1. 1st Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition 2.

3/5 Compromise: the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress 3. 4th Amendment: Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures 4. 5th Amendment: right to grand jury, indictment, no double jeopardy, freedom from self-incrimination, due process of law 5. 6th Amendment: Right to a fair, speedy trial 6. 9th Amendment: Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution 7. 10th Amendment: powers not given to the United States are given to states or people 8. 14th Amendment: This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels 9. 15th Amendment: citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or precious condition of servitude 10. 19th Amendment: gave women the right to vote 11. 22nd Amendment: Passed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office. 12. 24th Amendment: outlawed the poll tax 13. 25th Amendment: clarifies an ambiguous provision of the Constitution regarding succession to the Presidency, and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities. 14. 26th Amendment: lowered the voting age to 18 15. Affirmative Action: a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities 16. Americans with Disabilities Act: Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings 17. amicus curiae Brief: A brief filed by a third party, or amicus curiae (Latin for "friend of the court"), who is not directly involved in the litigation but who has an interest in the outcome of the case. 18. amicus curiae brief: Friend of the court; interest groups may be invited to file legal briefs supporting/rejection arguments of the case 19. Anti-Federalists: Opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution because it gave too much power to the national government at the expense of the state governments as well as the fact that it lacked a bill of rights 20. Anti-Federalists: opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independent states 21. Appellate Jurisdiction: The jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts. These courts do not review the factual record, only the legal issues involved. 22. Appropriate: give or assign a share of money or time to a particular person or cause 23. Appropriations Bills: bills that authorize the spending of money 24. Articles of Confederation: 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) 25. Baker v Carr: "one man, one vote," prohibited racial gerrymandering; ordered state legislative districts to be near equal in population as possible 26. Bicameral: 2 chambers; Congress has the Senate and the House of Representatives 27. Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press 28. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Of 2002: banned soft money contributions to national political parties from corporations and unions; independent expenditures by corporations, labor unions, trade associations, and nonprofit organizations are sharply restricted 29. Block grant: Money given to states for general programs within a broad category 30. Brady Bill: 1993; handgun violence prevention act; legislation that established a five-day waiting period for handgun purchases 31. Brief: Legal document submitted to the court setting forth the facts of a case and supporting a particular position 32. Brief orders: The returning of a case to a lower court b/c a similar case was recently decided 33. Brown v. BOE of Topeka, KA: Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson: ended legal segregation, said school regulation is unconstitutional 34. Buckley v. Valeo: a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld federal limits on campaign contributions and ruled that spending money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech. The court also stated candidates can give unlimited amounts of money to their own campaigns. 35. Budget & Impoundment Control Act: established congressional budget committees and the Congressional Budget Office, and gave Congress the power to prevent the president from refusing to fund Congressional initiatives 36. Budget Process: OMB initiates, writes presidents budget, submits to House ways and means Committee (deals with taxing issues), Authorization committees in both houses, and Appropriations committees in both houses 37. Budget Resolution: A congressional decision that states the maximum amount of money the government should spend 38. Bureaucracy: A systematic way of organizing a complex &large administrative structure w/ responsibility for carrying out day-to-day tasks of the organization, departments, &agencies of the government 39. Bureaucratic theory: The hierarchical structure and standardized procedures of government allow bureaucrats to hold the real power over public policy; proposed by Max Weber 40. Burger Court: a conservative jurist appointed by Nixon that nonetheless continued the judicial activism of the Warren Court as seen by Roe v. Wade; this was due to the other members of the court rather than his own liberal beliefs 41. Cabinet: Govt depts. headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy &operate a specific policy are of government activity 42. Calendar: The agenda or the list of bills to be considered by the House or the Senate on a given day 43. Casework: Assistance given to constituents by congressional members, answering questions/doing favors 44. Categorical grant: Federal grants for specific purposes define by law 45. Categorical Grants: Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions. 46. Caucus: Locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political offices 47. Caucus (congressional): An association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology/regional/ethnic/economic interest 48. Censure: harsh criticism or disapproval 49. Certificate: A lower court asks the Supreme Court about a rule of law/procedure 50. Checks and Balances: A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power 51. Checks and balances: Each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches 52. Circuit Courts: Part of federal court system-13 federal circuit courts: one for the D.C. and 12 for the rest of the country. Also called "courts of appeal" 53. Circular Organization: Approach to organizing the presidential staff that allows staff members, assistants and advisers, free and direct access to the president; also referred to as "wheel-and-spokes" or "hub-and-spokes" 54. Civil liberties: Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens 55. Civil rights: Positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination &provide equality before the law 56. Civil Rights Act of 1964: This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places 57. Civil Service: hiring government employees on the basis of merit. Also refers to government employees outside the military. 58. Civil War Amendments: Also known as the 13, 14, 15 Amendments. The thirteenth amendment abolished slavery. The 14th guaranteed citizenship to former slavers. The 15th declared that states may not deny the vote of any citizen on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 59. Clean Air Act: 1970- law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry 60. Closed Primary: a primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote 61. Closed primary: Only registered party members may vote in the primary (independents, greens, etc...not allowed) 62. Closed Rule: an order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor 63. Cloture: a rule for limiting or ending debate in a deliberative body 64. Cloture rule: Prevents filibustering (16 signatures) and ends debate in the Senate, by a 3/5s vote of the Senate 65. Coattails: The alleged tendency of candidates to win more votes in an election because of the presence at the top of the ticket of a better known

