Seismic Method in the Exploration

In exploration there are various types of geophysical methods in use. One is the seismic method. This method is the most popular methods in geophysics. Afterward, there may be a method of gravity, electric-magnetic methods, and many other methods. But on this resume, I will focus on a method called seismic methods. Seismic method is a method that grouped the active geophysical methods. Because the method is the source of vibrations and waves, generated by seismic sources, such as hammers, dynamite, bombs and others. Then, after a given style, (eg, a bomb detonated), there will be a vibration that causes the waves that propagate in the soil medium. Waves that satisfy the elasticity law all directions. At a certain point, where the waves will experience reflection or refraction. These tools will record all seismic waves in the form of a function of time. From this record, can be expected to form in the mineral and hydrocarbon or what is in the area. Seismic waves have the same properties as light waves, so apply some of the laws of light waves in seismic waves, among others: 1. Huygens law: wave spread all directions 2. Snell's law: If the wave propagates in the second medium, the wave will be refracted waves when the incidence angle is smaller than the critical angle. Reflected when the arrival angle is greater than the critical angle. Wave, reflected wave, and bias, lies in a plane.

Seismic consists of two types, namely seismic refraction and seismic reflection. 1. Seismic Refraction Based on the seismic wave from the source of the potatoes to the receiver (geophones). In this method, the first wave caused by a disturbance (first break) is ignored. Distance and time parameters associated with the rapid propagation of

potatoes on medium wave. Speed is of course influenced by the physical constants of the medium, which is known as the parameter of elasticity of rocks. 2. Seismic reflection In seismic reflection, analysis is concentrated on the energy received after the initial vibration is applied. In general, the signal is searched reflect waves from all the interfaces between layers in the subsurface. The analysis used can be likened to 'echo sounding' in underwater technology, ship, and radar systems. Information about the medium can also be extracted from the shape and amplitude of the recorded wave reflection. Subsurface structures can be quite complex, but still the same analysis performed with the seismic refraction, which is based on the analysis of the elasticity parameters of contrast medium. Seismic reflection method is a geophysical method commonly used for investigation of hydrocarbons. Seismic reflection method is usually combined with other geophysical methods, such as methods of gravity, magnetic, and others. However, seismic reflection method is the easiest to give the most accurate information to the description or model of the subsurface geology is because the data obtained is more accurate. In general, the seismic reflection method is divided into three main stages, namely: 1. The collection of seismic data (seismic data acquisition): all activities related to the collection of data from preliminary surveys with survey detail. 2. Processing of seismic data (seismic data processing): activities for recording in the field of data processing (raw data) and converted to a cross-sectional shape of seismic migration. 3. Interpretation of seismic data: the activities that began with the search horizon, reading time, and plotting the results on the seismic section presented or mapped on a base map that is useful to know the structure or model of the subsurface geology.

Seismic Reflection for Exploration Seismic reflection is a geophysical method using elastic waves emitted by a vibrating source is usually a dynamite explosion (in general use on land, while at sea using a vibrating source (in aqueous media using a vibrating source water gun, boomer or sparker). The resulting sound waves from the blast penetrates beneath the surface of the rock group that will be reflected back to the surface through a field of reflectors in the form of boundary layers of rock. The reflected wave to the surface is received and recorded by a tape recorder called geophones (on land) or hydrophones (at sea), (Badley, 1985). Reflections of a geological horizon is similar to an echo in the face of a cliff or ravine. Seismic reflection method widely used for petroleum Exploration, determination of the earthquake or the detection of soil structure. Seismic reflection only observe the reflected wave coming from the boundaries of geological formations. This reflected wave can be divided into several types of waves are: Wave-P,-S waves, Stoneley waves and Love waves. Reflection seismic exploration can be grouped into two shallow exploration prospects and exploration prospects in. Seismic exploration of shallow (shallow seismic reflection) is usually applied to the exploration of coal and other minerals. While used for seismic exploration in the area of prospect hydrocarbon (oil and gas). The second group is of course demanding a different resolution and accuracy as well as the engineering field. In general, the seismic reflection method is divided into three essential parts: first is the acquisition of seismic data is an activity to obtain data from the survey field, the second is the processing of seismic data to produce a seismic cross-section that represents the area under the surface ready to be interpreted, and the third is the interpretation of seismic data to estimate the subsurface geology in the state and even to estimate the rock material beneath the surface.