Filipino Style Guide

Contents
What's New? .................................................................................................................................... 4 New Topics ................................................................................................................................... 4 Updated Topics ............................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5 About This Style Guide ................................................................................................................ 5 Scope of This Document .............................................................................................................. 5 Style Guide Conventions .............................................................................................................. 5 Sample Text ................................................................................................................................. 6 Recommended Reference Material ............................................................................................. 7 Normative References .............................................................................................................. 7 Informative References ............................................................................................................. 8 Language Specific Conventions ...................................................................................................... 9 Country/Region Standards ........................................................................................................... 9 Characters ................................................................................................................................ 9 Date ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Time ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Numbers ................................................................................................................................. 14 Sorting ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Geopolitical Concerns ................................................................................................................ 23 Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions ......................................................................... 24 Adjectives ................................................................................................................................ 24 Articles .................................................................................................................................... 24 Capitalization .......................................................................................................................... 28 Compounds............................................................................................................................. 29 Gender .................................................................................................................................... 31 Genitive ................................................................................................................................... 31 Modifiers ................................................................................................................................. 32 Nouns ...................................................................................................................................... 33 Prepositions ............................................................................................................................ 33 Pronouns ................................................................................................................................. 35 Punctuation ............................................................................................................................. 36 Singular & Plural ..................................................................................................................... 39 Split Infinitive ........................................................................................................................... 39 Subjunctive ............................................................................................................................. 39 Symbols & Non-Breaking Spaces........................................................................................... 39 Syntax ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Verbs ....................................................................................................................................... 40 Word Order ............................................................................................................................. 43 Style and Tone Considerations .................................................................................................. 44 Audience ................................................................................................................................. 44

Style ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Tone ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Voice ....................................................................................................................................... 44 Localization Guidelines .................................................................................................................. 46 General Considerations ............................................................................................................. 46 Accessibility ............................................................................................................................ 47 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................ 47 Applications, Products, and Features ..................................................................................... 49 Frequent Errors ....................................................................................................................... 49 Glossaries ............................................................................................................................... 50 Fictitious Information ............................................................................................................... 51 Recurring Patterns .................................................................................................................. 51 Standardized Translations ...................................................................................................... 51 Unlocalized Items.................................................................................................................... 51 Using the Word Microsoft ....................................................................................................... 52 Software Considerations ............................................................................................................ 52 User Interface ......................................................................................................................... 53 Messages ................................................................................................................................ 53 Keys ........................................................................................................................................ 57 Document Translation Considerations ....................................................................................... 66 Titles ....................................................................................................................................... 67 Copyright ................................................................................................................................. 67

What's New?
Last Updated: February 2011

New Topics
The following topics were added: n/a n/a

Updated Topics
The following topics were updated: n/a n/a

Introduction
This Style Guide went through major revision in February 2011 in order to remove outdated and unnecessary content. It contains information pertaining to all Microsoft products and services.

About This Style Guide

The purpose of this Style Guide is to provide everybody involved in the localization of Filipino Microsoft products with Microsoft-specific linguistic guidelines and standard conventions that differ from or are more prescriptive than those found in language reference materials. These conventions have been adopted after considering context based on various needs, but above all, they are easy to follow and applicable for all types of software to be localized. The Style Guide covers the areas of formatting, grammatical conventions, as well as stylistic criteria. It also presents the reader with a general idea of the reasoning behind the conventions. The present Style Guide is a revision of our previous Style Guide version with the intention of making it more standardized, more structured, and easier to use as a reference. The guidelines and conventions presented in this Style Guide are intended to help you localize Microsoft products and materials. We welcome your feedback, questions and concerns regarding the Style Guide. You can send us your feedback via the Microsoft Language Portal feedback page.

Scope of This Document

This Style Guide is intended for the localization professional working on Microsoft products. It is not intended to be a comprehensive coverage of all localization practices, but to highlight areas where Microsoft has preference or deviates from standard practices for Filipino localization.

Style Guide Conventions

In this document, a plus sign (+) before a translation example means that this is the recommended correct translation. A minus sign (-) is used for incorrect translation examples. In Microsoft localization context, the word term is used in a slightly untraditional sense, meaning the same as e.g. a segment in Trados. The distinguishing feature of a term here is that it is translated as one unit; it may be a traditional term (as used in terminology), a phrase, a sentence, or a paragraph. References to interface elements really only refer to translatable texts associated with those interface elements. Example translations in this document are only intended to illustrate the point in question. They are not a source of approved terminology. Always check for approved translation in the Microsoft terminology database.

Sample Text
Ang WIKA Dinukal ng lipi... inusal ng lahi, Kasangkapang banal sa pakikibati; Landas ng isipan, tulay ng ugali... Sumilang na Wikang taginting ng labi. Buhat sa lagablab ng mga dantaon Hanggang paraiso ng dakilang Quezon, Minimithi-mithi't nilalayun-layon: Ibansag ang Wika sa habang panahon. Ang yaman ng Lahi'y dapat ipagbantog, Diwa ni Balagtas ang kusang itampok; Gamitin ang atin, ang Wikang Tagalog Ang wikang banyaga'y ariing panusog! Bunga'y mahihinog kung ang diwa't gawa ay magkakasukob sa payung-salita: Bago ang halaman magbigay-biyaya Ulani't arawin sa dibdib ng tiyaga! (Inunan ng Wika ay ating hanapin Sa namuong bakas ng tubig at uling; Baka masilayang Sanggol na ubanin Sa Bagong Panahon itong Wika natin! Sinulat ni: NORLITO ISON CERVO Panitik Binangonan Balangay 47, KAWIKA Pandayang Sikap Binangonan, Rizal Setyembre 15, 1974 Ang sumusunod ay salin ng artikulo tungkol kay G. Norlito Ison Cervo na inilathala sa isyu ng magasing Mr. & Ms. noong ika-26 ng Abril, 1994. Kung ang pag-uusapan ay tungkol sa mga propesyonal, hindi sa akademikong kahulugan ngunit sa pamamagitan ng karanasan, pumuti na ang buhok Norlito Ison Cervo o 'Norling' sa paggawa ng mga gawain ng mga 6

karaniwang tao. "Marunong akong mag-electrician, magkaingin, maghukay ng kanal... lahat ng ginagawa ng isang pangkaraniwang tao." Si Ka Norling, ngayoy 61, ay tumutugtog din ng biyulin, silindro at yukelele. Binabakas siya ng kasaysayan pabalik ng 1949 kung kailan nakagawian niyang magpakasiya sa pagsusulat ng mga tula at iskrip na pangkomiks. Ang kanyang pambihirang pagkamagustuhin para sa kultura at antropolohiya ang nagdala sa kanya sa kanyang katutubong ugat. Noong 1965, siya ay namuhunan sa mga ugnayang panlipunan sa pagiging playing coach / reperi ng basketball sa Binangonan, ang kanyang tahanan. Nang sumunod na taon, natagpuan niya ang kanyang sarili na nagtatrabaho para sa telebisyon. Kahit na hanggang noong Martial Law, dibersyon na niya ang gumawa ng mga kuwentong pangkomiks. Isang retiradong superbisor ng paghahatid at punong-tagapagpasahod sa quarry ng Rizal Cement Company, si Ka Norling ay nag-alay din ng kanyang panahon bilang isang translator o tagasaling-wika sa Kagawaran ng Paggawa mula 1976 hanggang 1977. Noong Marso 15, 1988, ang kanyang kauna-unahang artikulo para sa Mr. & Ms. na pinamagatang "Is Tagalog the Missing Language?" (o Tagalog ba ang Nawawalang Wika?) ay lumabas sa apat na pahina, ispekulasyon sa kung paanong ang Tagalog ang naging ina ng mga sinaunang wika. Kahit na sa pagkain ng kanyang paboritong menudo at kanduli, o pangongolekta ng mga antik, pinanatiling-buhay ni Ka Norling ang pambansang kamalayan. AP Sinipi ni: MVQC 143 Mapagmahal St., Diliman 1101 Quezon City Philippines 341-14344 Source: http://norlitoisoncervo.blogspot.com/ Nilikha noong ika-30 ng Enero, 2011 sa ganap na ika-9:00 n.g.

Recommended Reference Material

Use the Filipino language and terminology as described and used in the following publications.

Normative References
These normative sources must be adhered to. Any deviation from them automatically fails a string in most cases. When more than one solution is allowed in these sources, look for the recommended one in other parts of the Style Guide. 1. Almario, Virgilio S. et. al, 2003. Patnubay sa Pagsasalin. 2 ed. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. 2. Almario, Virgilio S., General Editor. 2001. UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino. Quezon City: Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, University of the Philippines System. 3. Aspillera, Paraluman S., Basic Tagalog.Las Pinas City: M & L Licudine Enterprises nd 4. Diksyunaryo Filipino-English. Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino 2000. 2 ed. Manila: Bertan Press. 7
nd

5. Gaboy, Luciano L., English-Filipino Dictionary. Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore 6. Ramos, Teresita V. and Cena, Resty M, Modern Tagalog. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press 7. Santos, Vito C. et.al. 1995. New Vicassans English-Filipino Dictionary. Pasig City. Anvil Publishing, Inc.

Informative References
These sources are meant to provide supplementary information, background, comparison, etc. 1. Almario, Virgilio S., et. al. 2003. Patnubay sa Pagsasalin. Pasig City; Anvil Publishing. 2 edition, National Commission for Culture and the Arts 2. Arrogante, Jose A, 2007. Retorika, Masining na Pagpapahayag. Original edition, Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore. 3. Buensuceso, Teresita S. and Espiritu, Jose D. Retorika, 2005. Manila; UST Publishing House. Revised Edition 4. English, Leo James, C.Ss.R. 2002. Tagalog-English Dictionary. Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore st 5. Manwal sa Pagsasalin, 2003. 1 ed. Manila: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino 6. Consulta, Alfredo S. and Rosario, Benedicta Ma. 2008. Punctuation and Other Language Signals. Quezon City: ISA-JECHO Publishing, Inc. 7. Wikipedia Tagalog grammar
nd

Language Specific Conventions

This part of the style guide contains information about standards specific to Filipino.