Candidate, such as the president 66. Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise: Resolved differences between northern and southern states; Congress could not tax exports nor Ban the slave trade for 20 yrs. 67. Committee of the Whole: a device in which a legislative body is considered one large committee. All members of the legislative body are members of such a committee 68. Committee System: Members of Congress are assigned to committees to investigate the merits and problems with suggested bills, sometimes holding public hearings to learn more before sending it to the full House or Senate for debate and a vote 69. Concurrent jurisdiction: The authority to hear cases is shared by federal &state courts 70. Concurrent Power: powers given to both national and state governments 71. Concurrent Resolution: passed by both houses of Congress and is not signed by the president and is not a law 72. Concurring opinion: Justice/justices who agree with the majority's opinion but not with the reason behind the decision 73. Confederacy: a loose union of independent states 74. Conference Committee: committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form 75. Conference committee: A temporary committee to work out a compromise version of a bill that has passed the House of Representatives and Senate in different forms 76. Congress vs. Parliament: In a congressional system, the legislature and the executive are separate; in a parliamentary system, they're combined in the Prime Minister, so this one person has a great deal of control and his power cannot easily be checked In a parliamentary system, the party that wins a majority can basically push through its entire agenda without any formidable opposition. In the US congressional system, there are many barriers to a passage of a law - committees, votes in both houses, and a presidential signoff. In a congressional system, individual members can disagree with their parties and party leadership. In a parliamentary system individuals are expected to vote with the party 77. Congressional caucuses: association of members created to support a political ideology or regional economic interest (black caucus, women's caucus...) 78. Congressional Districting: State legislatures draw congressional districts for Congressional elections 79. Connecticut Compromise: Legislative branch-2 houses-one based on population, one based on equal representation 80. Conservative: A person whose pol. views favor more local, limited government, less government regulations, conformity to social norms &values; rough on criminals 81. Conservative: tending to resist change; favoring traditional values and views 82. Constituency service: Casework, assistance to constituents by congressional members 83. Constituent: a person whom a member of Congress has been elected to represent 84. Constituent: people within a district or state-government official represents them. 85. Constitution: The document setting forth the laws &principles of the government; a plan of government 86. Constitutional courts: Federal courts created by Congress under Article III of the Constitution, including the district courts, courts of appeals &specialized courts such as the U.S. Court of International Trade 87. Constitutional law: Laws relating to the interpretation of the Constitution 88. Constitutional Supremacy: Principle of American government that the Constitution is the supreme law of the United States 89. Continuing Resolution: When Congress cannot reach agreement and pass appropriations bills; these resolutions allow agencies to spend at the level of the previous year for a specified period. 90. Cooperative Federalism: A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government 91. Cooperative federalism: Cooperation among federal, state, &local governments; "marble cake" federalism 92. Council of Economic Advisors: established by Employment Act of 1946- advise the President on economic policy- 3 members, appointed by President and approved by Senate, 93. Courts of appeals: Federal courts that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, &other fed. courts 94. Critical election: Sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions 95. Critical Elections: elections that disrupt party coalitions and create new ones in a party realignment 96. de jure & de facto segregation: De jure segregation is segregation by law; de facto segregation is segregation in practice. 97. Dealigning election: Party loyalty becomes less important to voters, &they vote for the other party candidate/independent 98. Dealignment: a process whereby voters are moved toward nonpartisanship thus weakening the structure of political parties 99. Dealignment: When a significant # of voters choose to no longer support a particular pol. party 100. Declaration of Independence: Drafted in 1776 by T. Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain (3 parts-New theory of government, reasons for separation, formal declaration of war and independence) 101. Deficit: Govt spending exceeds revenue 102. Delegated powers: Powers specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution 103. Democracy: A system whereby the people rule either directly/by elected representation 104. Democracy: a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them 105. Democrats: Today they trace themselves back to Andrew Jackson, who is the founder of the party. They created a coalition among the poor people, religious minorities, less educated, and blacks. They believe in greater governmental intervention in to the day to day lives of individuals, redistribution of wealth, and from an economic standpoint in favor of a managed economy - welfare, higher taxes, and affirmative action 106. Denied Powers: Powers the Constitution denies to the national government 107. Deviating election: Minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, &new voters 108. Devolution: the effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal government to the states 109. Devolution: An effort to shift responsibility of domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size &activates of the fed. government; some states have attempted to shift responsibilities further to local governments 110. Direct democracy: Citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues 111. Direct primary: Election within the party to choose their favorite candidate for a particular office 112. Discharge Petition: Petition that, if signed by majority of the House of Representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration 113. Discretionary