PSY 2012 Review for Test #4, Chapters 13-16

Chapter 13 1. Define personality. a. The unique and realtively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual 2. What is a trait? a. A disposition to behave consistently in a particular way 3. What is the heritability of personality traits? a. Twin studies show estimates between 40-60% 4. What is Sigmund Freuds view of unconsciousness? a. Contains all drives, urges, and instincts that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most behavior. 5. Describe id, ego and superego. a. Id- impulse and desire, want want want b. Ego- sense of self, realistic attempt to get wants c. Superego- mind that moniters behavior and evaluates it in terms of right and wrong, conscience 6. What are defense mechanisms? Describe the most significant defense mechanisms. a. Defense mechanisms are unconscious strageties the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way b. Repression- keeping unpleasant thoughts, feelings, impulses out of consciousness c. Reaction formation- turns unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse into its opposite. Exaggerated opposite feelings d. Projection- in which people deny particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and project them on to others e. Sublimation- a socially unacceptable impulse is expressed in an acceptable way. 7. Explain the stages of Freuds theory of psychosexual development. a. Oral-0-18- sucking biting chewing b. Anal-18-36- bowels and bladder c. Phallic-3-6- genitals pleasure, Oedipus, Electra d. Latency-6-puberty- latency, dormant e. Genital-puberty-up- source of pleasure 8. Describe Jungs theories of collective unconsciousness and personal unconsciousness.

a. Personal unconsciousness- all our repressed and hidden thoughts, feelings, motives b. Collective unconsioucness- shared experiences of our ancestors that have been passed down from generation to generation 9. Describe humanistic-positive psychology. a. We have a natural interest in becoming the best person possible 10. What are the most prominent characteristics of Abraham Maslows self-actualized person? a. Spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness- do not pretend to be what they are not b. Problem centered (having a calling)- what they are meant to do c. Creativity- practical, problems solving d. Deep interpersonal relations-relationship with self 11. Explain Carl Rogers concept of unconditional positive regard. a. Acceptance of another personal regardless of his or her behavior 12. Explain the central theme of social-cognitive theories of personality. a. A persons behavior changes in different situations 13. What is the basis of trait theories of personality? a. Assumes that traits or dispositions are the major force behind personality. 14. Describe the five-factor model of personality. a. Big five model- ocean- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism 15. What is the basis for the biological theories of personality? a. Based on differences in genetics, central nervous system. 16. Describe the four methods of measuring personality. a. Behavioral observation- observe and count specific behaviors, particular trates b. Interviewing- face to face, gather info about life c. Projective tests- personality assesments in which the participant is presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what they see d. Personality questionares- self report instruments on which respondents indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with a series of statements as they apply to their personalities 17. What are projective tests? Give examples of the most commonly used projective tests. a. Inkblot test and thematic apperception test(putting story together) 18. Describe the MMPI. a. Chapter 14

1. Define social psychology. a. Study of how living among others influences thought, feelings, and behavior 2. What is social facilitation? Social loafing? a. Social facilitation- phenomenon in which the presence of others improves ones performance b. Social loafing- presence of others causes one to relax ones standards and slack off 3. What are social norms? a. Rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives 4. Define conformity and group think. a. Conformity- tendency of people to adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to norms of their culture b. Group think- situation I nwhich the thinking of the froup takes over, so much that the group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision 5. Describe the Mailgram study and the resulting insight and consequences. a. Show that most people continued to give shocks because of the authoritative figure that was watching. 6. Explain attributions and fundamental attribution errors. a. Attributions- inferences made about the causes of other peoples behavior b. Fundamental attribution errors- tendency to explain others behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms 7. What is self-serving bias? a. Tendency to make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attribution for our sucess 8. Define the terms stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination. a. Stereotypes- schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong b. Prejudice-biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like c. Discrimination- preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes 9. What are out-group homogeneity and in-group/out-group bias? a. Out group homogeneity- the tendency to see all members of an out group as the same

b. In group/out group bias- to show positive feelings toward people who belong to the same group as we do, and negative feelings towards those in other groups 10. Define attitude. a. An individuals favorable or unfavorable beliefs, feelings, or actions toward an object, idea, person 11. Describe cognitive dissonance. a. The feeling of discomfort caused by imformation that is different from a persons conception of himself or herself as a reasonable and sensible person 12. What is prosocial behavior? Altruism? a. Prosocial- action that is beneficial to others b. Altruism- selfless attitudes and behaviors toward others 13. Explain the bystander effect. a. Phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help 14. What is kin selection? a. The evolutionary favoring of genes that prompts individuals to help their relatives or kin 15. Describe empathy. a. The ability to share the feelings of others and understand situations 16. What is meant by the statement, the more average features become the more attractive they seem? 17. What is the sexual strategies theory? a. The idea that men and women face different problems when they seek out mates, and so the often approach relationships in different ways 18. Explain Robert Sternbergs triangular theory of love. a. Intimacy, passion, and commitment, in various combinations can explain all the forms of human love 19. Define cult. a. An extremist group lef by charismatic, totalitarian leader who uses coercive methods to prevent members from leaving the group 20. How was Jim Jones able to convince hundreds of people to kill themselves and their children? a. Sought out people who needed to hear his message, poor, minorities, ex addicts and convicts, wanted miravles. Chapter 15 1. What are the criteria for deeming a behavior a psychological disorder? 2. Define anxiety disorder.