Country/Region Standards
Filipino use the English general rules with regard to standards for characters, date, time, etc.

Characters
Country/region Lower-case characters Upper-case characters Characters in caseless scripts Extended Latin characters Note on alphabetical order Total number of characters Unicode codes Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, , ng, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, , NG, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z n/a (), ng (NG) The order of the English alphabet is followed, except that, letters and ng should be consecutively placed after letter n and before letter o. 28 n/a A a B b C c D d Notes E e F f G g H h I 0041 0061 0042 0062 0043 0063 0044 0064 0045 0065 0046 0066 0047 0067 0048 0068 0049 9

Country/region

Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines i J j K k L l M m N n NG ng O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x y Z z 0069 004a 006a 004b 006b 004c 006c 004d 006d 004e 006e 00d1 00f1 004e, 0047 006e, 0067 004f 006f 0050 0070 0051 0071 0052 0072 0053 0073 0054 0074 0055 0075 0056 0076 0057 0077 0058 0078 0079 005a 007a

10

Date
Country/region Calendar/Era First Day of the Week First Week of the Year Separator Default Short Date Format Example Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines Roman/Christian (Anno Domini, A.D.) Sunday 01 to 07 January Period (.); Dash (-); Backslash (/) (Please see the Note below) MM-dd-yyyy 03-17-2011

Default Long Date Format mmmm dd, yyyy Example Additional Short Date Format 1 Example Additional Short Date Format 2 Example Additional Long Date Format 1 Example Additional Long Date Format 2 Example Leading Zero in Day Field for Short Date Format Leading Zero in Month Field for Short Date Format No. of digits for year for Short Day Format Leading Zero in Day Field Yes March 17, 2011 mmm. dd, yyyy Mar. 17, Mar. 2011 n/a n/a ddth mmmm, yyyy 17 March, 2011 n/a n/a
th

Yes

4 Yes 11

Country/region for Long Date Format Leading Zero in Month Field for Long Date Format Number of digits for year for Long Day Format Date Format for Correspondence Example

Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines

n/a

MMMM dd, yyyy March 17, 2011 All of the Date Separators indicated above are used freely. There is no specific rule as to which of these separators will be used as the standard. Generally, however, the dash (-) is used as the separator

Notes

d is for day, number of d's indicates the format (d = digits without leading zero, dd = digits with leading zero, ddd = the abbreviated day name, dddd = full day name) Abbreviations in Format Codes M is for month, number of M's gives number of digits. (M = digits without leading zero, MM = digits with leading zero, MMM = the abbreviated name, MMMM = full name) y is for year, number of y's gives number of digits (yy = two digits, yyyy = four digits)

Time
Country/region 24 hour format Standard time format Standard time format example Time separator Time separator examples Hours leading zero Hours leading zero example String for AM designator String for PM designator Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines No HH:mm:ss 01:55:16 Colon ( : ) 03:24:12 Yes 03:24:12 n.u. (ng umaga, i.e. in the morning) n.h. (ng hapon, i.e. in the afternoon; n.g. (ng gabi, i.e. in the evening) 12

Country/region Notes

Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines n/a

Days
Country/region: Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday First Day of Week: Linggo (Sunday) Is first letter capitalized?: Yes Notes: n/a Normal Form Lunes Martes Miyerkules Huwebes Biyernes Sabado Linggo Abbreviation Lun. Mar. Miy. Huw. Biy. Sab. Lin.

Months
Country/region: Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines Month January February March April May June July August Full Form Enero Pebrero Marso Abril Mayo Hunyo Hulyo Agosto Abbreviated Form Ene. Peb. Mar. Abr. May. Hun. Hul. Ago. Long Date Form Enero Pebrero Marso Abril Mayo Hunyo Hulyo Agosto 13

Month September October November December

Full Form Setyembre Oktubre Nobyembre Disyembre

Abbreviated Form Set. Okt. Nob. Dis.

Long Date Form Setyembre Oktubre Nobyembre Disyembre

Is first letter capitalized?: Yes Notes: Full Form and Long Date Format are the same.

Numbers
The numbers in Filipino language are of two forms. The first one was native to Tagalog language and the other is Tagalog version of Spanish numbers. For example, when a person refers to the number "seven", it can be translated to Tagalog language as "pito" or "syete" (Sp. siete).

Number

Cardinal

Borrowed word from Spanish uno dos

Ordinal

1 2

isa dalawa

una pangalawa / ikalawa (or ikadalawa in some informal compositions) pangatlo / ikatlo pang-apat / ikaapat panglima o panlima / ikalima pang-anim / ikaanim pangpito o pampito / ikapito pangwalo / ikawalo pangsiyam / ikasiyam pangsampu / ikasampu panglabing-isa / ikalabing-isa panglabingdalawa / ikalabingdalawa panglabingtatlo / ikalabingtatlo panglabing-apat / ikalabing-apat panglabinglima / ikalabinglima 14

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

tatlo apat lima anim pito walo siyam sampu labing-isa labingdalawa labingtatlo labing-apat labinglima

tres kwatro singko sais syete otso nuwebe diyes onse dose trese katorse kinse

Number

Cardinal

Borrowed word from Spanish disisais disisyete disi-otso disinuwebe bente / beinte trenta / treinta kwarenta singkwenta sisenta sitenta otsenta nubenta siyento dos syentos tres syentos kwatro syentos singko syentos / kinyentos sais syentos syete syentos otso syentos nwebe syentos mil mil kinyentos

Ordinal

16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500

labing-anim labingpito labingwalo labingsiyam dalawampu tatlumpu apatnapu limampu animnapu pitumpu walumpu siyamnapu isang daan dalawang daan tatlong daan apat na raan limang daan

panglabing-anim / ikalabing-anim panglabingpito / ikalabingpito panglabingwalo / ikalabingwalo panglabingsiyam / ikalabingsiyam pangdalawampu / ikadalawampu pangtatlumpu / ikatatlumpu pang-apatnapu / ikaapatnapu panglimampu / ikalimampu pang-animnapu / ikaanimnapu pangpitumpu / ikapitumpu pangwalumpu / ikawalumpu pangsiyamnapu / ikasiyamnapu pang-isang daan / ikaisang daan pangdalawang daan / ikadalawang daan pangtatlong daan / ikatatlong daan pang-apat na raan / ikaapat na raan panglimang daan / ikalimang daan

600 700 800 900 1,000 1,500

anim na raan pitong daan walong daan siyam na raan isang libo isang libot limang daan

pang-anim na raan . ikaanim na raan pangpitong daan / ikapitong daan pangwalong daan / ikawalong daan pangsiyam na raan / ikasiyam na raan pang-isang libo / ikaisang libo pang-isang libot limang daan / ikaisang libot limang daan / pangmil kinyentos / ikamil kinyentos pangdalawang libo / ikadalawang libo / pangdos mil / ikados mil pangtatlong libo / ikatatlong libo / pangtres mil / 15

2,000

dalawang libo

dos mil

3,000

tatlong libo

tres mil

Number

Cardinal

Borrowed word from Spanish

Ordinal ikatres mil

4,000

apat na libo

kwatro mil

pang-apat na libo / ikaapat na libo / pangsingko mil / ikasingko mil panglimang libo / ikalimang libo / pangsingko mil / ikasingko mil

5,000

limang libo

singko mil

Notes: Never use a hyphen in between "ika" and the number-word but always use it when combined with number.)

Phone Numbers
Country/re gion Internation al Dialing Code 63 Area Codes Used? Yes Number of Digits Area Codes 2 Separator Number of Digits Domestic 9 Digit Groupings Domestic (##) ###-####

Republic of the Philippines/ The Philippines Country/re gion

Dash ( - )

Number of Digits Local 7

Digit Groupings Local ###-####

Number of Digits Mobile

Digit Groupings Mobile (####) ### ####

Number of Digits International 10

Digit Groupings International +63(###)-####### (mobile) +63(##)-####### (local)

Republic of the Philippines/ The Philippines Notes: n/a

11

Addresses
Country/region: Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines Disclaimer: Please note that the information in this entry should under no circumstances be used in examples as fictitious information.

16

In writing Philippine addresses, a title or honorific is commonly added before the persons full name. The name of the company where the person works can also be included, followed by the building name, building number, name of the street and the barangay where the building is located, the city or municipality where the barangay is located and, in most cases, the province where the city or municipality is located. In the case of Metro Manila, however, provinces are omitted while in the case of Manila, include the district instead of the barangay. ZIP codes are also part of the typical Philippine address. Address Format: 1. [Title/Honorific] First Name Last Name 2. [CompanyName] 3. Address1 4. [Address2] 5. [CountryCode-] PostalCode City 6. [Country] Example Address: Miss Jane C. Dela Cruz Halimbawa Corporation 104 Makabayan Street Sampaloc 1008 Manila Philippines Local Postal Code Format: As of the year 2006, all postal codes in the Philippines consist of four-digit numbers without any extensions. The cities in Metro Manila use more than one code while towns and cities outside Metro Manila are assigned with only one code per town or city. Notes: n/a

Currency
Country/region Currency Symbol Currency Symbol Position Positive Currency Format Negative Sign Symbol Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines

; Php
Before the numbers Php##,###.## 17

Negative Currency Format Decimal Symbol Number of Digits after Decimal Digit Grouping Symbol Number of Digits in Digit Grouping Positive Currency Example Negative Currency Example ISO Currency Code Currency Subunit Name Currency Subunit Symbol Currency Subunit Example

-Php##,###.## . 2 , 3 Php12,345.60 -Php12,345.60 PHP centavo n/a n/a

Digit Groups
Country/region: Republic of the Philippines/The Philippines Decimal Separator: . Decimal Separator Description: Period Decimal Separator Example: 12,000.00 Thousand Separator: , Thousand Separator Description: Comma Thousand Separator Example: 12,000.00 Notes: n/a

Measurement Units
Metric System Commonly Used?: Yes Temperature: Celsius

Category Linear Measure

English Kilometer Meter Decimeter

Translation Kilometro Metro Desimetro

Abbreviation km. m. dm.