spending: Spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operation expenses &salaries of government employees (defense, environment, education, space exploration) 114. Discrimination: Unfair treatment of a person based on race/group membership 115. Dissenting opinion: Justice/justices who disagree with the majority opinion 116. District courts: Lowest level of fed. courts, where fed. cases begin &trials are held (bank robbery, environmental violations, tax evasion) 117. Divided government: One party controls the executive, &the other party controls on /both houses of Congress 118. Docket: a court's calendar, showing the schedule of cases it is to hear 119. Double jeopardy: Being tried twice for the same offense (if you appealing, it is not double jeopardy because you are asking to be retried) 120. Dual Federalism: A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies 121. Dual federalism: Fed. &state governments each have defined responsibilities w/n their own sphere of influence; "layer cake" federalism 122. Due Process Clauses: 5th Amendment declares government cannot deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law. 14th Amendment says the states shall follow same restriction. 123. EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission): INDEPENDENT agency created in 1964-works to eliminate employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, disability, age or other criteria unrelated to job performance. 124. Elastic clause: The necessary &proper clause/Art. I, Sec. 8, Clause 18/implied powers clause- that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its powers 125. Election Process: At least 35 years old, A natural born citizen of the United States, A resident of the United States for 14 years. 1) Primaries and Caucuses 2) National Conventions 3) The General (or Popular) Election 4) Electoral College 126. Electoral College: the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president 127. Electoral college: Number each state gets is based on the number of representatives and the number of senators that state has. Need 270 to win election

128. Electorate: People qualified to vote 129. Elite theory: A small group of people identified by wealth/ pol. power, who rule in their self-interest 130. Elitism: Power is held by a small number of well-positioned, highly influential individuals 131. Eminent Domain: the right of the state to take private property for public use 132. Eminent domain: Allows the government to take property for public use but also requires the government to provide just compensation for that property 133. Entitlement program: Mandatory payments made by the federal government to people meeting eligibility requirements, such as Social Security, vets, welfare, Medicare 134. Entitlements: A claim for government funds that cannot be abridged without violating the rights of the claimant; for example, social security benefits or payments on a contract. 135. Enumerated Powers: The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution 136. Environmental impact statement: Required studies &reports of likely environmental impacts, filed w. the Environmental Protection Agency prior to the beginning of a project 137. EOP (Executive office of the President): name for the group of agencies, councils, and staff members which advise the president and help run the federal bureaucracy-was established by an executive order from FDR 138. Equal Protection Clause: Constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally-14th amendment 139. Equal Protection Clause: 14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination 140. Establishment Clause: clause in the first amendment guaranteeing freedom from religion by providing a basis for Supreme Court decision limiting government support for and endorsement of particular religion 141. Establishment Clause: Prohibits the establishment of a national religion-1st amendment 142. Evolution of Congress: Powerful House Divides the House - Civil War, Rise of Speaker of the House, Revolt against the speaker, empowerment of individual members 143. Ex post facto law: Laws applied to acts committed before passage of the laws are unconstitutional 144. ex post facto law: a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed 145. Exclusionary Rule: a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct 146. Exclusionary rule: Rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person form that it was seized 147. Exclusive Powers: Those powers that can be exercised by the National Government alone 148. Executive agreement: Agreement w/ another head of state not requiring approval form the Senate 149. Executive Agreements: Agreements between the US president and the leaders of other nations that do not require Senate approval 150. Executive order: The president directs an agency to carry out policies/existing laws (informal power) 151. Executive Privilege: The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security. 152. Executive privilege: The right of the president to withhold info from Congress/ refuse to testify; limited by U.S. v. Nixon 153. Extradition: States may return fugitives to a state from which they fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's gov 154. Faction: a group, usually a small part of a larger group, united around some cause; disagreement within an organization 155. Federal budget: Amount of money the federal government expects to receive &authorizes government to spend for a fiscal (12 mo.) year 156. Federal Election Commission: A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974. The federal Election Commission administers and enforces campaign finance laws. 157. Federal Reserve Board: A seven-member board that sets member banks reserve requirements, controls the discount rate, and makes other economic decisions. 158. Federal system: Power is divided between the states &the fed. government 159. Federalism: Powers that are shared and divided among federal and sub-divisional government (state/local) 160. Federalist Papers: Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constitution 161. Federalists: Supported a strong central government &expanded legislative powers 162. Filibuster: A lengthy speech designed to delay or kill the vote on a bill; used only in the Senate 163. Filibuster: a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches 164. Fiscal Federalism: The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments 165. Fiscal federalism: National govt's use of fiscal policy to influence states through the granting/withholding of appropriations 166. Fiscal policy: The policies of taxation &spending that comprise the nation's economic policy 167. Fiscal year: A 12-month pd, October through September, for planning the federal budget 168. Floor leaders: Direct party strategy &decisions in the House of Representatives &Senate 169. Formal Amendment Process: a change or addition that is written into the Constitution. 