A resistor is an electrical component that provides an opposition to current flow Variable and fixed are types Capacitor A device

that is used in a circuit where a specific value of capacitance is needed. Capacitors are used with resistors to filter or smooth out a varying direct current. Capacitors are important components of oscillator circuits. These produce high-frequency alternating voltages used in timing circuits for most electronic equipment. The can be used to block current, this happens because they do not provide a continuous path for electrons. (An alternating current can still flow through a capacitor). Capacitors are used with resistors to form timing circuits that control other circuits. Diodes works by acting as a gate A gate lets current pass through it in one direction but not in the other. The polarity and value of the voltage applied to the diode determines if the diode will conduct current. A switch is a control device When the switch is on it acts as a conductor to keep electrons moving through the circuit. This state of this circuit is closed. When the switch is off the circuit path is interrupted. Electrons can no longer move through the circuit. All generators produce an alternating current within their rotating armature Direct current generators use a mechanical switch called a commutator to change AC to DC To increase the output you can1. Make a stronger magnetic field (using stronger magnets)2. Add more coils of wire 3. Increase the speed of rotation A transformer is an electrical device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by using magnetic fields Its purpose is usually to increase or decrease voltage or amperage Transformers wont operate on DC current In a transformer amperage is decreased as voltage increases Low amperage is often desired to reduce heat loss over great distances, this is an excellent application for a transformer Primary the first winding, the input winding. This winding receives the energy from the source. Secondary the second winding, the output. This winding is attached to the output load. A transformer is a device that only works with alternating current. When two coils are located so the magnetic flux of one coil can link with the turns of the other coil. The change in flux of one coil will cause an emf in the other coil. A motor is a device used to convert electrical energy into rotating mechanical energy Some generators can be reversed to act as motors An alternator has the same purpose as a generator but usually the coils are in a fixed position and the magnetic field rotates Structure of an atom- Nucleus-Consists of Protons and Neutrons. Protons + Neutrons = Weight or mass number U238 has 92 protons and 146 Neutrons Electrons have a negative charge, they revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbits or shells There is a maximum number for each shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 72 Protons have a positive charge All magnets exhibit a polarity of north and south poles. Opposite poles of magnets attract and like poles repel. A magnetic field includes the lines of magnetic force of a magnet. 3 types Natural Ore (lodestones, leading stones). Permanent- (only iron, nickel and cobalt can be permanently magnetized) Electromagnets Magnetism is produced as a result of electrons spinning on their own axes about the nuclei of atoms. In magnetic materials, there are certain areas, called DOMAINS where atoms align. When this happens, most of their atoms spin in the same direction. Relays- A relay is a magnetically operated switch that opens or closes (makes or breaks) one or more contacts between its terminals. As with switches relays are described by the number of lines (poles) that are controlled and the number of contacts (throws) each pole can make. A relay can control a large load current at a high voltage with a small relay-energizing current at a low voltage. The advantages of this are An operator touches only a harmless, low voltage circuit yet controls high voltage by means of the relay. Heavy current machines can be controlled from a remote location without the need to run heavy wires to the controlling switch. The switching action of most relays is very rapid. Applications of relays- Controlling electric motors Home heating and air-conditioning systems Starting and stopping of electrical motors within manufacturing systems Appliances and copy machines Types of motors- In a shunt motor the field and the armature are connected in parallel. Shunt motors operate constant speeds when connected to loads that vary. Shunt motors are often used in drill presses, conveyers and presses. Compound motors are a combination of series and parallel motors. This gives the high torque advantage of a series motor and the constant speed advantage of shunt motors. Universal motors work with either dc or ac current and are similar to a small series dc motor. They come in sizes ranging from 1/100 to 2 hp

with speeds up to 10,000 RPMS. A typical split phase motors are a single phase motor, they range in size from 1/20 to 1 hp. Split phase motors have low torque and are used with loads that are easy to start. Split phase motors are used in fans, blowers, drill presses and grinders A servo motor is any motor that is modified to give feedback information concerning the motors speed, direction of rotation and sometimes the number of revolutions it has made. This feedback is used to determine the position of the mechanism it is driving. A capacitor-starter motor contains an up-polarized electrolytic capacitor connected in series with the starting windings to increase starting torque. Capacitor-Start Motors have high torque; they are used in hard to start loads. These include refrigerators, air conditioners, air compressors and pumps. Cells can stand alone or they can be a part of a battery A battery is two or more cells hooked together. Primary cells are cells in which the chemical action cannot be reversed. A primary cell cannot be recharged. Primary cells are often dry cells. A secondary cell can be recharged or restored. Forcing a current through the battery in the opposite direction may reverse the chemical reaction that occurs during the discharge of a secondary cell. This charging current must be applied from another source, which can be a generator or a power supply. Types of switches - SPST is the simplest type of switch. The term single pole means that the switch provides one path for the electron flow and that it can be turned on or off. The term single throw means that the switch controls only one circuit. SPDT has one common connection point and can complete a circuit path to two different circuits. However, only one circuit can be completed at a time.(In residential wiring this switch is refereed to as a three-way switch) DPDT has two common connection points and can provide two paths simultaneously. The DPDT switch is like having two SPST switches in parallel. A rotary switch functions by turning or twisting the switch. Rotary switches are often found as a part of a potentiometer Soldering- The process of joining metals using another metal that has a low melting point. Solder- The metal used for the process of soldering Brazing- A process used to join two metal surfaces. The difference between brazing and soldering is based on the metallurgical character of the joint and the temperatures necessary to form a joint. Tinning is the process of melting a thin coat of solder over the surface of the tip. This allows the most heat to be conducted from the tip to the surfaces being soldered. A soldering iron is a tool used to melt solder. In an electric soldering iron, current passes through a heating element to produce heat. A soldering gun is a solder-melting tool that has a step-down transformer. The transformer applies a low voltage across the tip. The current passing through the tip produces enough heat to melt the solder. Conductors - (Metals) The outer electrons are held loosely and are constantly jumping from one atom to another atom Sometimes they do this without external force The have free electrons Usually three or less electrons in the outer shell Materials in which electrons do not move easily These materials have five or more electrons in their outer shell Ohms equations Current series circuit IT = I1 = I2 = I3.= In Resistance in a Series Circuit- RT = R1 + R2 + R3.+ Rn Voltage in a Series Circuit- VT = V1 + V2 + V3.+ Vn Voltage in a parallel circuit- VT = V1 = V2 = V3.= Vn Current in a parallel circuit IT = I1 + I2 + I3.+ In Resistance in parallel circuit R1 X R2 RT = --------------------R1 + R2