18

Category

English Centimeter Millimeter

Translation Sentimetro Milimetro n/a Litro Desilitro Sentilitro Mililitro Tonelada Kilo Libra Gramo Desigramo Sentigramo Miligramo Pulgada Piye Milya Galon

Abbreviation cm. mm. n/a l. dl. sl. ml. tn. kg. lb. g. dg. cg. mg in. ft. mi. gal.

Capacity

Hectoliter Liter Deciliter Centiliter Milliliter

Mass

Ton Kilogram Pound Gram Decigram Centigram Milligram

English Units of Measurement

Inch Feet Mile Gallon

Notes: n/a

Percentages
The Filipino language follows the English rules for percentages. In Software localization the percentage symbol (%) is frequently used as a placeholder. Do not modify or remove placeholders. Follow general software localization guidelines and rules.

Sorting
Please refer to the book, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, sixth edition, 9.14 to 9.26, for a detailed discussion on this matter. The rules indicated therein must be strictly adhered to. 19

Sorting rules

The Filipino language follows the English rules for sorting characters Sorting should be done in this order: 1. Numbers 2. Non-numeric or Nun-alphabetic characters 3. Letters (Kindly see the example below)

A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H Character sorting order h I i J j K k L l M m N n NG ng O

65 97 66 98 67 99 68 100 69 101 70 102 71 103 72 104 73 105 74 106 75 107 76 108 77 109 78 110 209 241 78, 71 110, 103 79 20

o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x y Z z 1 @ Aaron andere ndere chaque chemin Examples of sorted words cote cot cte ct ut Czech hia irdisch lvi

111 80 112 81 113 82 114 83 115 84 116 85 117 86 118 87 119 88 120 121 90 122

21

lie lire llama lug Lwen lza Lbeck lu luck lye Mnner mta mr mchten myndig pia pint pylon smtlich ran savoir erbra Sietla lub subtle symbol vga verkehrt vox waffle wood yen yuan yucca al

22

ena enva zoo Zrich Zviedrija zysk zzlj zzlz zznj zznz

Geopolitical Concerns
Part of the cultural adaptation of the US-product to a specific market is the resolving of geopolitical issues. While the US-product should have been designed and developed with neutrality and a global audience in mind, the localized product should respond to the particular situation that applies within the target country/region. Sensitive issues or issues that might potentially be offensive to the users in the target country/region may occur in any of the following: Maps Flags Country/region, city and language names Art and graphics

Cultural content, such as encyclopedia content and other text where historical or political references may occur Some of these issues are relatively easy to verify and resolve: the objective should be for the localizer to always have the most current information available. Maps and other graphic representations of countries/regions and regions should be checked for accuracy and existing political restrictions. Country/region, city and language names change on a regular basis and need to be checked, even if previously approved. A thorough understanding of the culture of the target market is required for checking the appropriateness of cultural content, clip art and other visual representations of religious symbols, body and hand gestures. Guideline As country/region and city names can change, please use the most up-to-date Filipino list for every release of your product.

23

Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions

This section includes information on how to apply the general rules of the Filipino language to Microsoft products and documentation.

Adjectives
In Filipino, adjectives should be handled in the following manner. There are 3 degrees of adjective in Filipino namely Neutral, Comparative and Superlative. Neutral adjectives these are the standard or regular type of adjective Regular type: Ex. (+) Malaki, mabagal, mabilis As noun modifier Ex. +) Malaking file, mabagal na koneksyon, mabilis na download As a predicate of an Adjectival Sentence Ex. (+) Malaki ang file, mabagal na koneksyon sa internet, mabilis na download ng file Comparative adjectives these are used when comparing different things. Equal comparison: Ex. (+) Magkasing laki ang file, Kasing laki ang file, Singlaki ang file. Unequal comparison: Ex. (+) Mas malaki ang file ng video kaysa sa file ng dokumento Superlative adjective this is the highest degree of an adjective Ex. (+) Ang laki-laki ng file, Ang bagal-bagal ng koneksyon, Ang bilis-bilis ng download (+) Pagkalaki-laki ng file, Pagkabagal-bagal ng koneksyon, Pagkabilis-bilis ng download (+) Ubod ng laki ang file, Saksakan ng bagal ang koneksyon, Ganap na mabilis ang download Possessive adjectives The frequent use of possessives is a feature of English language. However in Filipino, possessive adjective describes a noun by telling whom it belongs to or answer the question whose.

Articles
General considerations The definite article is "ang" (meaning "the"). The indefinite articles are "isang" ("one" or "a/an"); "ilang"/"mga" ("some"); "alinman" ("any"). Many error messages in English vary with regard to the use of articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Please be consistent in how you deal with such variation in Filipino.

24

English example File already exists The file already exists This file already exists Not enough memory to complete this operation.

Filipino example

Explanation In complete sentences, use determiners consistently even if the US string does not. No need to use a demonstrative construction, unless it is important in context. Avoid using possessive marker your unless ownership is important in context.

(+) Mayroon nang file

(+) Walang sapat na memory para kumpletuhin ang operasyon.

Windows Vista cannot start your system. If the problem persists, contact your network administrator.

(+) Hindi mapagana ng Windows Vista ang system. Kung magpapatuloy ang problema, kontakin ang tagapangasiwa ng network.

In Filipino, there are markers that mark nouns or noun phrases in a sentence. These markers introduce nouns as subject (topic) or non-subject (non-topic). The following table summarizes markers and possessive pronouns.

Noun Markers Non-subject Non-personal singular plural ng ng mga sa sa mga Personal singular plural ni nina kay kina si sina ang ang mga Subject

Unlocalized Feature Names Microsoft product names and non-translated feature names are used without definite or indefinite articles in the English language. The general rule is that product names are not translated if they include the word Microsoft and/or are trademarked (for example, Microsoft Draw or Microsoft Graph). The Microsoft PM and/or Subsidiary should always be contacted for final approval before you translate a product or component name. The terms Microsoft, Windows, and Office must always remain unlocalized; however, these terms may be transliterated if you receive approval for the appropriate Microsoft PM and Subsidiary. Refer to the section of this Style Guide that discusses trademarks for the complete list of product and component names that must remain in 25

English. Ensure that you apply the chosen product terminology consistently throughout your translation of a set of content or an interface. Microsoft product names are usually trademarked and remain unlocalized. Product names and non-translated feature names are considered proper nouns and are used without definite or indefinite articles in English. For instance, attaching a genitive s to trademarked product names is not feasible as it could be interpreted as a modification of such names. Additions to a product or component name are either added with a hyphen or a periphrastic construction needs to be used. For example, instead of expressing a possessive relationship by using the genitive marker s in English, a periphrastic construction should be used: (-) Microsofts products Microsoft products Products by Microsoft

For Filipino, these constructions use the ng structure. Product names and non-translated feature names should also be treated as proper nouns in Filipino.

English example Windows Mail shares your Internet Connection settings with Internet Explorer Website addresses will be sent to Microsoft

Filipino example (+) Ibinabahagi ng Windows Mail ang iyong mga setting sa Internet Connection sa Internet Explorer (+) Ipapadala ang mga address ng website sa Microsoft

By contrast, translated feature names are used with a definite or indefinite article as they are not treated as proper names. In Filipino, this would mean marking them appropriately with ang, 'ng or sa.

English example Hide the Task Manager when it is minimized Check for updates in your installed Media Player's language

Filipino example (+) Itatago ang Task Manager kapag ito ay pinaliit (+) Tingnan ang mga update sa iyong na-install na linggwahe ng Media Player

Copyright protection is granted to any original work of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression from which it can be perceived, reproduced, or communicated.

26

The following translations must be used:

English text Copyright All rights reserved Microsoft Corporation Localized Feature Names

Filipino translation (+) Karapatang-sipi (+) Nakalaan ang lahat ng karapatan (+) Microsoft Corporation

Feature names are considered proper nouns and kept in English. Example: Cut I-cut Paste I-paste Articles for English Borrowed Terms When faced with an English loan word previously used in Microsoft products, consider the following options: Motivation: Does the English word have any formally motivated features that would allow a straightforward integration into the noun class system of Filipino language? As a general rule, when there is a word available in Filipino, use it. However, if there is no Filipino word available and in cases where it is appropriate, foreign words may be used in their original form. Analogy: Is there an equivalent Filipino term whose article could be used? Instead of using transliteration, words that do not have bonafide or even well-known Filipino equivalents should instead be left in English as a last resort. However, there are a select few transliterations that have become well-known/well-used by Filipino speakers, and are expected by the same speakers to be used instead of the source English. The ability to differentiate rests on the translator, thus it is very essential that translators should reside in the target market (Philippines) so as to stay attuned to ever-changing lingusitic trends. Frequency: Is the term used in other technical documentation? If so, what article is used most often?