1. proposed by 2/3 vote in each house of congress 2. ratified by 3/4 of state legislation 170. Franking privilege: Privilege that allows members of Congress to mail letters &other materials to constituents postage-free 171. Free Exercise Clause: Congress may not make laws restricting/ prohibiting a person's religious practices-1st amendment 172. Free Exercise Clause: the First Amendment guarantee that citizens may freely engage in the religious activities of their choice 173. Freedom of expression: Freedom of speech/right to petition the government for redress as 1st amendment right 174. Freedom Of Information Act: citizens have the right to inspect all government records except those containing military, intelligence, or trade secrets or revealing private personnel actions 175. Front Loading: The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention. 176. Front-loading: Choosing an early date to hold the primary election 177. Full Faith & Credit: Constitutional requirement that each State accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State 178. Full Faith &Credit Clause: States are required to recognize the laws &legal documents of other states-Article 4 for Federalism! 179. Funded Mandate: Those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states with federal funds to support them 180. Gatekeepers: Media executives, news editors, &prominent reporters who decide what news to present &how it will be presented 181. General Accounting Office (GAO): performs routine financial audits of money spent by the executive departments and investigates agencies 182. General election: Voters choose officeholder form among all the candidates nominated by pol. parties/running as independents 183. Gerrymandering: Drawing of congressional districts to favor one pol. party/group over another 184. Get-out-the-vote: A campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls 185. Gibbons v Ogden: Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government 186. Government: the institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces binding decisions on citizens 187. Government: The formal &informal institutions, people, &processes used to create &conduct public policy 188. Grand Jury (5th amendment): ranges in size from 6 to 23, depending on the state, and functions to determine whether there is enough evidence available against a person accused of a crime to justify a trial. 189. Grants-in-aid: Programs, money, &resources provided by the fed. government to state &local governments to be used for specific projects &programs 190. Grassroots: Average voter at the local level 191. Great Compromise: Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house 192. Gridlock: When opposing parties &interests often block each other's proposals, creating a pol. stalemate/inaction between the executive &legislative branches of government 193. Gubernatorial: pertaining to a governor 194. Hatch Act: Prohibits government employees from engaging in pol. activities while on duty/running for office/seeking poli. funding while off duty; if in sensitive positions, may not be involved w/ pol. activities on/off duty 195. House vs. Senate: house: 435 voting members, 2 year terms, initiate revenue bills; senate: 100 voting members, six year terms, tries impeached officials, approves treaties 196. Hyperpluarlism: Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock ineffectiveness

197. Hyperpluarlism: a theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened 198. Ideology: A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals 199. Impeachment: Bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives 200. Impeachment Process: House impeaches by simple majority, Senate presides over trial, 2/3 majority in Senate needed to convict and remove president 201. Implied Powers: powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution, powers claimed by Congress which are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution, but are implied in its necessary and proper clause 202. Implied powers: Not expressed, but may be consider red through the use of the Necessary and Proper (elastic) Clause 203. Impoundment: Refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated 204. Incorporation: Application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under Amend. XIV 205. Incorporation doctrine: The Supreme Court ruling that most guarantees in the Bill of Rights are applicatable to the states through Amend. XIV 206. Incrementalism: Small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget-making--that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase 207. Incumbency effect: Tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advgs b/c they already hold the office 208. Incumbent: The person currently holding office 209. Independent Expenditures: Spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them. 210. indictment: Written statement of criminal charges brought against a defendant 211. Informal Amendment Process: Changing the meaning of the Constitution without a formal amendment (ex. Supreme Court opinions, laws, custom) 212. Inherent powers: Powers that exist for the national government b/c the government is sovereign 213. Initiative: Allows voters to petition to propose legislation &then submit it for a vote by qualified voters 214. Institutional Interest Group: A group of government officials and bureaucrats with expertise and vested interests in certain policies and programs that often parallel those of special interests in the private sector; as insiders with powerful allies in the private sector, members of certain institutional interest groups (such as defense, intelligence, energy, and agriculture) are in an advantageous position to lobby U.S. Congress for increased funding in the annual "battle of the budget." 215. Interest group: A group of private citizens whose goal is to influence &shape public policy 216. Interest Group Liberalism: A term to describe the tendency of officials to support the policy demands of interest groups that have a special stake in a policy 217. Interest Groups: A collection of people who share a common interest or attitude and seek to influence government for specific ends Interest groups usually work within the framework of government and try to achieve their goals through tactics such as lobbying 218. Interstate compacts: Agreements between states to work together on common issues 219. Iron Triangles: Mutually dependent relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees. They dominate some areas of domestic policymaking. 220. Issue Networks: a loose collection of interest groups, politicians, bureaucrats, and policy experts who have a particular interest in or responsibility for a policy area 221. John Locke: English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. 222. Joint Chiefs of Staff: high-ranking military officers who represent the Navy, Army, Air Force and Marines. They assist the civilian leaders of the Department of Defense-advise the president on security matters. 