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The Simulation Study of Sensorless Control

for Induction Motor Drives based on MRAS


Zicheng Li, Shanmei Cheng, and Kai Cai

Abstract—A method of speed identification for sensorless stator is regarded as the system error to estimate rotor speed
induction motor (IM) drives based on a model reference and stator resistance. Different PI adaptive relation that
adaptive system (MRAS) is proposed in this paper. The adaptive deduced from the Lyapunov’s criterion is employed to
full-order observer based on IM equation is used to estimate estimate the rotor speed and stator resistance respectively and
stator currents and rotor flux. Lyapunov’s stability criterion is the stability of the estimation is also proved by it. The
employed to estimate rotor speed. The same algorithm deduced sensorless induction motor drive system of indirect field
from Lyapunov’s stability criterion is given to estimate the
oriented control (FOC) is composed according to the schemes
stator resistance, which results in the speed estimation error.
The results of simulation show that the motor speed is controlled above. The feasibility of the system is verified by simulation
well at very low speeds. The proposed speed and stator results. The torque and speed have good performance at very
resistance identification methods can be believed have high low speeds especially.
possibility in practical applications.
II. MRAS BASED ON INDUCTION MOTOR MODEL
I. INTRODUCTION For an induction motor, if the stator currents is and rotor

T HE sensorless induction motor drives have been widely


used due to their attractive features such as reliability,
flexibility, robustness and poor cost, especially in the
flux ϕ r are selected as the state variables, the state equations
can be described in the stationary reference frame as follows
field of general inverter where they are used successfully. [3]:
However, when a very high accuracy is desired, the ª is º ª A11 A12 º ª is º ª B º
performance of speed estimation is not good particularly at p« » = « » « » + « » us (1)
low speeds. The main reason of the speed estimation error is ¬ϕ r ¼ ¬ A21 A22 ¼ ¬ϕ r ¼ ¬ 0 ¼
imprecise of flux observer and the offset of the stator current is = Cx (2)
sensor. Besides, it is very sensitive to the variation of motor Where:
parameters. The scheme based on model reference adaptive
is = [ isα is β ] T stator current
system (MRAS) is one of the major approaches for rotor
speed estimation [1,2]. Various control algorithms based on ϕ r
= [ ϕ rα ϕ r β ] T rotor flux
MRAS have been proposed. [3,4] apply the electromagnetic
torque in generalized error and obtained better effect in static u s = [ u sα u s β ] T stator voltage
state. [5-7] employ rotor flux as the system error to identify
A11 = − { Rs / (σ Ls ) + (1 − σ ) / (στ r )} I
the rotor speed. Stator back-EMF is used as the error to
estimate the rotor speed in [8,9]. These algorithms are mainly A12 = { Lm / (σ Ls Lrτ r )} I − { Lmω r / (σ Ls Lr )} J
based on the flux and speed estimations, which are obtained
from the electrical quantities, and they are complicated and A21 = ( Lm / τ r ) I
have difficulties in low speeds or zero speeds. Besides they A22 = − (1/ τ r ) I + ω r J
are sensitive to the motor parameters variation in motor
running particularly stator resistance and rotor resistance B = 1/ (σ Ls ) I
deviation. It is demonstrated that the rotor speed and the rotor C = [I 0]
resistance are not synchronously estimated [10]. Therefore I , J are unit matrix and skew symmetric matrix
some authors prefer to observe the stator resistance in respectively.
sensorless induction motor drives [11-13].
This paper proposed a scheme for sensorless induction ª1 0 º ª 0 −1º
I =« » , J = «1 0 »
motor drive based on MRAS. In this scheme, an adaptive ¬ 0 1 ¼ ¬ ¼
full-order observer is used to observe stator currents and rotor Rs , Rr are stator and rotor resistance.
flux, and the error between estimated stator current and real
Ls , Lr are stator and rotor self-inductance.
Manuscript received May 11, 2008.
Zicheng Li is with the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Lm is mutual inductance.
Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China (phone:
+86-1397-1460031; fax: +86-027-87540924; e-mail: lizich@sohu.com). τ r = Lr / Rr is rotor time constant.
Shanmei Cheng and Kai Cai are with the Dept of Control Science and
σ = 1 − Lm / Ls Lr is leakage coefficient.
2
Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
430074, China (e-mail: dapolo@smail.hust.edu.cn).