The internet may be a helpful reference here. A word is borrowed wholly in its original form under the following conditions: Condition Proper nouns Examples Microsoft Mail for Exchange Borrowed words from English which are widely used throughout hotline the world and have international recognizability fax

27

Capitalization
If the first word in the English source string is capitalized, the corresponding first word in the target language should also be capitalized. If the word in the English source string is not capitalized, the corresponding first word in the target language should also not be capitalized, unless language-specific rules specify different capitalization. Some strings are concatenated at run-time and you will occasionally find strings that seem to lack a subject or simply start in the middle. Be careful not to start such strings with an upper-case letter, unless the spelling rules of your language require it. Example of a string: is trying to connect to this computer. If you allow, you will be disconnected, but you can resume later. Do you want to allow this connection?\r\n Filipino: ay sinusubukang kumunekta sa computer na ito. Kung hahayaan mo, madidiskunekta ka, pero muli kang makakapagpatuloy. Pahihintulutan mo ba ang koneksyon na ito?\r\n Many more nouns and verbs are capitalized in the English source string than would normally be expected. You should not try to mimic the capitalization in the source strings, but use your knowledge of the spelling conventions of Filipino to decide which words in a string to capitalize and which to leave lower-case. Over-capitalization is awkward and leads to inconsistencies in the UI. Should an English noun be capitalized in the source string and be translated by two words in the target language, be consistent in capitalizing according to the rules below. Be consistent in the application of spelling rules. Here are a few of the relevant rules on capitalization. Rules for Capitalizing Content Sentences and Phrases 1. Capitalize the first word of a sentence. 2. When the first word of a source phrase is capitalized, capitalize the first word of the translation phrase. 3. When the entire sentence or phrase of the source text is capitalized, only the significant words in the translated sentence or phrase are capitalized. The three (or fewer) lettered words like markers, particles and linkers are not capitalized unless it is the first word of the phrase or sentence. 4. When the translation of a capitalized source term is a hyphenated compound word, only the first word is capitalized. 5. When the translation of a word is a phrase, the significant words in the said translation phrase are translated according to Rule #3. Individual words 1. When the source text is capitalized 2. Capitalize proper nouns (names of people, places, product names, organizations, languages, etc.) 3. Trademarks or product names 28

4. Names of national, political, racial, social, civic and athletic groups or organizations. 5. Abbreviations and acronyms in the source text. 6. Geographic regions but not directions

English example Manage IP Safelists GALSync 2010 Known Issues Log off user Sample Welcome Message Learn About Changing Your Voice Mail Settings

Filipino example (+) Pangasiwaan ang mga Safelist ng IP (+) Mga Natukoy na Isyu sa GALSync 2010 (+) I-log off ang gumagamit (+) Halimbawa ng Pagbating Mensahe (+) Alamin ang Tungkol sa Pagbabago ng Iyong Mga Setting ng Voice Mail (+) Mga Limitasyon sa Mensahe, Mailbox, at Tagatanggap

Message, Mailbox, and Recipient Limits

Compounds
Generally, compounds should be understandable and clear to the user. Overly long or complex compounds should be avoided. Keep in mind that unintuitive compounds are ultimately an intelligibility and usability issue. Noun and verb compounds are a frequent word formation strategy in English. Product user interfaces, online help, and documentation contain a number of such examples. However, not all languages use compounding to create complex word meanings. There are different ways of compounding as a strategy of word formation. These could be through affixation and combination of words. Affixation: There are many affixes that could add other meanings to a root word. Aside from the usual focus related affixes, Filipino has many word forming affixes that could be used in forming compounds which could also be used to shorten lengthy translations. The most helpful reference for these affixes is the list of affixes listed in FilipinoEnglish dictionaries, and the most extensive list is in English-Filipino Dictionary by L.L. Gaboy. Below are examples of the relevant affixes: Affixes Meaning Examples

-an, -han

Noun forming affix to indicate place of, to/from whom to, utility English equivalent: where/whom to + root

(+) lalagyan container (+) padadalhan whom to send to (+) bibigyan whom to give to (+) de-kuryente electric 29

de-

Indicate quality of possession of quality

Affixes

Meaning

Examples

mentioned in the root word English equivalent: -d, -ed, -ic diAdjective or adverb indicating negative of the root word English equivalent: un-, dis-, non-

(+) de-kahon boxed (+) de-lata canned (+) di-konektado disconnected (+) di-tapos unfinished (+) di-katanggap-tanggap unacceptable (+) pagkakagawa workmanship (+) pagkakakabit how it is connected (+) pagkakakonekta connectivity (+) ikasisira reason of breakdown (+) kapipindot has just pressed (+) kalilipat has just transferred (+) ipang-edit use to edit (+) ipansulat / ipanulat use to write (+) ipambasa / ipangbasa use to read

pagka-

Indicates character, condition, manner (how it is) English equivalent: -ity, -ship,-hood, -ness indicates cause or reason Indicates recently completed action English equivalent: has just

ikaka-

Ipang-, ipam-, ipanPang-, pam-, pan-

Indicates utility English equivalent: to be used for / use for

naka-

Adjective forming affix for verb roots English equivalent: -ed, -ing

(+) nakahanda prepared (+) nakakabit attached (+) nakakonekta connected

pag-

Noun forming affix English equivalent: -ing, -ent

(+) pagpapahusay -improvement

[mag-/mang-] + 1st syllable of rw+ rw

Indicates profession, work English equivalent: -er, -ian

(+) manlalaro - player (+) manunulat writer (+) manggagamot doctor/physician

Combination of words: When combining words, you need to link them properly to form grammatically accurate phrase. When the translation is an adjectival phrase, it is necessary to use linkers. For this section, a linker is a word that links a product or a component name with the other additions of the phrase. The linkers are 'na', -ng, and '-g . There are specific rules when to use these: The linker na is used when the word that precedes it ends in a consonant The linker -ng is used as a suffix when the word that precedes it ends in a vowel The linker -g is used as a suffix when the word that precedes it ends in 'n' 30

Here are some examples how these are used: English example multimedia files Visual Basic project portable computer e-mail message Digital license Filipino example (+) mga file na multimedia (+) proyektong Visual Basic (+) bitbiting computer (+) mensaheng e-mail (+) Lisensiyang digital

Other words used for compounding are ng (of) and sa(in, on, at, by, etc). Below are some examples:

English examples Internet Accounts Logon script processing Workgroup Administrator Internet News Server Name

Filipino example (+) Mga Account sa Internet (+) Pagproseso ng script sa pag-logon (+) Tagapangasiwa ng Workgroup (+) Pangalan ng Server ng Balita sa Internet

For all of these linguistic features and grammatical rules, please refer to Basic Tagalog by P.S. Aspillera, Modern Tagalog by Teresita V. Ramos and Resty M. Cena and other grammar books of Teresia V. Ramos.

Gender
There are three genders for the Filipino language - masculine, feminine and neuter. On the other hand, Filipino does not distinguish gender in referent words, such as pronouns. For example, "she" and "he" in English is equivalent to "siya" in Filipino, which means "that person" (no specific gender). Also, "hers" and "his" in English is equivalent to "kanya" in Filipino, which means "belonging to that person" (again, no specific gender). Example: He is a boy. She is a girl. The dolls is hers. The man is playing with his dog. (+) Siya ay lalaki. (+) Siya ay babae. (+) Kanya ang manika. (+) Ang lalaki ay nakikipaglaro sa kanyang aso.

Genitive
Tagalog does not distinguish gender for the singular third person unlike English's he, she, and it. Tagalog pronouns have nominative (subjective), two objective, and genitive (possessive) cases. The table below lists all of 31

these cases, some of which are accompanied by contracted forms. The apostrophe is actually a formality and is almost always left out in written texts. Ex. Singular First person First-second person Second person Third person akin iyo kaniya or kanya Convention 1 (e.g. Attaching a genitive "s" to (trademarked) product names is not feasible, as it could be interpreted as a modification of such names.) In the example below the term ng serves as genitive marker or simply of in English. Example: Windows server Translation: Server ng Window Plural amin atin inyo kanila

Modifiers
In Tagalog, a word can take the role of both an adverb and an adjective. Adjectives modify nouns by the linker na. However if na follows a word ending in a vowel or glottal stop or the letter N, then it becomes suffixed to that word as -ng. The adjective can either come before or come after the word it modifies. Adverbs modify verbs by following the verb and being marked by nang or preceding the verb with the linkers na or -ng, which is optional. The word mabils (fast) is used as an example below: (+) Mabils ang koneksyon. "The connection is fast." (+) Ang koneksyong mabils. "The fast connection." (+) Kumukunekta ang internet nang mabils. "The internet connects fast." But note also: Mabils kumunekta ang internet. "Inernet connects fast." Modifiers can be a stand-alone rootword or the rootword can be affixed: bas (wet), buhy (alive), paty (dead), hing (ripe), pangit (ugly), pul (red), put (white), and itm (black). The most common modifier prefix is ma-: matand (old), matas (high), malit (little), malak (big), mabah (smelly), masarp (delicious), malaks (strong), and mapul (reddish). Other affixes denote different meanings. For example pinak- is the superlative; pinakamalaks (strongest). Another is nakasalamn (bespectacled, wearing glasses).

32

Nouns
General considerations While Tagalog nouns are not inflected, they are usually preceded by case-marking particles. These follow an Austronesian alignment (also known as a 'trigger' system) which is unique to the Philippines and neighboring islands. There are three basic cases: direct (or absolutive, often inaccurately labeled the nominative), indirect (which may function as an ergative, accusative, or genitive), and oblique. Source: Wikipedia Example: Direct Common singular Common plural Personal singular Personal plural Inflection This section does not apply to Filipino. Plural Formation For plurals, add mga immediately before the noun. Example: Files (+) Mga file Emails (+) Mga email ang, 'yung (iyong) ang mg, 'yung mg (iyong mg) si sina Indirect ng, n'ung (niyong) ng mg, n'ung mg (niyong mg) ni nina kay kina na kay nakina Oblique sa sa mg Locative nasa nasa mga

Prepositions
Pay attention to the correct use of the preposition in translations. Influenced by the English language, many translators omit them or change the word order. Prepositional phrases in English need to be translated according to their context; anglicisms should be avoided. The table below contains frequently used verbs and the prepositions that follow them. Please use this table as a reference. The preposition in Filipino is only rendered by one word - sa. This is used to convey the concept of English prepositions 'in, on, to, from, for, through, etc.' However, it is clearer to use the words mula sa, 'galing sa' to mean from. 33

US Expression migrate to Migrate from import to import from export to export from update to upgrade to change to change from click on connect to connect from welcome to ...