223. Joint Committee: A committee of the House and the Senate that usually acts as a study group and reports its findings back to the House and the Senate 224. Joint committee: Committee made up of members of both house of Congress-housekeeping issues decided 225. Joint Resolution: a resolution that is passed by both houses of congress 226. Judicial Activism: an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court) 227. Judicial activism: The Court should play an active role in determining national policies 228. Judicial Restraint: view that the courts should reject any active lawmaking functions and stick to judicial interpretations of the past 229. Judicial Review: review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court 230. Jurisdiction: The authority of the courts to hear &decide issues in certain cases 231. Lame Duck: person holding office after his or her replacement has been elected to the office, but before the current term has ended. 232. Lawmaking Process: Bill is introduced in both House and Senate Committee action in both House and Senate Floor action (debated, then passed or defeated) in both House and Senate Conference Committee resolves differences between House and Senate bills House and Senate vote on final passage signed into law by President 233. Legislative courts: Courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose w/ a narrow range of authority 234. Legislative veto: To reject the actions of the president/executive agency by a vote of one/both house of Congress w/o the consent of the president; ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Immigration &Naturalization Service v. Chadha 235. Libel: a tort consisting of false and malicious publication printed for the purpose of defaming a living person 236. Liberal: A person whose views favors more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, &increased government spending 237. Liberal: a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties 238. Limited Government: In this type of government everyone, including all authority figures, must obey laws. Constitutions, statements of rights or other laws define the limits of those in power so they cannot take advantage of the elected, appointed, or inherited positions 239. Limited government: Basic principle of U.S. government that each person has rights that government cannot take away 240. Line item veto: The president can reject a part of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional 241. Linkage Institution: channels through which people's concerns become political agenda, examples: elections, political parties, interest groups, media 242. Lobbying: Attempting to influence policymakers though a variety of methods 243. Lobbyist: someone who tries to persuade legislators to vote for bills that the lobbyists favor 244. Lobbyist: Uses pol. persuasion to influence legislation &benefit his/her org. 245. Logrolling: The exchange of pol. favors for support of a bill 246. Loose constructionist: broad interpretation of the Constitution 247. Madisonian Model: A structure of government proposed by James Madison in which the powers of the government are separated into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial; separation of powers, checks and balances, and limiting majority control 248. Maintaining elections: Traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty 249. Majority & Minority Floor Leaders: in the SENATE. Chief spokespeople for majority and minority parties. Majority leader directs legislative initiatives and the party's strategy. Minority leader argues against any of the majority party's legislation to which they are opposed 250. Majority Dissenting Opinion: A signed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with the majority view. 251. Majority leader: The elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Representatives/Senate 252. Majority opinion: The majority of justices agree on the decision &the reasons for the decision 253. Majority Whip: count votes within Majority Party- pressure other leaders to vote their way 254. Majority-minority districts: Drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority 255. majority/minority districts: those with a majority of residents who are part of an ethnic minority 256. Malapportionment: drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population 257. malapportionment: unfair proportional distribution of representatives to a legislative body 258. Mandates: Requirements imposed by the national government on state &local governments to comply w/ fed. rules &regulation 259. Mandatory spending: Required government spending by permanent laws 260. Marbury V. Madison: The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme

Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). 261. Marginal District: Political districts in which candidates elected to the House of Representatives win in close elections, usually less than 55% of the vote 262. Mark Up: committee action to amend a proposed bill 263. Markup: Rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it (happens in sub-committee) 264. Mass media: All forms of communication that reaches a large portion of the public 265. McCulloch v. Maryland: Supreme Court decision upholding the supremacy of the national government over the states/implied powers clause also strengthened-national bank established because this supported power to tax 266. McGovern-Frasier Commission: A commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation. 267. Media event: A speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue 268. Membership Interest Group: groups that work for the concerns of its members 269. Mid Term Elections: The congressional elections that take place midway through a president's four-year term. 270. Minority Whip: the minority leader's assistant; tries to get party members to vote with party leaders 271. Miranda v. Arizona: Right to be told what you are being held for. 272. Moderate: Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies 273. Monetary policy: controlling the money supply-Federal Reserve (independent agency) 274. MuCulloch v Maryland: court ruled that states had no power to interfere with federal institutions; states cannot pass laws that violate federal laws 275. Multiple Referral: a congressional process whereby a bill may be referred to several committees 276. National chairman: Appointed by the DNC or the RNC as head of the party 277. National Committee: a committee of delegates from each state and territory that runs party affairs between national conventions 278. National Convention: A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules. 279. National debt: Amount of money owed by the government 280. Natural rights: Basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights that a government cannot deny-Locke-life, liberty, property 281. Necessary and Proper Clause: Gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary to carry out their constitutional duties; "elastic" clause (Art. I, Sec 8, clause 18) 282. New Deal Coalition: coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals. 283. New Deal coalition: Alliance of southern conservatives, religious, and ethnic minorities who supported the Democratic Party for 40 years 284. New Federalism: a policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems) 285. OMB (Office of Management and Budget): 1921) to prepare estimates of how much will be spent by federal agencies, to negotiate and to make that legislative proposals of these other departments jive with the president's program. 