235
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ω r is motor angular velocity. us ªi º ªA A12 º ª is º ª B º is
p « s » = « 11 + u
Since rotor speed ωr is included in matrix A12 and A22 , (1) ¬ϕ r ¼ ¬ A21 A22 »¼ «¬ϕ r »¼ «¬ 0 »¼ s
+ e
can be selected as a reference model. If speed estimated value
ωˆ r replaces real speed ω r and motor parameters keep
+ p [ iˆs ϕˆ r ]
T
[iˆ s
ϕˆ r ]
T
iˆs
invariable, the adaptive full-order observer of speed B ³ C
identification system can be expressed as follows: +

ª iˆs º ª A11 Aˆ12 º ª iˆs º ªBº Â + G ϕˆ r


p« »=« »« »
Aˆ 22 ¼ ¬ϕˆ r ¼
+ « » us (3)
¬ϕˆ r ¼ ¬ A21 ¬0¼ ωˆ r
f (is − iˆs )
Where, “^” signifies the estimated value. Fig. 1. The block diagram of MRAS
According to the theory of MRAS, we can consider the
motor (1) as a reference model and the observer (3) as an
adjustable model. Since stator currents are easy to be III. ADAPTIVE SCHEME FOR SPEED ESTIMATION
measured, the stator current is selected as the error feedback As a MRAS, the stability is first to be considered. The (6)
value. Therefore, the error between the states is and iˆs can be can be simplified as
used the system error e . The error equation is defined by e = Am e + Ad (t ) xm (7)
subtracting (3) from (1) as Where,
p (is − iˆs ) = A11 (is − iˆs ) + A12ϕ r − Aˆ12ϕˆ r + G (is − iˆs ) (4) Am = A11 + G ˈ Ad (t ) = {Lm /(σ Ls Lr )} (ω r − ωˆ r ) , xm = J ϕˆ r .
Where, G is the observer gain matrix, which decides the A Lyapunov’s function [14] is selected as
stability of equation (4). Furthermore, actual rotor flux can’t T
V = e Pe + t r { Ad (t ) F (t ) Ad (t )}
−1
(8)
be directly measured. From equation (1), we can obtain the Where, P , F are both positive symmetric matrixes. The
rotor flux as follows:
derivative of V to time is as follows:
pϕˆ r = A21is + A22ϕˆ r (5)
V = e ( A P + PA )e + 2t { A (t )[ Pex − F A (t )]} (9)
T T T T −1
m m r d m d
Because is can be measured directly, rotor flux can be
It makes Am be Gourvatz matrix by configuring matrix G so
obtained from (5), and we usually think ϕ r is equal to ϕˆ r . So that matrix P can be gained by Lyapunov’s equation
(4) is rewritten as follows: T
Am P + PAm = −Q (10)
p (is − iˆs ) Where, Q is arbitrary positively definite matrix. The follow
= A11 (is − iˆs ) + G (is − iˆs ) + ( A12 − Aˆ12 )ϕˆ r equation is chosen to make V be negative definite
= ( A11 + G )(is − iˆs ) + ( A12 − Aˆ12 )ϕˆ r Pexm − F A d (t ) = 0
T −1
(11)
= ( A11 + G )(is − iˆs ) +{Lm /(σ Ls Lr )} (ω r − ωˆ r ) J ϕˆ r (6) An adaptive control law [13] about Ad (t ) is obtained
Thus, the error between the states is and iˆs can be used to t

FPex dτ + A (0)
T
(12)
A (t ) =
d ³ 0 m d

a speed adaptive control mechanism which gains and adjusts From (7) and (12), we can obtain as follows:
estimated speed ωˆ r . At the same time, the estimated speed {Lm /(σ Ls Lr )} (ω r − ωˆ r )
ωˆ r is introduced in the adjustable model and the estimated t

³ FP (i − iˆ )ϕˆ J dτ + Ad (0)
T T
=
stator current iˆs is changed consequently. While speed
s s r
0

t
adaptive mechanism should guarantee that the system error e = ³ FP{ϕˆ rα
(i − iˆ ) −ϕˆ ( i − iˆ )}dτ + Ad (0)
sβ sβ rβ sα sα
(13)
0

would approach zero if estimated speed ωˆ r is asymptotic to Obviously, (13) can be equivalent as follows by a PI
control equation
real speed ωr . Fig. 3 shows the total MRAS diagram. Where
ωˆ r = f (is − iˆs ) is the expression of the estimated speed. ωˆ r = ( k PS + k IS / s ) {ϕˆ ( iˆ − i ) − ϕˆ ( iˆ − i )} (14)rα sβ sβ rβ sα sα