Filipino Expression (+) Ilipat sa (+) Ilipat mula sa (+) i-import sa (+) i-import mula sa (+) i-export sa (+) i-export mula sa (+) I-update sa (+) i-upgrade sa (+) palitan sa (+) i- click sa / mag-click sa (+) ikonekta sa (+) ikonekta mula sa

Comment

mula or galing could be used

mula or galing could be used

Take note that palitan is to change to, and ipalit is 'replace with'

(+) Welcome sa

The examples below contain frequently occurring noun phrases that are preceded by a preposition. Please use this table as a reference.

US-English expression In the toolbar on the tab on the menu on the net on the Internet on the Web on a web site on a web page

Filipino expression (+) sa toolbar (+) sa tab (+) sa menu (+) sa net (+) sa internet (+) sa web (+) sa web site (+) sa pahina ng web

Comment

sa is the equivalent for all of the prepositions in English

34

Pronouns
Personal pronouns are used to replace noun phrases that refer to person(s). However, many young Filipinospeakers in the Philippines nowadays use these pronouns to refer to other animate and inanimate nouns. This is a colloquial usage and translators are advised to limit the use of these pronouns to refer only to people. First person pronouns refer to the person who is doing the speaking. 1. When there is only one person referred to, the singular form of the pronoun is used (Ex.: I). 2. When more than one person is refferred to the plural form is used. Second person pronouns refer to the person being spoken to (Ex.: you). Third person pronouns refer to someone who is neither the speaker, nor the listener. This kind of pronouns refers to someone who is outside the conversation (e.g. him, they). There are different markers that indicate if a noun is in focus (ANG), not in focus (NG), or involved with directions (SA), and there is also a pronoun that is in focus, a pronoun that is not focused, and a pronoun that is involved with direction. Even if the markers specify the cases of nouns, the word order is not free and words are arranged in P-S-O order. The order can be re-arranged with the use of "ay" marker, but without it, the verb should come first then the subject or the agent that does the act, and the object will be placed at the end of the sentence. When the noun indicates plural objects, "mga" will precede the noun and placed right after the markers (as in "ang mga mensahe"). If the following noun is a person's name, the marker should be replaced respectively with the following: si (ANG form) ni (NG form) kay (SA form) In case of pronouns, each pronoun has all three cases as in: Ako ko akin ( I my me ) Note that there are inclusive and exclusive "we" or first person plural. "Kami" indicates that the speaker intends to exclude the listener. Now, if the listener is included, "tayo" should be used. There are only two (2) English demonstratives, namely, "this" and "that"; whereas Filipino demonstratives make a clear distinction of "iyan" and "iyon". All of these demonstratives take the ANG/NG/SA forms such as: ito nito dito iyan niyan diyan iyon noon doon Alternatively, for cases wherein the demonstratives follow vowel-ending words, the SA form has the rito, riyan, and roon variations.

35

Punctuation
This section explains how to use Filipino-specific punctuation in place of the US-English punctuation found in the source interface and content. The Filipino language follows the English rules for the use of basic punctuation marks. When localizing, please adhere to the punctuation basic rules of English. The 2001 Revision of the Alphabet and Spelling Guide of Filipino Language (Patnubay sa Ispeling ng Wikang Filipino) issued by the Commission on Filipino Language provides some general rules on the proper use of commas, hyphen and other punctuations. For the complete list of the punctuations and how these are used, you could also refer to the recommended Punctuation and Other Language Signals and Retorika references listed in the Informative References section.

Comma The Filipino language follows the English rules for the use commas. Make sure to include a space after the commas. Example: (+) Marso 27, 2010 Colon Use colons to inform the reader that the following proves, explains or simply provides elements of what is referred to before. Use a colon after a statement that introduces a list. Use a colon in expressions of time. Example: (+) 7:30 n.g. Do not use colons if the introduction is not a complete sentence and one of the items in the list is needed to complete the thought. Do not use a colon to separate a verb from its objects. Do not use colon after such as. Do not use a colon to separate a preposition from its objects. Example: (+) He was in charge of reservation, registration and room assignments. (-) He was in charge of: reservation, registration and room assignments. Dashes and Hyphens Three different dash characters are used in English: 36

Hyphen The hyphen is used to divide words between syllables, to link parts of a compound word, and to connect the parts of an inverted or imperative verb form. The hyphen is the shortest of the three dash characters. Hyphens are used in many ways, not only in word segmentation. In the translations of the weather seasons, the hyphen is used (e.g. "Tag-ulan") to denote that it is the "season of raining" ("ulan" means rain). Another use of the hyphen is to denote someone or something that does a task or function, for example: "tagabuhat" means "carrier" where "buhat" means "to carry". Another use of the hyphen is to denote the English word "should" or "ought" before a verb, for example: "magingat" means "take caution" where "ingat" means "caution". Another use of the hyphen is to denote the continuing occurrence of a present-tense verb or action, for example: "tumatakbo-takbo" means "running continuously" or "running intermittently", where "takbo" means "to run". En Dash The en dash is used as a minus sign, usually with spaces before and after. It is longer than a hyphen but shorter than an em dash. Example: (+) 10 5 = 5 The en dash is also used in number ranges, such as those specifying page numbers. No spaces are used around the en dash in this case. Example: (+) 19662011 Em Dash The em dash should only be used to emphasize an isolated element or introduce an element that is not essential to the meaning conveyed by the sentence -- it is used to indicate a break in a sentence. It is also used to set off a parenthetical element that explains or amplifies. Use an em dash to separate a noun or a series of nouns from a clause summarizing them. Denote an open range, such as a date range with no ending date. Example: (+) sa lahat ng mga kapatid na naririto -- magkakasama kaming bumabati sa mga iglesya

Ellipses (Suspension Points) Ellipsis is a mark or series of marks that usually indicate an intentional omission of a word in the original text. It can be used to indicate a pause in speech, an unfinished thought, or, at the end of a sentence, a trailing off into silence. The most common form of an ellipsis is a row of three periods. This triple-dot punctuation mark is also called a suspension point, points of ellipsis, periods of ellipsis, or, colloquially, dot-dot-dot. 37

Keep in mind the following when using ellipses/suspension points: Filipino follows the English rules for the use of ellipses. Example: For more information please contact - Para sa higit na impormasyon makipag-ugnayan

Period While many other languages use a comma as the decimal separator, Filipino language follows US English in using a period. Do not use a space for this purpose as a space separates the numeral from the abbreviation. In paper sizes (the last example in the table below) the decimal separator and the abbreviation "in" for inches are kept, since the sizes are US norms and should be represented accordingly.

English example 5.25 cm 5 x 7.2 inches Letter Landscape 11 x 8.5 in

Filipino example (+) 5.25 cm (+) 5 x 7.2 pulgada (+) Letter na 11 x 8.5 in na Nakapahiga

Use comma as a separator of numerals. For thousand, English uses a comma while many other languages use a period (at Microsoft we normally do not use a space for this purpose, but we use a period instead to avoid wrapping problems). The comma is also used in Filipino.

English example 1,526 $ 1,526.75 Example: (+) Kopyahin at i-paste sa dokumento. Quotation Marks

Filipino example (+) 1,526 (+) $ 1,526.75

Filipino follows the English rules for the use of quotation marks. Examaple: "Related topics (+) Mga kaugnay na paksa 38

Parentheses In English, there is no space between the parentheses and the text inside them. Filipino follows the English rules. Example: (does not contain all languages) (+) (hindi naglalaman ng lahat ng wika)

Singular & Plural

Unlike in English, a noun is not preceded by an article (i.e., "the", "a", "an" in English). There are no articles in Filipino. Example: the word kuneksyon means "connection". To form the plural, precede the noun by mg (pronounced mang). Example: (+) mga kuneksyon means connections".

Split Infinitive
Filipino follows the English rules for the use of split infinitive. Example: To visibly connect to the messenger (+) Upang kumunekta nang nakikita sa messenger

Subjunctive
This section does not apply to Filipino.

Symbols & Non-Breaking Spaces

Filipino follows the English rules for the use of symbols and non-breaking spaces. Example: Mr. Gamboa

Syntax
Syntax and register differ between Filipino and English in the following ways: 1. Difference #1: For plural borrowed word the trailing s or es are dropped Example: keys (+) mga key files mga file

39

Verbs
Sometimes an English verb can be used as loan word in the target language. Such loan words usually follow the syntactic and morphological rules of the target language. For the sake of exposition, let us assume that the verbs below are not translated in Filipino.

English example chat crawl debug mag-chat mag-crawl mag-debug

Filipino examples nakipag-chat nag-crawl nag-debug nakikipag-chat nagko-crawl nagde-debug

To have a common understanding on grammatical terms and features of Filipino used in the Style Guide as well as to correctly integrate loan words, it is important to discuss the basics of Filipino grammar. Verb System in Filipino Consider the two important properties of verbs when translating verbal sentences. These are focus and aspect of the verb. A subject of a sentence would have to take a role in a sentence. These roles are actor, object, beneficiary, instrument, location or cause. Focus is the expression in the verb of the grammatical role of the subject of the sentence. Aspect on the other hand refers to the duration of the action. To simplify grammatical terms, we will use the terms - Action Not Begun, Action Begun Not Completed, or Action Begun Completed in this Style Guide. Focus and aspect are inflected through affixation and reduplication of a part of the root word. To illustrate this better, refer to the table of sample verbal affixes and table of sample conjugation.