286. Open Primary: a primary in which any registered voter can vote (but must vote for candidates of only one party) 287. Open primary: registered voters can vote in either primary-do not have to register with any party. 288. Open Rule: an order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor 289. Opinion leaders: Those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may informally and unintentionally influence others 290. Original Jurisdiction: The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts about a case. 291. Oversight: Congress monitors policies of the executive branch (money, hearings, investigations)-checks and balances 292. Oversight Function: review by legislative committees of the policies and programs of the executive branch 293. PAC: Political action committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates 294. PAC (Political Action Committee): an independent organization established by interest groups, political candidates, and people who hold office. PACs serve to raise and contribute money to the political campaigns of individuals whose platforms agree with the aims of the PAC. 295. Pardon: release from the punishment or legal consequences of a crime, by the President (in a federal case) or a governor (in a state case) 296. Party Realignment: the displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period 297. Patronage: (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support 298. Pendleton Act: 1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to do not campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons 299. Pigeonholed: expression describing how most bills introduced in each session of Congress are buried, put away, or never acted upon 300. Platform: a series of statements expressing the party's principles, beliefs, and positions on election issues 301. Plea Bargain: Agreement between a prosecutor and a defendant that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser offense to avoid having to stand trial for a more serious offense. 302. Plessy v. Ferguson: The Supreme Court case that upheld separate-but-equal segregation in 1896 303. Pluralism: A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group 304. Pluralist theory: interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts everyone gets a piece of the pie-a marketplace of ideas, compromise happens-positive view 305. Pocket Veto: when a president kills a bill passed during the last 10 days Congress is in session by simply refusing to act on it 306. pocket veto: DIES-sits on desk-10 days go past-Congress adjourns within the 10 days. 307. Policy adoption: The approval of a policy by legislation 308. Policy evalution: Determines if a policy is achieving its goals 309. Policy formulation: The crafting of a policy to resolve public problems 310. Policy implementation: Carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts 311. Policy Making Process: -recognition/definition stage (agenda setting) - put issue on congress radar-objects and goals to fulfill identifies and defined according to how the problem fits within existing policy categories and then prioritized -formulation stage-figure out solution-various alternative courses for this policy are considered and a preferred course is selected -Adoption/ legitimation stage- form of law by congress, court rules, administration and regulations- policy under consideration assumes authority of the law through ratification by congress or through regulations issued by the relevant administrative agencies -Implementation- "go forth and do it"-translates law into action through the adoption of administrative regulations and the dedication of agency resources to carry out the policy -evaluation-figure out if its doing what its supposed to be doing- policy is assessed for its worth and effectiveness in meeting its original objectives and goals 312. Political ideology: A consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluation government and public policy 313. Political agenda: Issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power 314. Political culture: A set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens and that influences political opinions and behaviors 315. Political efficacy: Belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking-vote makes a difference 316. Political Participation: All the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue. Voting is the most common but not the only means of political participation in a democracy. Other means include protest and civil disobedience 317. Political party: Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections 318. Political Socialization: Complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values (family, school, media, religion, national events-all help to socialize) 319. Political socialization: Complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values (family, school, media, religion, national events-all help to socialize) 320. Political System: the social institution that is founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals

321. Politics: Method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government (who gets what, when, and how) 322. Popular Sovereignty: The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government 323. Popular sovereignty: people are the source of all governmental power 324. Pork Barrel: a government project that benefits a specific location or lawmaker's home district and constituents 325. Pork barrel legislation: Legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary of unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a members chance of reelection 326. Power: refers to the government's authority derived from the constitution, comes as informal and formal 327. Powers of President: chief of state, chief executive, appointment powers, grant reprieves and pardons, wartime powers, proposal and ratification of treaties, executive agreements, passing or denying legislation sign/veto bills, commander in chief of military, makes treaties, appoints government officials 328. Powers of the Court: To interpret the law, Hear Cases on the constitution, federal laws, treaties, laws governing ships, between people and the government, between 2 or more people and the state governments, citizens of different states, and they also check laws that the congress passed 329. Precedents: Standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes 330. President of the Senate: the presiding officer of a senate; in Congress, the vice president of the United States; in a state's legislature, either the lieutenant governor or a senator 331. President pro tempore: Serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the VP; chosen by the majority party 332. Presidential Powers: The president can issue rules, regulations, and instructions called executive orders, which have the binding force of law upon federal agencies but do not require congressional approval. The president nominates, subject to Senate confirmation, the heads of executive departments, agencies, and other high ranking federal officials. Presidential Legislative Powers: The president has the power to veto any bill passed by Congress. It then takes two-thirds of