Where, k PS , k IS are PI parameters of speed adaptive


estimator and 1/S is the integral operator. Therefore,
according to Lyapunov’s theory we can conclude that a right
matrix P is gained from (13) if a random positive matrix Q
is given and global asymptotic stability of the system is
guaranteed if adaptive gain F is positive matrix and input us
is random parted continuous function. (14) can be used to

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estimate rotor speed conveniently. TABLE I
CONSTRUCTED MOTOR SPECIFICATION

IV. STATOR RESISTANCE ESTIMATION THEORY Stator resistance 1.48[¡]


Rotor resistance 2.62[¡]
From (4), if rotor speed w is invariable, it can be described:
Stator inductance 210[mH]
p(is − iˆs ) = A11is − Aˆ11iˆs + A12 (ϕ r − ϕˆr ) +G (is − iˆs ) Rotor inductance 210[mH]
(15) Mutual inductance 200[mH]
From (1) and (3), we have Rated voltage 380 [V]
p(ϕr − ϕˆr ) = A21 (is − iˆs ) + A22 (ϕr − ϕˆr ) (16) Rated frequency 50 [Hz]
Number of pole 4
When ϕ r is nearly equal to ϕˆr , it can be expressed Rated speed 1450[rpm]
ϕ r − ϕˆr = − A22 −1 A21 (is − iˆs ) (17)
Fig. 3, 4 and 5 are simulation results of rotor speed, stator
Substituting (17) into (16) gives current, and electromagnetic torque at 50 rad/s. Fig. 3
p(is − iˆs ) = ( A11 − Aˆ11 )is − A22 −1 A21 A12 (is − iˆs ) indicates that the estimated and real speed track each other in
both steady state and dynamic operation. Fig. 4 shows that
+G (is − iˆs ) (18) just like speed the estimated stator current coincides with the
From (1), it can be simplified as real one and Fig. 5 reveals the high performance of torque at
startup.
p(is − iˆs ) = (G − A22 −1 A21 A12 ) (is − iˆs )
− (is / σ Ls )( Rs − Rˆ s )
60
(19)
So, (6) can be rewritten by (19), where 50

e = is − iˆs ˈ Am = G − A22 −1 A21 A12 ˈ xm = −is ˈ


A (t ) = ( R − Rˆ ) /(σ L )
40
real
d s s s

Speed (rad/s)
estimated
Therefore, according to the same Lyapunov’s theory, stator 30

resistance Rs can be estimated by a PI control equation as


rotor speed 20

Rˆ s = (k PR + k IR / s ) (isα (iˆsα − isα ) +isβ (iˆsβ − isβ ))  (20)


10

V. SIMULATION RESULTS 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
The proposed above speed adaptive estimation is applied to Time (sec)

the indirect FOC of an IM drive. Fig. 2 shows an overall Fig. 3. Estimated and real of rotor speed waveforms at 50 rad/s
control diagram of the sensorless induction motor drive
system based on slip frequency FOC. 10

*
+ isq +
*
u sq
* ua 5
ωr
*
Speed Current
controller controller Coordinate u *
ωˆ r isq PWM
inverse b

inverter 0
transform
isd +
* *
Current u sd uc
*
Stator current (A)

controller
Slip isd
frequency -5
calculation real
u sa isa
+ + ω1
estimated
θ Park Clark
³ transform transform u sb isb -10

iˆsα iˆs β u sα isα


Speed Adjustable
M -15
ϕˆ sα ϕˆ s β u s β is β
estimator model

ωˆ r
-20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (s)
Fig. 2. The overall diagram of sensorless vector controlled system
Fig. 4. Estimated and real stator current waveforms at 50 rad/s
The simulation is performed for the verification of the
above control scheme. It is simulated by a sampling period of
25 μ s .
Table I shows the induction motor specification used in
simulation system. The PI gains of the speed adaptive scheme are:
KPS = 0.02, KIS = 500.

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18 2

16
1.6
14

12
1.2
10

Te (N.m)
Te (N.m)

8 0.8

6
0.4
4

2
0

-2 -0.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (sec) Time (sec)