AFFIXES Type of Action Actor (who,what) Object/Goal (what) Benefactive (to whom/ for whom) i-, ipagLocative (where) Instrumental (using what)

Neutral Action

Mag- ,-um-, ma-,mang-

-in, -an, i-

-an/-han, -in/-hin, pag-...-an

Ipang-/Ipan-/ Ipam-

40

AFFIXES Type of Action Aptative/Abilitative Action Maka-, MakapagMa-, MaiMai-, Mai-...an Ma-an, Mapag -an maipang/maipan-/ maipam-

Focus

Infinitive

Action Not Begun

Action Begun Not Completed nagtsa-chat ini-install ipinaghahanda pinagpipindutan ipinangkokopya

Action Begun Completed mag-chat ininstall ipinaghanda pinagpindutan ipinangkopya

Actor Object Benefactive Locative Instrumental

mag-chat i-install ipaghahanda pagpindutan ipangkopya

magtsa-chat ii-install ipaghahanda pagpipindutan ipangkokopya

When using a loan word as a verb, treat the loan word as a root word, or noun and incorporate the features of the language. Here are basic sentences to illustrate the markers and affixes above: Actor: Goal: Mag-i-install ang technician ng software sa iyong computer. Ii-install ko ang software sa iyong computer.

The marker 'ang' marks the subject of the sentence. Notice the different positions of 'ang' in the illustrated sentences. The noun marked by ang is the subject of the sentence. To illustrate how loan words are integrated in as a verb and as a noun: When you submit a new migration request, the CSV file is uploaded to the Microsoft datacenter over a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) connection. Kapag nagsumite ka ng bagong kahilingang maglipat, ia-upload ang CSV file sa datacenter ng Microsoft sa koneksyong Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). For more of these grammar features and explanations, refer to Modern Tagalog by Teresita Ramos and Resty Cena, and Basic Tagalog by Paraluman Aspillera. Source: fil-fil-StyleGuide3.0 41

The -UM and -MAG Verbs A Filipino verb is always composed of a root and an affix: 1. The root provides the main lexical content of the verb. The affix shows the relation of the verb to the other elements in the sentence as well as to the character of the action involved. Accordingly, Filipino verbs are said to inflect for aspect. The inflected forms speak about the state or state of action; whether started, still going on or terminated. This is rather like the tense system of English. Following are the three aspect forms: 1. The Perfective Aspect The infix um occurs after the first consonant of the root word as in bumasa, kumain, lumakad, tumayo (read, ate, walked, stood), etc. If the root word, however, begins with a vowel, the affix occurs at the beginning. Examples: (+) umawit sang (+) uminom drank (+) umalis went away 2. The Imperfective Aspect The infix um occurs after the first consonant just like in the perfective aspect. Here, the first two letters of the root word are duplicated. Examples: (+) bumabasa reading (+) kumakain eating (+) lumalakad walking (+) tumatayo standing With root words beginning with a vowel, the affix um occurs at the beginning followed by the reduplicated first vowel, as in umaawit, umiinom, and umaalis (singing, drinking, going). 3. The Contemplative Aspect This is also called the future aspect; the affix is dropped and only the root and the reduplication remain. Examples: (+) babasa will read (+) kakain will eat (+) lalakad will walk (+) tatayo will stand (+) await will sing (+) iinom will drink (+) aalis will go 42

In contrast, the pattern formations for mag-verb aspects are as follows: The Perfective Aspect nag- is affixed to the root word. Examples: (+) naglaro played (+) naglinis cleaned (+) nagmartsa marched (+) nag-usap talked 1. The Imperfective Aspect nag- + reduplicated first syllable + root word Example: (+) nag la laro = naglalaro (playing) 2. The Contemplative Aspect mag- + reduplicated first syllable + root word Example: (+) mag la laro = maglalaro (will play) Thus, in giving specific commands, these two verb forms should be used and all verbs must be in infinitive forms. Example: English The password must be identical to the password that is defined in the registration service. Translation (+) Dapat na kapareho ng password na inilarawan sa serbisyo ng pagrerehistro ang password.

Word Order
In Filipino sentences, the preferred word order is the normal Filipino word order. This is described as predicatesubject-object that is, the predicate usually comes before the subject. Notice that this is one of the differences in structure of Filipino sentences to that of English. In the English language, the order/arrangement of the parts of the sentence is subject-predicate-object. In Filipino, it may be subject-predicate-object or predicate-subject-object. Example: English This software is licensed. Filipino - <subject predicate> Ang software na ito ay lisensyado. <predicate subject> Lisensyado ang software na ito. Althoug both translations are correct but the latter sounds more straightforward and in focus. 43

Style and Tone Considerations

This section focuses on higher-level considerations for audience, style, tone, and voice.

Audience
Target audience are Filipino-speakers, particularly the younger generation and those who have lived overseas for awhile, and those from non-Tagalog regions.

Style
Avoid idiomatic expressions. Use simple and plain language. Keep style simple, human and easy to understand. Ex. Learn about changing your mail settings. (+) Alamin ang tungkol sa pagpapalit ng mga setting ng iyong mail.

Tone
The tone of the text need not be very respectful and very formal. The important thing to take into consideration is that the text, especially in giving directions and commands, should be direct to the point. In giving commands, it is not obligatory to say please. The Filipino paki is the equivalent term for please. Paki is a prefix, which means request:

English Please save your files before closing this window.

Translation (+) Paki-save ang iyong mga file bago magsara ng window na ito. (?) Mag-save ng iyong mga file bago magsara ng window na ito. (-) Mag-save ka ng iyong mga file bago magsara ng window na ito.

Voice
The word You has many equivalents in Filipino, depending on how it is used. It may be translated as ikaw, ka, iyo, and mo. Consider the following:

English You need to configure this CD.

Translation (+) Kailangan mong magkumpigura nitong CD. 44

(?) Ikaw ay kailangang magkumpigura nitong CD. (?) Kailangan kang magkumpigura nitong CD. (?) Iyong kailangang magkumpigura nitong CD.

Note that all these sentences are correct. But again, for purposes of consistency, we should adhere to the predicate-subject pattern. Therefore, the first sentence is the most appropriate. These equivalent Filipino words of you may be used in all genders. All of these are in singular form. Let us consider the next example:

English You are now connected to the Internet.

Translation (+) Nakakonekta ka na ngayon sa Internet. (?) Ikaw ay nakakonekta na ngayon sa Internet.

Ka is a postpositive form pronoun; that is, it is used after a noun or a verb instead of the form ikaw.

45

Localization Guidelines
This section contains guidelines for localization into Filipino.

General Considerations
As a general rule, the tone of voice is active and to-the-point. The use of active voice gives personal tone which adds clarity to the message. Constantly use simple and plain language that is free of connotation. The text should always be taken into consideration and must be direct to the point, simple, clear, precise, and accurate, particularly in giving directions and/or commands. Abbreviations Common Abbreviations There are no abbreviations like this that needs to be addressed in Filipino. However, a similar issue on the use of the contracted -t and -y needs to be addressed. Avoid using contracted at and ay in structures. It is better to use the long form. You might need to abbreviate some words in the UI (mainly buttons or options names) due to lack of space. List of common abbreviations: Expression for example (halimbawa) Number (bilang, numero) a.m. (ng umaga) p.m. (ng hapon, ng gabi) etc. (at iba pa) signed (nilagdaan) year (taon) month (buwan) mm dd yyyy Acceptable Abbreviation (+) hal. (+) blg., num. (+) n.u. (+) n.h., n.g. (+) atbp. (+) lgd. (+) tn. (+) bwn. (+) bb (+) aa (+) tttt

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Expression document (dokumento) page (pahina)

Acceptable Abbreviation (+) dok. (+) ph.

Do not abbreviate such words that users might not recognize. If you have any doubt, spell out the word rather than use an abbreviation.

Accessibility
Microsoft provides people with disabilities (single-handed or with hearing or motion disabilities) with more accessible products and services. Accessibility options and programs are designed to make the computer usable by people with cognitive, hearing, physical, or visual disabilities. Hardware and software components engage a flexible, customizable user interface, alternative input and output methods, and greater exposure of screen elements. Some accessible products and services may not be available in Filipino-speaking markets. Please check with your Microsoft contact and remove these references from Filipino text if necessary.

Acronyms
Acronyms are words made up of the initial letters of major parts of a compound term. Some well-known examples are WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), OLE (Object Linking and Embedding), or RAM (Random Access Memory). Caution: Do not include a generic term after an acronym or abbreviation if one of the letters in the acronym stands for that term. Even though this might occur in the US-English version, it should be corrected in the localized version. The following examples show the redundancy in red for English terms: (-) RPC call (-) HTML language (-) TCP/IP-Protocol (-) PIN Number

The following examples show the redundancy in red for Filipino terms: (-) RPC na tawag (-) HTML na lengguahe (-) TCP/IP na Protokol (-) PIN na numero

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Localized Acronyms In online help or documentation, spell out the words that comprise an acronym or abbreviation the first time that acronym is used in the text. You should include the language-specific translation, the US term, and the acronym as in the following example: Mga Bagay sa Pag-access ng Data (Data Access Objects, DAO) Mga Bagay ng Data na ActiveX (ActiveX Data Objects, ADO)

In the user interface, there is usually not enough space for all three terms (US term, language-specific translation, and the acronym); only in wizards, the acronym can easily be spelled out and localized on first mention. If there are space constraints or there is no 'first' occurrence, it is up to you to judge to the best of your knowledge whether the acronym or abbreviation can be left as is or should be spelled out and localized. You should also consider that different users will have different levels of knowledge about a product. For example, an Italian Exchange user will understand DL, but the average Italian Windows user might not understand DL and would need to see lista di distribuzione (distribution list) instead. Try to be consistent within a product with your use of acronyms and initializations. Note: Although the English acronym cannot generally be derived from the language-specific translation, creating a new acronym derived from the language-specific translated term is not an option. For example, do not replace an English acronym with a language-specific acronym; instead, leave the English acronym or abbreviation intact, as in the following examples where DLL and DPI are correctly rendered as DLL and DPI:

Language Hausa Kiswahili Filipino

English example Application Initialization DLL DPI Scaling Application Initialization DLL

Acceptable translation (+) Farawa Afilikeshon DLL (+) Urekebishaji DPI (+) Pagpapasimula ng Application DLL NOT (-) Pagpapasimula ng Application PNA

Unlocalized Acronyms Many abbreviations and acronyms are standardized and remain untranslated. They are only followed by their full spelling in English if the acronym needs to be explained to the speakers of a different language. In other cases, where the acronym is rather common, adding the fully spelled-out form will only confuse users. In these cases, the acronym can be used on its own. 48

The following list contains examples of acronyms and abbreviations that are considered commonly understood; these acronyms and abbreviations should not be localized or spelled out in full in English: ANSI (American National Standards Institute) ISO (International Standards Organization) ISDN DOS DSL CD DVD

If you are unsure what an acronym or abbreviation stands for or refers to, please contact the Moderator responsible for this Style Guide.

