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The Early Medieval Church

The Relationship of Church and State


Lesson 6 30 October 2011

The Feudal System


The Fall of the Carolingian Empire
Three Sons: Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the Pious Sets the stage for the Rise of German and French kingdoms

Feudal System
Pledge of loyalty between vassal and the lord Priests are both government agents and agents of the Church

King Dukes Knights Artisan Class

Pope Archbishops Bishops

Parish Priests Laity

Serfs

The Two Swords Doctrine


Based on Luke 22:38 Gelasius I (492-496 AD)
Sacred power to the Pope; secular power to the King

Effects
Secular: The King desires to control the Church in his area Sacred: The Pope meddles in the affairs of the King Establishes a two-tier justice system
Ecclesiastical Courts to judge the clergy and determine doctrinal purity Lay Courts to try persons for offenses against the crown

Just War Theory


The Peace of God agrees to ban private quarrels, to not attack unarmed persons; to protect sacred locations, no pillaging or robbery The Truce of God cannot fight from sundown Wednesday to sunup Monday, not to fight on holy days, Church property to be sanctuary, women unharmed Rise of Chivalry and the Knights Code of Conduct Bans certain weapons as being un-Christian

The Cluniac Reforms


The Pornocracy - 904 to 964 AD
Pope Controlled (and a part of) the Aristocracy of Rome John XII the son of John X and his mistress The Practice of Simony A Period of the anti-Popes

The Monastery of Cluny located in S. France


St. Odo Abbot of the Monastery Followed the Benedictine Rule

The Reforms
New Monasterys monks, priors and abbots are ordained, agree to being ruled by the mother monastery Swear Allegiance to the Pope and not to a Feudal King or lord Renew the vows of poverty and chastity put away mistresses End nepotism and the practice of simony Establish monastic schools and emphasize Latin Emphasizes evangelism and missionary work

The Lay Investiture Controversy


Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand) vs. Emperor Henry IV (1073 1085 AD) Lay Investiture give the symbols of office (ring, staff and pallium)
King wants to invest the Bishops within his realm Pope says that the Bishops are to be invested by him alone

Gregory VII excommunicates Henry


Impact: Withholds the sacraments except baptism and extreme unction States the populace does not have to follow the King Henry relents; does penance at the Canossa in 1077

Henry fights back at Augsburg


Gregory run out of Rome and dies in exile in Naples

Thomas Beckett and Henry II (England) 1109 AD


Murder in the Cathedral

1122 AD the Concordat of Worms


Election of Bishops by the Church, but in front of the King Church invests the Bishop Bishop takes an oath to support the temporal ruler

The Great Schism


Leo IX vs. The Patriarch Michael of the Eastern Orthodox Church 1054 AD Origins of the Dispute
Church under the Byzantine Emperor Weakened by the continued pressure of Islamic conquests Liturgy and Understanding of the Church Greek not Latin Iconography use of statues and paintings in worship
Western Interference in the controversy; East decides to remove statues

Issues over clergy marriage Filioque Clause added to the Nicene Creed Patriarch says that it is heretical because not decided by a Council

Each Leader excommunicates the other Splits the Church Healed by agreement on December 7, 1965 (Paul VI and Athenagoras

The Fourth Lateran Council


1215 AD
The Use of Force to Maintain Doctrinal Purity
Innocent III (1209 AD) declares a crusade against the Albigenses (a heretical sect) Practiced a form of Gnosticism Exterminated by the armies of the French king

Made an annual confession to the priest by all laymen mandatory Must attend the Mass at Easter Declared the doctrine of Transubstantiation
Set forth by Paschasius Radbertus in the book Of the Body and Blood of the Lord in 831 AD Used to solidify the power of the Pope and clergy

The Zenith of Papal Power


Innocent III (1161 1216 AD)
Son of a Roman Nobleman; Studied Theology and Law The Vicar of Christ supreme authority on the Earth The Decretals The complete statement of canon law that melded Church law with Roman Law Canon Law vested power in one person

The Rise of National Identity


France, England and the Holy Roman Empire Steps into the marriage issue of King Philip Augustus and Agnes Appoints the Archbishop of Canterbury over objection of King John
Pays 1000 marks annually and become a vassal to the Pope (Henry VIII ends it)

France vs. England France vs. the Holy Roman Empire

Boniface VIII (1294 1303) Unam Sanctum


no salvation outside of the Church; submission to Pope necessary for salvation Would be repeated in Quanto Conficiamur by Pius IX in 1863 Clement V Church under the protection of the French Crown

Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1309 1377) Avignon


References
Brown, Colin. Christianity and Western Thought vol. 1 Cairns, Earle E. Christianity Through the Centuries Holmes, George (ed.) The Oxford History of the Middle Ages McGrath, Alister E. Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought

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