermis in the xylem create a water potential gradient and by osmosis, water diffuses from the moist soil, across the cortex, through the endodermis and into the xylem. Point 1 From this jurnal, roots in the primary state of growth have an endodermis, the specialized innermost cell layer of the cortex. The writer, Nels R. Lersten said in his report that adjoining strips seals the endodermis as a whole, and thus water and dissolved substances must enter the protoplast, which to some extent controls what passes in and out of the stele. This opinion can be support by (Stern, Bidlack and Jansky, 2008) in their book said that in other words, The endodermis consist of a single-layered cylinder of compactly arranged cell whose primary

walls are impregnated with suberin. The suberin bands, called casparian strip, are on the radial and transverse walls. The plasma membrane of the endodermal cells are fused to the casparian strip. This is why, casparian strip can prevent water from passing the permeable cell walls. The casparian strip barrier forces water and dissolved substances entering and leaving the central core of tissues to pass through the plasma membrane of the endodermal or plasmodesmata. This regulates the types of minerals absorped and transported by the root and leaves. Point 2 From my previous knowledge, In this jurnal, i know that most in pteridophytes representatives with an aerial endodermis and casparian strip remain in thin cellulosic wall, some pteridophytes consist casparian strip fused to the cell wall partially or completely covered by a suberized thickening). Guttenberg (1943) also said that none pteridophytes lignified secondary cell wall).Present knowledge shows that it is common in pteridophytes. Point 3 From my previous knowledge, Rare in gymnosperms; however, at least in conifers the entire anticlinal cell walls may act as a modified c.s. in leaves. some opinions there in jurnal differ one another.This is maybe due to their differ research and thinking. The writer said that among gymnosperms there are no reports of endodermis with casparian strip in the stem, perhaps because they are all woody, with an early onset of secondary growth. This opinions support Owens (1968) showed photomicrographs of cross sections in which the endodermis was conspicuous but no casparian strip was evident. In contrast, there is no documentation for the species stated by Buchholz (195 l), Lederer (1955), and Keng and Little (196 l) to have a foliar endodermis with distinct casparian strip. Point 4 The writer said about the angiosperms plant which flowering plant, Metcalfe and Chalk (1979) listed 25 dicotyledonous families in which an endodermis with casparian strip has been recorded from the stem. While, Guttenberg (1943) had earlier tabulated 33 dicotyledonous families with cauline(the upper part of stem located leaves) and foliar endodermis, and his text also mentioned a few monocotyledonous families with endodermis. Among angiosperms, an endodermis with c.s. is uncommon in stem and petiole, and it evidently approaches rarity in the foliar bundle sheath. A foliar endodermis with casparian strip occurs chiefly among a small number of mostly herbaceous families, and in some species it may develop only after

stimulation by etiolation. Dickison and Weitzman's (1996) description of a foliar endodermis with c.s. in one woody family, Bonnetiaceae, weakens the generalization that a foliar c.s. is restricted to herbaceous taxa.

conclusion It is evident that the c.s. is far more common in pteridophytes than in gymnosperms and angiosperms. From this jurnal, we can deduce with increasing specialization of stem and leaf in gymnosperms and angiosperms, the anatomy of the endodermis perhaps also changed as its functions evolved. A casparian strip occurring in the foliar bundle sheath of scattered angiosperms, if it did not interfere with function, could be tolerated by the other organ in plant cells like root, leaves and stem.