Applications, Products, and Features

Application/product names are often trademarked or may be trademarked in the future and are therefore rarely translated. Occasionally, feature names are trademarked, too (e.g. IntelliSense). Before translating any application, product, or feature name, please verify that it is in fact translatable and not protected in any way. Similarly, take extra care when translating terms that pertain to PC/computer interfaces. In particular, terms that refer to features in Microsoft Windows should never be translated, for the simple fact that Microsoft has never released any Filipino build for Windows.

Frequent Errors
Microsoft created the following guidelines in an effort to standardize error messages, which are often inconsistent and not always understandable even in English. Error messages are messages sent by the system or a program, informing the user that there is an error that must be corrected in order for the program to keep running. The messages cover a wide range of topics (for example, prompting the user to insert a disk in the disk drive, or informing the user of an error that requires rebooting the computer). New localizers frequently ask for help with error messages. The main principles for translation are clarity, comprehensibility, and consistency. Error messages written in US-English are occasionally inconsistent. As you localize the software into Filipino, you should ensure that you use a standard phrase for error messages that have the same meaning and purpose in the US-English version.

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The following table provides US-English examples of inconsistent error messages and their corresponding, standardized Filipino:

English phrase Cannot* Could not* Failed to Failure of ... Cannot* find ... Could not* find ... Unable* to find ... Unable* to locate ...

English example File could not be found File cannot be found Failed to connect Failure to connect Cannot find driver software Could not find driver software Unable to find driver software Unable to locate driver software

Filipino example

(+) Hindi mahanap

(+) Nabigong kumunekta

(+) Hindi mahanap ang software ng driver

Not enough... Insufficient...

Not enough memory Insufficient memory There is not enough memory There is not enough memory available

(+) Kulang ang memory

... is not available** ... is unavailable**

The command is not available The command is unavailable

(+) Walang utos

* The words 'can' and 'could' in Filipino cannot be directly translated. These are expressed by the Aptative affixes: maka-, makapag-, ma-, mai- and other derivative affixes of ma-'. **There is no single word to translate the word available. This could be translated as an existential word (may/mayroon, or nasa). In case a second verb is mentioned (like 'available to download', available to install), the translation would be 'maida-download' making the second verb the root word.

Glossaries
The Microsoft terminology database should be the primary reference resource. Refer to the section Reference Material for additional information. In case no approved target term is available, please research online Microsoft resources to gather information on features/functionality descriptions as well as on the terminology already used. In addition, check partners and competitors sites in order to come up with an Industry-specific target term or translation that customers are used to. For example, if terms are used in the industry but new to Microsoft products, such as Expression terminology which is similar to Adobe Photoshop, the existing localized equivalent from the market leader (here, Photoshop) is the one to be used.

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Examples of Microsoft online resources for background information: MSDN: http://msdn.microsoft.com/de-de/default.aspx TechNet: http://technet.microsoft.com/de-de/default.aspx Blogs: There are several Microsoft expert blogs, as well as blogs from Microsoft MVPs available on the Internet, these can be very valuable resources.

Fictitious Information
Fictitious content is legally sensitive material and as such cannot be handled as a pure terminology or localization issue. Below is some basic information and contact points when dealing with fictitious content: Vendors and Localizers are not allowed to create their own fictitious names. You must either use the source names or use the list of legally approved names. Please contact your product team representative for further information on how to deal with fictitious companies, names, addresses, email addresses, phone numbers, etc. in your product. For technical products, you may also check with the product team representative whether localized fictitious content is required or not (e.g. Visual Studio).

Recurring Patterns
This section does not apply to Filipino.

Standardized Translations
There are a number of standardized translations mentioned in all sections of this Style Guide. In order to find them more easily, the most relevant topics and sections are compiled here for you reference. See the following: Style and Tone Considerations Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions.

Unlocalized Items
Trademarked names and the name Microsoft Corporation shouldnt be localized. A list of Microsoft trademarks is available for your reference at the following location: http://www.microsoft.com/trademarks/t-mark/names.htm. As a general rule, when there is a word available in Filipino, use it. However, if there is no Filipino word available and in cases where it is appropriate, foreign words may be used in their original form. In addition to these rules, technical and scientific terminologies are directly borrowed and do not need to be translated, so as not to bring confusion. 51

Word OK

Comment Retain source term OK as it is also used the same way in Filipino. Retain source term OK as it is also used the same way in Filipino. Retain source term OK as it is also used the same way in Filipino.

Memory card

Credit card

Using the Word Microsoft

In English, it is prohibited to use MS as an abbreviation for Microsoft. Filipino follows the English rules for the use of Microsoft in UI and text. Example: MS-DOS 'Microsoft is a tradename of Microsoft Corporation.' (+) "Ang Microsoft ay pangalang-pangkalakal ng Microsoft Corporation."

Software Considerations
This section refers to all menus, menu items, commands, buttons, check boxes, etc., which should be consistently translated in the localized product. Refer to http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/aa511258.aspx for a detailed explanation of the Windows user interface guidelines (English).

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User Interface
Filipino follows the English rules for translating user interface texts In translating UI terms the term should be retained in English and add the appropriate affixes. Example: cut i-cut, mag-cut paste i-paste, mag-paste

Messages
Status Messages
What is a Status Bar Message? A status bar message is an informational message about the active document or a selected command as well as about any active or selected interface item. Messages are shown in the status bar at the bottom of the window when the user has chosen a menu, a command or any other item, or has started a function. The status bar messages refer to actions being performed or already complete (for example in Outlook below).

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Filipino Style in Status bar Messages In English, the status bar messages have different forms dependent on the information they must convey. In Filipino, menu and commands status bar messages should follow the format below. English Status Bar message Contains editing commands Filipino Status Bar message (+) Naglalaman ng mga utos sa pag-i-edit

Name

Filipino Name (+) I-edit

Category

Edit

menu

Copy to Folder...

(+) Kopyahin sa Folder

menu

Copies the (+) Kinokopya ang mga selected items to a piniling aytem sa bagong new location lokasyon Creates a new document Make object visible? (+) Gumagawa ng bagong dokumento (+) Gawing nakikita ang bagay?

New

(+) Bago

command

(+) Ikino-convert ng Word is converting Word ang dokumento. the document. Pindutin ang Esc upang Press Esc to stop. huminto Datasheet View Done (+) Tanaw ng Datasheet (+) Tapos na

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The importance of standardization In the US product you can often find messages that are phrased differently even though they have the same meaning. Try to avoid this in the localized Filipino version. Use one standard translation as in the examples below:

English term Press F1 to get Help If you want Help press F1 To get Help press F1 Not enough memory Insufficient memory There is not enough memory Save changes to %1? Do you want to save changes to %1?

Correct Filipino translation (+) Pindutin ang F1 upang kumuha ng Tulong

(+) Hindi sapat ang memorya

(+) I-save ang mga pagbabago sa %1?

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Error Messages
What Is An Error Message? Here is an example:

Error messages are messages sent by the system or a program, informing the user that there is an error that must be corrected in order for the program to keep running. For example, the messages can prompt the user to take an action or inform the user of an error that requires rebooting the computer. Filipino Style in Error Messages It is important to use consistent terminology and language style in the localized error messages, and not just translate as they appear in the US product. Standard Phrases in Error Messages When translating standard phrases, standardize. Note that sometimes the US uses different forms to express the same thing. Examples: English Cannot Could not Failed to Failure of Cannot find Could not find Unable to find Unable to locate Not enough memory Insufficient memory There is not enough memory There is not enough memory Hindi sapat ang memory Nabigong Translation Hindi maka Example Could not connect (+) Hindi makakunekta Failed to connect (+) Nabigong kumunekta Unable to find the file (+) Hindi makita ang file (+) Hindi mahanap ang file Not enough memory to save the file (+) Hindi sapat ang memory upang i-save ang 56 Comment

Hindi makita Or Hindi mahanap

English available ... is not available ... is unavailable

Translation

Example file The file is not available

Comment

ay hindi magagamit

(+) Ang file ay hindi magagamit

Error Messages Containing Placeholders When localizing error messages containing placeholders, try to find out what will replace the placeholder. This is necessary for the sentence to be grammatically correct when the placeholder is replaced with a word or phrase. Note that the letters used in placeholders convey a specific meaning, see examples below: %d, %ld, %u, and %lu means <number> %c means <letter> %s means <string> Examples of error messages containing placeholders: "Checking Web %1!d! of %2!d!" means "Sinusuri ang Web <number> ng <number>". "INI file "%1!-.200s!" section" means "INI file "<string>" section".

Keys
The keyboard is the primary input device used for text input in Microsoft Windows. For accessibility and efficiency, most actions can be performed using the keyboard as well. While working with Microsoft software, you use keys, key combinations and key sequences. In English, References to key names, like arrow keys, function keys and numeric keys, appear in normal text (not in small caps).

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Access Keys/Hot keys

Sometimes, there are underlined or highlighted letters in menu options, commands or dialog boxes. These letters refer to access keys (also known as hot keys) that allow you to run commands, perform tasks, etc. more quickly. The following table lists special options for hot keys in US-English interfaces and describes whether each option is allowed in Filipino: Hot Key Special Options "Slim characters", such as I, l, t, r, f can be used as hot key Usage: Is It Allowed? Yes Notes The Slim characters in Filipino can be used as hot key

Characters with downstrokes, such as g, j, y, p and q can be used as hotkeys Extended characters can be used as hotkeys

Yes

The characters with downstrokes in Filipino can be used as hotkeys

No

The 28 letters of the Filipino alphabet are more than enough to be used as hotkeys.

