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Figure 1
Figure 2
From figure 2 above, it can be seen that the apparent power which is transmitted by the power plant is actually composed vectorially of the actual power and the reactive power. The active power is used by the motor and results in useful work. The reactive power is wasted and merely bounces energy back and forth between the motor and the generators at the power company's plant. If the power factor is corrected, figure (2) shows how the reaction power element decreases in size and the apparent power element approaches the size of the actual power used. This means that less power need be generated to obtain the same amount of useful energy for the motor. Power factor correction is discussed below. Power factor is also numerically equal to the cosine of the angle of the lag of the primary input current with respect to its
http://www.reliance.com/mtr/pwrfcrmn.htm
14/02/11
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voltage.
Figure 3
From Figure (3) above, it can be seen that the current is lagging the voltage by an angle 0. An ideal power supply would have no lag on lead angle and the power transmitted to the motor would be an useful power. The equation for useful or actual power is: P = El cos Or Power = Volts x Current x Cosine of the lag angle 0 Where: Cos = Power Factor El = KVA El cos = KW If the lag is zero then the cos is equal to one, and the useful or actual power equals El and no power is lost due to reactance in the system.
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Figure 4
Two common methods of connecting capacitors to the supply line are shown below.
Figure 5
Note on three phase sources (A) and (B) above represent each leg of the supply connection. Capacitors are usually connected in such a way that they are removed from the system as the power is removed. In connection (A) above, the lower current through the motor overload relay requires the selection of lower rated overload relay to protect the motor. The overload relay should be selected in the normal fashion, however, an adjusted full load motor current should be used. This adjusted full load motor current can be obtained from the following formula: Adjusted full load motor current = (Nameplate Motor / Full Load Current) x (Uncorrect P.F. / Corrected P.F.) In connection (B) the adjusted current need not be used so the overload relay is selected in the conventional manner using the motor nameplate full load current.
CAPACITOR SELECTION* (See note at bottom of page for above 95% P.F.)
For capacitor selection, the following steps must be observed: First: Use the formula below to determine the capacitor KVAR rating. KVAR=(K1-K2) x HP x 0.746 / Efficiency KVAR is reactive kilovolt amperes required to correct the P.F. HP is motor nameplate horsepower Efficiency is motor full load efficiency expressed or a percentage. K1 and K2 are constants from the following tables (Tables 1 and 2). % PF (1) Constant K1 % PF (1) Constant K1 % PF (1) Constant K1 % PF (1) Constant K1 60.0 60.5 61.0 61.5 62.0 62.5 63.0 63.5 64.0 1.333 1.316 1.299 1.282 1.266 1.249 1.233 1.217 1.201 69.0 69.5 70.0 70.5 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.5 73.0 1.049 1.035 1.020 1.006 0.992 0.978 0.964 0.950 0.936 78.0 78.5 79.0 79.5 80.0 80.5 81.0 81.5 82.0 0.802 0.789 0.776 0.763 0.750 0.737 0.724 0.711 0.698 87.0 87.5 88.0 88.5 89.0 89.5 90.0 90.5 91.0 0.567 0.553 0.540 0.526 0.512 0.498 0.484 0.470 0.456
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64.5 1.185 73.5 65.0 1.169 74.0 65.5 1.154 74.5 66.0 1.138 75.0 66.5 1.123 75.5 67.0 1.108 76.0 67.5 1.093 76.5 68.0 1.078 77.0 68.5 1.064 77.5 (1) Uncorrected motor full power factor. Table 1
*Avoid over correction of the power factor above 95% since excessive capacitance is dangerous to the driven equipment and motor. Refer to motor department for P.F. correction over 95%. Refer to motor department for P.F. correction of multispeed motors. Desired Full Load K2 Constant % PF 90.0 90.5 91.0 91.5 92.0 92.5 93.0 93.5 94.0 94.5 95.0 0.484 0.470 0.456 0.441 0.426 0.411 0.395 0.379 0.363 0.346 0.329
Table 2
Second: Make sure that the capacity voltage rating is equal to or greater than the rated motor voltage. Third: Make sure the capacitor frequency and number of phases is the same as the motor. Fourth: Note that the capacitor ambient temperature must not exceed 40C. Last Updated September 1, 1998
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14/02/11