2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity.

2Gtechnologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide theservices such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multi mediamessages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficientsecurity for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitallyencrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such away that only the intended receiver can receive and read it. 2G Technologies (Second Generation Technologies) Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access( TDMA ) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for thedivision of signal into time slots. CDMA allocates each user a special code tocommunicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different TDMA technologiesare GSM, PDC, iDEN, iS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM has its originfrom the Group special Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system for mobilecommunication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies.Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used inmore than 212 countries in the world. GSM technology was the first one tohelp establish international roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers touse their mobile phone connections in many different countries of the worldsis based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies

which were used totransfer analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of theshort message services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is acheap and easy way to send a message to anyone, other than the voice callor conference. This technology is beneficial to both the network operatorsand the ultimate users at the same time.Another use of this technology is the availability of international emergencynumbers, which can be used by international users anytime without havingto know the local emergency numbers. PDC or personal digital cellulartechnology was developed in Japan, and is exclusively used in JAPAN as well.PDC uses 25 KHz frequency. Docomo launched its first digital service of PDCin 1993.integrated digital enhanced network (iDEN) was developed byMOTOROLA, as a major mobile technology. It enabled the mobile users tomake use of complex trunked radio and mobile phones. iDEN has afrequency of about 25Khz.i DEN allows three or six user per mobilechannel.iS-136 is a second generation cellular phone system. It is alsoknown as digital AMPS. D-AMPS were widely popular in America and Canada.However now it is in the declining phase. This technology is facing a strongcompetition by GSM technologies . Now the network carriers have adoptedGSM and other CDMA 2000 technologies at large. Interim standard 95 is afirst and the foremost CDMA cellular technology. It is most famous by itsbrand name known as cdmaOne. It makes use of the CDMA to transfer the

voice signals and data signals from cellular phones to cell sites (cell sites iscellular network). Benefits of 2G technology (Second Generation) Digital signals require consume less battery power, so it helps mobilebatteries to last long. Digital coding improves the voice clarity and reducesnoise in the line. Digital signals are considered environment friendly. The useof digital data service assists mobile network operators to introduce shortmessage service over the cellular phones. Digital encryption has providedsecrecy and safety to the data and voice calls. The use of 2G technologyrequires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there is nonetwork coverage in any specific area, digital signals would be weak. 0G Networks Represents the 1

st Generation of mobile telephony, where satellite phones weredeveloped and deployed for boats mainly but anyone could get one in ones car in the beginning of the90s for several thousand dollars. Networks such as Iridium, Global Star and Eutelsat were trulyworldwide. 1G Network Provided the facilities of making voice calls and sending text messages. (NMT, AMPS,TACS) are considered to be the first analog cellular systems, which started in early 1980s. The greatestdisadvantage 1G had was that it only allowed contacting within the premises of that particular nation; NOCROSS OPERATOR ROAMING FACILITIES were provided. 2G Network Represents the 2 nd Generation of mobile telecommunications and is still the mostwidespreadtechnologyin the world; also known as GSM (GSM stands for Groupe Spcial Mobile inFrench, renamed in Global System for Mobility). Delivered data at the slow rate of 9.6 Kbytes/sec. 2.5G Network This mid generation was introduced mainly for involving latest bandwidth technology withaddition to the existing 2G generation. This offered a higher data rate than 2G technology and enabledthe delivery of basic data services like text messaging. Still the data rates were not enough to downloadan image or browse a website from a PDA. 2.5 G could provide data rate upto 144 kbps . GPRS, EDGEand CDMA 2000 were 2.5 technologies. 2.75G Network (a.k.a EDGE)To be able to watch streaming video and download mp3 files faster thats precisely what EDGE stands for where data packets can effectively reach

180kbps . EDGE is nowwidely being deployed in India.

3 G Network Represents the 3 rd Generation designed to overcome all the limitations of abovetechnologies. In this, 3G Wide Brand Wireless Network is used to increase the clarity giving theperfection like that of a real conversation. GSM 3G networks are termed UMTS, or the universal mobiletelecommunications service, in the United States, while wideband CDMA (WCDMA) is an effectivelysynonymous term for UMTS used elsewhere in the world. One of the major positive points of UMTS is itsglobal roaming capabilities. The speed is 3 times that of a GSM, so its called a 3GSM service. 3 .5G or 3 G+ NETWORK : HSDPA (3.5G) standard today offers anywhere between 7.2 and 14.4Mbps on cell phones, Practically speaking, this would mean downloading an mp3 file would take aboutsome seconds instead of something like 2 minutes. 4G Networks It is mainly a marketing buzzword at the moment. Some basic 4G research is being done,but no frequencies have been allocated. The Forth Generation could be ready for implementation around2012. The term also has become shorthand for Interneteverywhere a high-speed wireless networkthat gives

speeds and QoS similar to fiber and will enable business applications and personalizedconsumer services alike. LTE is considered as 4G technology. Harri Honkasalo, the director of IPR for Nokia Corporation, states that 4G should support at least 100 Mbps peak rates in full-mobility wide areacoverage and 1Gbps in low-mobility local area coverage. The speeds of 3G can be up to 2Mbps, whichis much slower than the speeds of 4G. 5GNetworks (Real wireless world) (completed WWWW: World Wide Wireless Web) The idea of WWWW, World Wide Wireless Web, emerged from 4G technologies. The following evolutionwill be based on 4G that will boost the dream of having a REAL wireless world. Thus, 5G should makean important difference and add more services and benefit to the world over 4G; 5G should be a moreintelligent technology that interconnects the entire world without limits.Before compiling this article I had spoken to a few telecoms experts in France, and the future is blurry, tosay the least. 4G LTE technology is bringing CDMA and GSM technologies closer as possible, andunification of formerly in-war standards is in order for 5G or 6G the latest, and what Verizon and AT&T arebringing in 2011 should be worth waiting. Q uality of Service ( Q oS) for networks is an industry-wide set of standards and mechanisms for ensuringhigh-quality performance for critical applications. By using Q oS mechanisms, network administrators can useexisting resources efficiently and ensure the required level of service without reactively expanding or overprovisioning their networks