Fig. 5. Real torque waveform at 50 rad/s Fig. 8. Real torque waveform at 10 rad/s
Fig. 6, 7 and 8 are simulation results of rotor speed, stator
In the condition of same motor parameters, simulation is
current, and electromagnetic torque at 10 rad/s. From these
carried out for stator resistance estimation. The PI gains of the
figures, estimated and real speeds track each other by almost
stator resistance estimation scheme are: KPR = 0.06, KI R= 50.
zero error at very low speeds.
When the rotor speed is 50 rad/s, the stator resistance is
12 increased by 50% above the nominal value. Fig. 9 and 10
show the rotor speed and stator current waveforms in the case
10
of without stator resistance estimation. Obviously, the
estimated speed and stator current fluctuate because of stator
resistance change. However, Fig. 11 is the simulation results
8
real of rotor speed after adding stator resistance estimation
according to (20). Compared to Fig. 9, Fig. 11 indicates that
Speed (rad/s)

estimated

6
estimated speed can trace the real speed by adding stator
resistance estimation.
4
60

2
50

0 40
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
estimated
Time (sec)
real
Speed (rad/s)

30
Fig. 6. Estimated and real of rotor speed waveforms at 10 rad/s

4 20

3 10
real
estimated
2
0

1
Stator current (A)

-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0 Time (sec)

Fig. 9. Rotor speed waveforms without stator resistance estimation


-1
at 50 rad/s
-2

-3

-4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (sec)

Fig. 7. Estimated and real stator current waveforms at 10 rad/s

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[5] S. D. Huang, Y. N. Wang, J. Gao, et al, “The vector control based on
6 MRAS speed sensorless induction motor drive,” Conference of the 5th
ICA, Hangzhou, China, pp. 4550-4553, 2004.
4 [6] F. J. Lin, R. J. Wai and P. C. Lin, “Robust speed sensorless induction
motor drive,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no.
2
2, pp. 566-578, 1999.
0
[7] R. Cardenas, R. Pena, G. Asher, et al, “MRAS observer for doubly fed
induction machines,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Energy
Stator current (A)

-2 Conversion, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 467-468, 2004.


[8] M. N. Marwali and A. Keyhani, “A comparative study of rotor flux
-4 based MRAS and back EMF base MRAS speed estimators for speed
sensorless vector control of induction machines,” IEEE Proceedings of
estimated
-6
real
IAS Annual Meeting, pp. 160-166, 1997.
[9] X. H. Nian, T. Wang, J. Wang, et al, “Adaptive Stator Resistance
-8 Estimation Method for Speed Sensorless DTC Controlled IM Drives,”
IEEE Proceedings of IPEC, pp. 214-221, 2007.
-10
[10] H. Tajima, G. Guidi and H. Umida, “Consideration about problems and
-12
solutions of speed estimation method and parameter tuning for
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 speed-sensorless vector control of induction motor drives,” IEEE
Time (sec)
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1282-1289,
Fig. 10. Stator current waveforms without stator resistance estimation 2002.
at 50 rad/s [11] M. Rashed, F. Stronach and P. Vas, “A new stable MRAS-based speed
and stator resistance estimators for sensorless vector control induction
60 motor drive at low speeds,” IEEE Proceedings of IAS Annual Meeting,
pp. 1181-1188, 2003.
[12] L. Zhen and L. Y. Xu, “Sensorless field orientation control of induction
50 machines based on a mutual MRAS scheme,” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 824-831, 1998.
[13] G. Guidi and H. Vmida, “A novel stator resistance estimation method
40
real
for speed-sensorless induction motor dirivers,” IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1619-1627, 2000.
Speed (rad/s)

estimated

30
[14] X. T. Liu, “Applied adaptive control,” Northwestern Polytechnical
University Press (in Chinese), 2003.

20

10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (sec)

Fig. 11. Rotor speed waveforms adding stator resistance estimation


at 50 rad/s

VI. CONCLUSION
This paper has proposed a method of speed estimation for
sensorless induction motor drives based on MRAS. The
proposed speed and stator resistance identification schemes
are educed from and proved by the Lyapunov’s criterion and
applied to an indirect oriented induction motor control
without speed sensors. The performance of the proposed
scheme is verified by simulation results particularly in very
low speeds.

REFERENCES
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MRAS high performance sensorless induction motor drives,” IEEE
Proceedings of PESC’01, pp. 1197-1202, 2001.
[2] C. M. Ta, T. Uchida and Y. Hori, “MRAS-based speed sensorless
control for induction motor drives using instantaneous reactive power,”
IEEE Proceedings of IECON’01, pp. 1417-1422, 2001.
[3] K. Ohyama, G. M. Asher and M. Sumner, “Comparative experimental
assessment for high performance sensorless induction motor drives,”
IEEE Proceedings of ISIE’99, pp. 386-391, 1999.
[4] C. schauder, “Adaptive speed identification for vector control of
induction motors without rotational transducers,” IEEE Transactions
on Industry Applications, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1054-1061, 1992.

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