Animals: Craniates

Craniates have at least 2 sets of Hox genes and a notochord. Neural crest cells form along the margin of the closing neural tube in development that go on to form various body structures. Pharyngeal gill slits allow for gas exchange or develop into lungs. Craniates originated in the Cambrian Explosion. Vertebrates, all Craniates, except hagfishes, share a unique kidney, ventral heart, closed circulation, and some segmentation in the skeleton. Gnathostomes are vertebrates with true jaws (they exclude the lampreys), a well developed head with common brain structures, 4 sets of hox genes, and paired appendages. Amniotes share common features of embryonic development, such as the extraembryonic membranes. They also share keratin, a dermal protein product that structures hair, scales, and feathers. Cephalization gets better moving from fish to mammals. class examples skeleton, skin, organs notochord, head, poor senses heart chambers 2 "-thermic" food chain features snake-like body, lack jaws and vertebrae, cartilage skeleton; all craniates have 2 or more sets of hox genes snake-like body, cartilage spines inside mouth are used to rip through skin and the sucking mouth sucks out host body fluids reproduction

Craniata

Myxini

hagfishes

poikilo-

scavengers

external fertilization

Craniata, Vertebrata

Cephalaspidomorphi

lampreys

vertebra and notochord, head, poor senses

poikilo-

parasites

external fertilization

Chondrichthyes

sharks, skates, rays sharks, skates, and rays have cartilage skeleton while others have at least some bone; vertebra, head, excellent ray-finned fishes senses

Craniata, Vertebrata, Gnathostome Actinopterygii

all gnathostomes have: jaws, larger brains, lateral line serving as an ear, paired fins with rays, well most are developed eyes, a minimum of 4 predators, few sets of hox genes, scaled body; are filter feeders chondrichthyes have no swimbladder, acute senses, body is covered with scales 2 poikiloenlarged brains, better lateral lines, more movable fins, better eyes; swimbladder for buoyancy, body is covered with scales, operculum covers gills lobe fins evolved into legs of tetrapods, body is covered with scales

most have internal fertilization; some are oviparous (lay eggs), others ovoviparous (bear live yolk-nourished young); others viviparous (bear maternal-nourished live young)

all niches

usually external fertilization and external development

Sarcopterygii

lobe-finned fishes; Coelacanth and lung fish

predators

external fertilization

Animals: Craniates
class examples skeleton, skin, organs heart chambers "-thermic" food chain features reproduction

Craniata, Vertebrata, Gnathostome, Tetrapoda

Amphibia

frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, caecilians

vertebra, bony skeleton, head, ears

poikilo-

most tetrapods have 4 legs, well developed head with eyes, ears, frog larvae are nose, adults usually have lungs, herbivores, frogs tongue catches prey, aquatic eggs, are predators adults are usually terrestrial; smooth skin

external fertilization and external development

Reptilia

snakes, lizards, vertebra, bony turtles, skeleton, scales, crocodiles, birds, head, ears dinosaurs

3; crocs have 4

reptiles have lungs, higher metabolism and better senses than other more primitive craniates, impermeable skin, ribs are most are important to breathing, excrete homeo-, ecto- predators, some uric acid; all amniote embryos are are herbivores supported by special membranes after fertilization; amniotic egg is laid on land; young are not larva, scales of keratin

internal fertilization and external development

Craniata, Vertebrate, Gnathostome, Tetrapod, Amniote

Birds (diapsids 2 holes in each side of skull for jaw muscles)

birds

vertebra, bony skeleton, feathers, good eyes, ears

homeo-, endo-

birds have lungs, have extremely most are high metabolism; forelegs serve as predators, some wings for flight, excrete uric acid; herbivores amniotic egg is laid on land, young are not larval; feathers of keratin

internal fertilization and internal development

Mammalia (synapsids - one hole in each side of skull for jaw muscles)

mammals; placentals marsupials, monotremes

vertebra, bony skeleton, hair, ears, good eyes

homeo-, endo-

herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders

mammals have lungs with diaphragms, enlarged cerebrums, high metabolism, excrete urea, well developed heads with good senses, young develop from amniotic membranes and are born not larval; hair of keratin

internal fertilization and internal development (exc. Marsupials and monotremes)

Mammal Orders: Monotremes - egg-laying mammals, Marsupials - bear underdeveloped young that finish development in a pouch, Eutherians - the placental mammals divided into insectivora (moles, shrews), dermoptera (flying lemurs), chiroptera (bats), primates (lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans), edentata (sloths, anteaters, armadillos), lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, pikas), rodentia (rodents), cetacea (whales, dolphins), carnivora (carnivores), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses), proboscidea (elephants), perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates, artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)

Human Evolution: Australopithecus (1.5 to 4 million years ago) brain 550 ml, Africa only; Homo habilis (1.6 to 2.4 million years ago) brain 600 to 700 ml; Homo ergaster (1.6 to 1.9 million years ago), Homo erectus (1.8 to .5 million years ago) 970 ml; Homo sapiens (.16 million years ago to present) 1.4 liter brain volume