a. State of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months 3. Define the terms phobia and agoraphobia. a. Phobia-anxiety disorder marked by ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity b. Agoraphobia- anxiety disorder, involving intense fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur 4. What is a panic attack? Panic disorder? a. Panic attack- sudden short period of extreme anxiety involving physchological and physiological symptoms and intense fear. b. Panic disorder- anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks 5. Describe post-traumatic stress disorder. a. Anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat 6. What is social phobia? a. Fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self consciousness about appearance or behavior or both 7. Define OCD. What is the difference between an obsession and a compulsion? a. Anxiety disorder in which compulsive thoughts lead to obsessive behaviors b. Obsession- unwanted thought, word, phrase, image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a persons mind and causes distress c. Compulsion- repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges according to a ritualistic set of rules 8. Explain the diathesis-stress model. a. Explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions pkus stress or an abusive environment 9. What are mood disorders? a. Category of psychological disorder characterized by severe disturbances in emotional behavior 10. Describe the four specific mood disorders. a. Depression- pervasive low mood, lack of motifation, low energy, worthlessness, guilt for atleast 2 weeks b. Dysthumia- milder in intensity ^^ c. Bipolar disorder- substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low, and very high moods d. Cyclothymia- milder^^ 11. Define psychosis.

a. Disorders of thought and perception, inability to distinguish real from imagined perceptions 12. Define schizophrenia and explain the four subtypes. a. Schizophrenia- phsychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically provlems with perception i. Paranoid- preoccuptation with delusions and auditory hallucinations ii. Catatonic- extreme immobility, excessive activity, peculiar posturing, mutism, parroting what people say iii. Undifferentiated- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech iv. Disorganized- disorganized speech and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect 13. What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? Negative symptoms? a. Positive-hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized though and speech b. Negative- nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, or striking strange poses, reduction of speaking, inability to complete tasks 14. Describe the differences between hallucinations and delusions. a. Hallucinations- convincing sensory ecperiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus b. Delusions- false belief, or exaggeration helf despite evidence on the contrary 15. What factors contribute to the occurrence of schizophrenia? a. Problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning, memory, reasoning, problem solcing, speed of processing, disordered speech. 16. Define dissociative disorders. a. Phsychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, conciousness 17. What is DID? a. Dissociative identity disorder- person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, emotions 18. What are personality disorders? Explain the major types. a. Maladaptive and inflexible patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence b. 19. What are the primary childhood disorders? a. 20. What is the link between psychological disorders and creativity? a. Milder psychotic symptoms highly associated

Chapter 16 1. What are the three categories of biological treatments for psychological disorders. 2. What are major psychological disorders that are frequently treated with drug therapies? a. Anxiety, depression, bipolar, schizophrenia 3. Under what circumstances would ECT be typically used? Likely side effects? a. For severe depression, Permenant memory loss, cognitive famage destroys brain tissue 4. Define psychotherapy. a. The use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior 5. Describe the basis of psychodynamic therapy. a. Therapy aimed at uncovering unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems 6. What is free association? a. Psychotheurapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whtver comes to mind, regardless of how threatening or disgusting or troubling it may be 7. Describe client-centered therapy including the psychologist who developed it. a. Form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient. Carl Rogers 8. Describe behavior therapies. a. Therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders 9. What are token economies? a. Behavioral technique in which desiravle behaviors are reinforced with a token, small chip or fake coing, which can be exchanged for priveleges 10. Explain systematic desensitization. a. Behavioral therapy technique, often used for phobias, in which the therapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object, generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object 11. What is flooding? a. Extreme form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object 12. Explain cognitive therapy. a. Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns 13. What is cognitive-behavioral therapy?

a. An approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restricting irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors 14. Describe group therapy. a. Therapeutic settings in which several people who share a common problem meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another 15. What are support groups? a. Meetings of people hwo share a common situation, disorder, disease, or coping with ill family member 16. Explain integrative therapy. a. Eclectic approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situations 17. How effective are biological therapies? a. 18. How effective are psychological treatments? 19. Define evidence-based therapies. a. Treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome 20. How effective are integrative therapies?

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