the members of each house to vote to override the veto. 333. Presidential preference primaries: Voters select delegates to the presidential nominating convention 334. Primary election: Nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election 335. Prior Restraint: government censorship of information before it is published or broadcast 336. Prior restraint: Censorship of information before it is published or broadcast (unconstitutional in most cases) 337. Privileges & Immunities: Guarantees that the rights of a citizen in one state will be respected in all other states 338. Privileges and immunities: States are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states (article 4) 339. Probable Cause: reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion 340. Procedural due process: Method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to the established rules and procedures 341. Public Interest Groups: work to benefit all, or at least most of society, these groups support causes that affect the lives of Americans in general 342. Public Opinion: A collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics, and the making of public policy. Affected by who is being polled, the error margin and the number of different groups represented. Measured by questioning a random sample of people about their opinion on a certain politician 343. Public opinion: A collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics, and the making of public policy 344. Public policy: The exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society 345. Pure speech: Verbal communication of ideas and opinions 346. Pyramidal Organization: Presidential staff is organized by hierarchy of power, only the people in high places talk to president 347. Quorum: The minimum number of members who must be present to permit a legislative body to take official action 348. Radical: Ideological view that favors rapid fundamental change in the existing social, economic, or political order 349. Ratification: Method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law 350. Reactionary: Ideological view that favors a return to a previous state of affairs 351. Realignment: A shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support 352. Reapportionment: Redistribution of the congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution 353. Recall: Special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term expires 354. Recall: the act of removing an official by petition 355. red tape: complex rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done (agencies-bureaucracy) 356. Redistricting: The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population 357. Referendum: Procedure whereby the state submits legislation to its voters for approval, allowing citizens to vote directly on issues 358. Referendum: a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate 359. Rehnquist Court: the conservative justice who was on the Burger Court that became chief justice; as chief justice he led a conservative revolution that left power up to the states over Congress; ruled on Bush v. Gore 360. Representative democracy: Citizens choose officials (representatives) who make decisions about public policy 361. Republic: a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them 362. Republicans: are the last major party to be successful and be created; it can be traced back to the Whig Party, which collapsed in the 1840s. 1860 - Abraham Lincoln is the first Republican president elected. Historically, Republicans have done well in the area of the presidency. Republicans are viewed as pro-business, anti government regulation, conservative/moral values and ideas. Since the 1970s in the south, the Republicans have gained power 363. Reserved Powers: powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by the states 364. Reserved powers: Powers belonging specifically to the states and the people because they were not delegated to the national government nor denied to the states 365. Restrictive Rule: an order from the House Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made into a bill on the floor 366. Revenue Sharing: federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states 367. Revenue sharing: Giving money back to the state and local government with no strings attached 368. Rider: An addition of amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own merits (senate only) 369. Rider: a clause that is appended to a legislative bill 370. Roll Call Voting: publicly recorded votes on bills and amendments on the floor of the House or Senate 371. Rule Of Four: Requirement that a case can only be heard by the Supreme Court if four justices vote to hear the case 372. Rule of Propinquity: Power wielded by people who are in the room when a decision is made Governs the ability of an assistant to affect the President Appointments can be classified in terms of proximity to President 3 degrees of propinquity-(1) the White House, (2) the Executive Office, (3) the Cabinet 373. Rules Committee: A standing committee of the House of Representatives that provides special rules under which specific bills can be debated, amended, and considered by the house 374. Rules committee: Determines the rules of debate for bills in the House of Representatives-also known as the calendar committee 375. Runoff primary: When no candidate receives a majority of votes, an election held between eh two candidates who received the most votes in the primary 376. Sampling: Using a representative cross-section of the general population chosen at random in the polling process 377. Sampling errors: Percentage of possible errors in the polling process 378. Select Committee: A temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose 379. Select committee: Committee selected for a specific purpose-investigation-hearing 380. Self-incrimination: Accusing oneself or giving evidence that may prove oneself guilty 381. Senatorial Courtesy: Presidential custom of submitting the names of prospective appointees for approval to senators from the states in which the appointees are to work 382. Senatorial courtesy: The practice of allowing senators form the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts ONLY 383. Seniority Rule: A legislative practice that assigns the chair of a committee or subcommittee to the member of the majority party with the longest continuous service on the committee 384. Seniority system: System in which the chairmanship of a committee is given to eh member with the longest continuous service