An additional letter, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkeys A number, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkey A punctuation sign, appearing

No

No

No 58

Hot Key Special Options between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkey Duplicate hotkeys are allowed when no other character is available No hotkey is assigned when no more characters are available (minor options only) Additional notes:

Usage: Is It Allowed?

Notes

No

Yes

Some very common Access Keys are listed in the following table:

English Ctrl+A

Function select all

Product Windows Office Windows Windows Windows Windows Office SQL Windows Works Powerpoint PictureIt Windows Windows Windows Windows Windows Outlook Windows Windows 59

Ctrl+A Ctrl+B Ctrl+C Ctrl+C

reset all send to back reset current copy

Ctrl+D

delete

Ctrl+D

duplicate

Ctrl+D Ctrl+D Ctrl+E Ctrl+E Ctrl+F Ctrl+F Ctrl+F Ctrl+F

dial select domain open image for editing attributes filter forward view bitmap file transfer

English Ctrl+F

Function find

Product Windows SQL Windows Windows Windows Windows Works Windows SQL Outlook Windows Windows Windows Windows Windows Powerpoint Windows Outlook Office Windows Windows Office SQL Windows Windows Windows Windows Office Works Visual Studio Windows 60

Ctrl+F Ctrl+G Ctrl+G Ctrl+G Ctrl+G Ctrl+H

full screen go to grid paste to page date replace

Ctrl+H Ctrl+I Ctrl+L Ctrl+L Ctrl+L Ctrl+M Ctrl+N Ctrl+N Ctrl+N Ctrl+N Ctrl+N

space invert colors rotate left color box view log new slide new call new message new snapshot next code new

Ctrl+N Ctrl+O Ctrl+O Ctrl+O

new connection options select code open

Ctrl+P

previous

English

Function

Product Excel

Ctrl+P

print

Windows SQL Outlook Visual Studio Access Publisher Windows Windows Outlook Windows Windows Windows Office Visual Studio Windows Windows Windows Windows Windows SQL Works Outlook Windows Windows Windows Office Windows Works Windows Office SQL Works 61

Ctrl+R Ctrl+R Ctrl+R Ctrl+S Ctrl+S Ctrl+S

rotate right flip/rotate reply sharing update save

Ctrl+S Ctrl+S Ctrl+T Ctrl+T Ctrl+V

send setup toolbox transfer paste/insert

Ctrl+W Ctrl+W Ctrl+Y

stretch/skew whiteboard redo

Ctrl+Y

repeat

Ctrl+Z

undo

English

Function

Product Visual Studio

The following table lists the hot keys that are permissible in Filipino. Please note that only single stroke characters can be used. If there are no single stroke characters in your language, or not enough of them, please indicate whether US characters can be used instead.

Hot key character

Preferred or allowed? PREFERRED

Case-sensitive?

a b c d e f G i J k l m n o P r s t u v w

False False False False False False True False True False False False False False True False False False False False False 62

Hot key character x Y z

Preferred or allowed?

Case-sensitive? False True False

ALLOWED g j p y q NUMERIC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 False False False False False False False False False False True True True True False

Arrow Keys
The arrow keys move input focus among the controls within a group. Pressing the right arrow key moves input focus to the next control in tab order, whereas pressing the left arrow moves input focus to the previous control. Home, End, Up, and Down also have their expected behavior within a group. Users can't navigate out of a control group using arrow keys.

Numeric Keypad
It is recommended that you avoid distinguishing numeric keypad keys from the other keys, unless it is required by a given application. In case which keys to be pressed is not obvious, provide necessary explanations. 63

Shortcut Keys
Shortcut keys are keystrokes or combinations of keystrokes used to perform defined functions in a software application. Shortcut keys replace menu commands and they are sometimes given next to the command they represent. In opposition to the access keys, which can be used only when available on the screen, shortcut keys can be used even when they are not accessible on the screen.

Standard Shortcut Keys US Command US English Shortcut Key Filipino Command General Windows Shortcut keys Help window Context-sensitive Help Display pop-up menu Cancel Activate\Deactivate menu bar mode Switch to the next primary application Display next window Display pop-up menu for the window Display pop-up menu for the active child window Display property sheet for current selection F1 Shift+F1 Shift+F10 Esc F10 Window ng tulong Tulong na sensitibo-sa-konteksto Ipakita ang pop-up menu Ikansela Isaaktibo\Ideaktibo ang mode na bar ng menu Lumipat sa kasunod na pangunahing application Ipakita ang kasunod na window Ipakita ang pop-up menu para sa window Ipakita ang pop-up menu para sa aktibong child window F1 Shift+F1 Shift+F10 Esc F10 Filipino Shortcut key

Alt+Tab

Alt+Tab

Alt+Esc Alt+Spacebar

Alt+Esc Alt+Spacebar

Alt+-

Alt+-

Alt+Enter

Ipakita ang tala ng katangian para sa kasalukuyang pinili

Alt+Enter

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US Command Close active application window Switch to next window within (modelesscompliant) application Capture active window image to the Clipboard Capture desktop image to the Clipboard Access Start button in taskbar Display next child window Display next tabbed pane Launch Task Manager and system initialization

US English Shortcut Key Alt+F4

Filipino Command Isara ang aktibong window ng application

Filipino Shortcut key Alt+F4

Alt+F6

Lumipat sa kasunod na window Alt+F6 sa loob ng application (modelesscompliant) Kumuha ng imahe ng aktibong window sa Clipboard Kumuha ng imahe ng desktop sa Clipboard Alt+Prnt Scrn

Alt+Prnt Scrn

Prnt Scrn

Prnt Scrn

Ctrl+Esc

I-access ang pindutan ng Start sa Ctrl+Esc taskbar Ipakita ang kasunod na child window Ipakita ang kasunod na naka-tab na pane Ilunsad ang Task Manager at tagapagpasimula ng system Ctrl+F6

Ctrl+F6

Ctrl+Tab

Ctrl+Tab

Ctrl+Shift+Esc

Ctrl+Shift+Esc

File Menu File New File Open File Close File Save File Save as File Print Preview File Print File Exit Ctrl+N Ctrl+O Ctrl+F4 Ctrl+S F12 Ctrl+F2 Ctrl+P Alt+F4 File Bago File Buksan File Isara File I-save File I-save bilang File I-print Preview File I-print File Lumabas Edit Menu Edit Undo Edit Repeat Ctrl+Z Ctrl+Y I-edit I-undo I-edit Ulitin Ctrl+Z Ctrl+Y Ctrl+N Ctrl+O Ctrl+F4 Ctrl+S F12 Ctrl+F2 Ctrl+P Alt+F4

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US Command Edit Cut Edit Copy Edit Paste Edit Delete Edit Select All Edit Find Edit Replace Edit Go To

US English Shortcut Key Ctrl+X Ctrl+C Ctrl+V Ctrl+Backspace Ctrl+A Ctrl+F Ctrl+H Ctrl+B

Filipino Command I-edit Alisin I-edit Kopyahin I-edit Idikit I-edit Tanggalin I-edit Piliing Lahat I-edit Maghanap I-edit Palitan I-edit Pumunta Sa Help Menu

Filipino Shortcut key Ctrl+X Ctrl+C Ctrl+V Ctrl+Backspace Ctrl+A Ctrl+F Ctrl+H Ctrl+B

Help

F1

Tulong Font Format

F1

Italic Bold Underlined\Word underline Large caps Small caps

Ctrl+I Ctrl+G Ctrl+U

Pahilis Makapal May-salungguhit

Ctrl+I Ctrl+G Ctrl+U

Ctrl+Shift+A Ctrl+Shift+K

Malalaking malaking titik Maliliit na malaking titik Paragraph Format

Ctrl+Shift+A Ctrl+Shift+K

Centered Left aligned Right aligned Justified

Ctrl+E Ctrl+L Ctrl+R Ctrl+J

Nakagitna Pantay sa kaliwa Pantay sa kanan Pantay magkabila

Ctrl+E Ctrl+L Ctrl+R Ctrl+J

Document Translation Considerations

Document localization may require some specific considerations that are different from software localization. This section covers a few of these areas. It usually requires more than just translating the text from one language to another. It may also include: Development of glossary and style guide to ensure consistent translation and tone across all languages 66

Reformatting translated content in context to allow for different text lengths Localization of graphics, artwork or screen captures Quality assurance (QA) of the translated documents in context to ensure linguistic and locale-specific accuracy

Titles
In English the titles for chapters usually begin with "How to " or with phrases such as "Working with " or "Using ". In the Filipino version of Microsoft documentation, the source pattern is generally followed. . Example: English Get to know Windows 7 Translation (+) Kilalanin ang Windows 7

Find out more about using the latest version of (+) Alamin ang higit pa tungkol sa paggamit ng pinakabagong Windows. bersyon ng Windows. What is Windows 7? What's new in Windows 7? How to get Windows 7? Take a tour What's new with the Start menu? What's new with the taskbar? What's new with the Windows desktop? (+) Ano ang Windows 7? (+) Ano ang bago sa Windows 7?

(+) Paano magkaroon ng Windows 7? (+) Maglakbay (+) Ano ang bago sa Start menu? (+) Ano ang bago sa taskbar? (+) Ano ang bago sa desktop ng Windows?

Copyright
Copyright protection is granted to any original work of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression from which it can be perceived, reproduced, or communicated. The following translations must be used:

English text Copyright All rights reserved Microsoft Corporation

Filipino translation (+) Karapatang-sipi (+) Nakalaan ang lahat ng mga karapatan (+) Microsoft Corporation

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