385. Separation of powers: Practice by which power is separated among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches 386. Shays Rebellion: this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes 387. Shield law: Law guaranteeing news reporters the right to protect the anonymity of their sources. States have passed this--not the federal government. 388. Simple Resolution: a decision that concerns only the Senate or the House 389. Single-member districts: Only one representative is chosen from each district 390. Slander: words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another 391. Social contract theory: A voluntary agreement between the government and the governed 392. Social insurance programs: Programs to help the elderly, ill, and unemployed if the claimant has paid into them 393. Social welfare policy: Government program to enhance quality of life 394. Soft Money: political contributions made in such a way as to avoid the United States regulations for federal election campaigns (as by contributions to a political action committee) 395. Soft money: Money distributed form a national political party organization that was not regulated by law; restricted by the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002 396. soft money: political parties solicit unlimited funds from individuals, corporations; spend on voter registration campaigns and get-out the-vote drives and "not on behalf of specific candidates" 397. Solicitor General: A presidential appointee and the third-ranking office in the Department of Justice. The solicitor general is in charge of the appellate court litigation of the federal government. 398. Speaker of the House: decides who will be recognized to speak- rules whether motions are relevant to the business at hand; decides which bills where the bills will go (committees)-influencial as to what bills are brought up for a vote-appoints members to special and select committees 399. Speaker of the House: Leading officer in the House of Representatives, chosen by the majority party 400. Speaker of the House: the leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer of the House of Representatives 401. Speech plus: Verbal and symbolic speech used together 402. Split-ticket voting: Voting for candidates form more than one party in the same election 403. Standing Committee: A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area 404. Standing committee: Permanent committees in the House/Senate-every representative and every senator is appointed to 2 or 3. 405. Stare decisis: Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases 406. stare decisis: Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases 407. State Of The Union Address: yearly report of the president to Congress, as required by the Constitution, in which the nation's condition is described and programs/laws are recommended to Congress by the President 408. Straw poll: Early form of polling that asks the same question of a large number of people 409. Strict constructionist: Narrow interpretation of the Constitution 410. Substantive due process: the law itself is fair or unfair-not the procedures-but the law 411. Suffrage: The right to vote 412. Super delegates: Party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses 413. Super Tuesday: Day when several states hold their presidential primaries (usually the second Tuesday in March) 414. Supremacy Clause: National law supersedes all other laws passed by states (Art VI) 415. Symbolic speech: Using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea 416. Third Party: Term for any political party that develops besides the Republicans and Democrats. They are significant because they propose new ideas and often one of the two major parties adopt some of their ideas 417. Three-Fifths Compromise: Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment) 418. Ticket Splitting: voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices 419. Traditional Democratic Theory: A theory about how a democratic government makes its decisions. According to Robert Dahl, its cornerstones are equality in voting, effective participation, enlightened understanding, final control over the agenda, and inclusion. 420. Traditional democratic theory: Government depends upon the consent of the governed 421. Trial balloon: Tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gaugin public reaction 422. Trustee: After listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions 423. Trustee/Delegate-roles Congressman play: trustee--do what is best regardless of voter opinion; delegate--do what the voters want 424. Two-party system: Several political parties exist, but only two major political parties compete for power and dominate elections 425. Unfunded Mandate: law requiring a lower level of government to pay for its implementation 426. Unfunded mandates: Federal government requires the states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary 427. Unitary Government: a government in which all government power is held by the national government. 428. Univ of California v Bakke: In this 1978 case, the Supreme Court held that affirmative action programs discriminated against white medical students 429. US v Nixon: The Supreme Court does have the final voice in determining constitutional questions; no person, not even the President of the United States, is completely above law; and the president cannot use executive privilege as an excuse to withhold evidence that is 'demonstrably relevant in a criminal trial 430. Virginia Plan: Madison's plan for a bicameral legislature, which the executive and judiciary chosen by the legislature 431. Voting Behavior: Voting patterns invariably focuses on the determinants of why people vote as they do and how they arrive at the decisions they make. Sociologists tend to look to the socio-economic determinants of support for political parties, observing the correlations between class, occupation, ethnicity, sex, and age 432. Voting Rights Act of 1965: 1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it gave blacks jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap 433. Voting Trends: -Older men and women vote more -Most of the people register to vote but don't actually vote -More women vote then men -People who are qualified to vote usually don't 434. War Powers Act: Limits the ability of the president to commit troops to combat-48 hours to tell Congress when and why the troops were sent, they have 60-90 to bring them home if they disagree 435. War Powers Resolution: passed in 1973, requires presidents to consult with Congress prior to using military force and mandates the withdrawal of forces after sixty days unless Congress declares war or grants an extension 436. Warren Court: the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism 437. Watergate: Break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate building in 1972 that resulted in a cover-up and the subsequent resignation of Nixon 438. Welfare Reform Act of 1996: Landmark act that reversing sixty years of welfare policy, the law ended the largest federal program, AFDC. It changed funding limits and guidelines and limited most recipients to two years of continuous coverage, with a five-year lifetime total. 439. Whips: assistant to the floor leaders, keeps a head count of votes, rounds up members for important votes 440. White House Staff: Consists of the immediate staff of the President, as well as multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President 441. writ of certiorari: an order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the record of a case for review 442. Writ of habeas corpus: right to be told what you are being held for and shown evidence against you-used in death penalty case appeals. 443. writ of habeas corpus: a court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person