Lecture Notes

Confucianism

1/17/2012 12:03:00 PM

Ideas in the great tradition that were adopted by Confucius School of the Scholars other name for Confucianism, dates back to old scholars and disciples of Confucius Chinese civilization is very old humans in china going back 600,000 years ago but not homosapians o Suggests that people have been inhabiting Chinese territory for 600,000 years 5,000 BC- archeology that reveals agricultural communities with cultivation of rice. Agriculture and fixed location, no longer nomads and hunter gatherers fixed homeland No longer relying on hunting as the main source of meet Believed in the after life, evidence of sacrifices for the spiritual sustenance of the departed 2,000 BC- further evidence of walled villages, raising of domestic animals, and traits of traditional Chinese civilization worship of ancestors, start to see two signs of material advancement: casting of bronze articles for sacrifice and silk o Point of pride in traditional china o Archaeological evidence Ancient Chinese accounts owe to a single individual, not generations of trial an error, all scribed to the contributions in favor and benefit of one person the one who taught them how to make and use fire FuXi translated to Ox Tamer o Before he came along, Chinese didnt have a clue on how to tame oxen, pigs, horses, dogs, etc. o Described in Semi Devine language- upper body of a human, lower body of a cerpient o Great benefit to the Chine people o Also taught them how to build family relationships and family life o Book correction says he invented writing After ox tamer, Shen Nong, or the divine farmer how to raise crops, designed markets to exchange goods for something they didnt have

One semi divine individual is given credit for the advancement of one particular area Remember dates in the table Huang Di also known as yellow emperor, 100% human. Lived to a normal age beyond expectations ruler is a great benefactor, benefits the people and guides them peacefully with favors and benefits o Taught Chinese to build wooden houses and how to use the wheel for transportation o His minister single handedly involved the writing system, but since he was the ruler who encouraged it he was the one who got credit o His wife invented the cultivation of silk worms and of weaving silk o Taught how to use the bow and arrow, make ceramics, and given credit for being Chinas first National leader According to ledged and history we have two great kings- Yao and Shun culture heroes. Great benefactors to the people o Very in line with traditional Chinese thinking, reputation is already very solidified in Chinese tradition o Described as mild and gracious in manner- men of peace for example Yao was described in peaceful terms as reverent, intelligent, accomplished, sincere, and mild his bright virtue extended to all o In awe of his bright virtue o Harmonized relations between noble clans, brought affection to the family, harmonized all of the states, nourished and enriched all of the people, had a calendar made in accordance with the seasons to help the people according to this calendar- in accordance with Confucius tradition o He was so eager to develop virtue, passed over his own sons to inherit the kingdom or empire and chose an outsider because of the reputation for the outsider for virtue. Had the opportunity to develop his own dynasty but passed it on because he though his family wasnt worthy, instead chose Shun

Shun came from a disadvantaged family, made up with moral idiots, a brother who wanted to kill him, and a father who didnt do anything about it, but by the goodness of his own character, he harmonized the family filio pia? Showed respect to his father and step mother o Sacrificed to the 6 directions, to mountains and rivers and all the spirits, shows great reverence for the spiritual world o Standardized the pitch pipes, standardized length and weight, and imperial music o Laid out areas for worship o Both religiously socially and economically he benefitted the people Shun also passed over his own decedents, didnt establish a dynasty but instead selected a man named Yu who had already made a name for himself as a hydrolic engineer- very successful, proved his virtue as well as his intellectual capability- he was told to pick a son to rule after him which stated the first dynasty in China Hsiq, which should be Xia 1818 BC possible beginning of the Xia dynasty, ruled north China around the yellow river region for a few centuries until 1766 Virtue of the founding king prevailed right until the years of 1766, the last leader had lose the virtue of his ancestors, and the virtue of the dynasty has disappeared- he was unseated by a new hero who established a new dynasty Shang Dynasty (Yin) two names for capital cities of these dynasties at two separate times (1766 1122 BC) o Have historical writings o Bronze was always expensive, wasnt there for the benefit of

the common people In the founding of the Shang dynasty, we have not exactly a mild mannered individual anymore, instead a righteous rebellion against a cool tyrant who deserves to be objected from rulership from violence, anything with unnecessary violence deserves to fall and be replaced by virtue Mandate of Heaven

Announcement given by one of the founding fathers of the Shao dynasty to the active people justifying the rebellion or the change of rule They really believed that they had the mandate of heaven, source of wisdom and goodness, supports virtue on the earth and encourages goodness and punishes wickedness Heaven wants to see human life happy, prosperous and useful, gives mandate to a ruler in order to rule with kindness, encouraging the good and punishing if necessary- as long as the ruler continues to conform, he will continue to rule, and will pass it on to his descendants Any ruler can lose the mandate with cruelty or oppression, therefore any ruler should not be complacent, always they should be conscienscious, the mandate can be taken at any time To earn mandate you MUST: respect your elders, rule in harmony with the common people (little people), ruler acts as heaven as the ruler of common society son of heaven. Sacrifices carefully in the upper and lower spirits both to heaven and earth Serves as an example in all respects, to people of all levels, even to the little people, doesnt rule by force but rules by personal example- acts how he wants people to, shows the way. Deserves the mandate, anyone who rules to the contract, will lose the mandate - Righteous rebellion Metal bound copper, made of wood and metal for reasons of security, held documents that were very important Duke of Zhou steps in and tries to save his brothers life tells the religious officials not to disturb the ancestors with something o Makes himself an altar facing north, but facing in the south is a preferred honor direction o South is the direction of more sunlight and warmth, therefore it was desired o Says hell join his ancestors instead of his older brother- says if he needs someone to serve in the afterlife that he should take him instead of the brother- shows true dedication of a brother and willingness to sacrifice his life

o Died and was succeeded by his son, Cheng, who succeeded his father o Windstorm flattened all of the grain stocks The way- to be conscientious to the people and to get the confidence of the spirit, people come before the spirit o To be conscientious to the people need to think of their welfare and grant it When people have the ability to sacrifice animals it is a sign of prosperity, they have the resources in order to sacrifice People and their demands for a good life come first and only once that is provided will they get anything else.

Early Korea Took up early fishing and hunting and gradually took up stable agriculture Totems divide ancestors of different clans (tiger and bear) Artemisia (warm wood) One of the oldest countries divided into two separate sovereign states North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea), and separated from the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the south by the East China Sea. The ProtoThree Kingdoms period, sometimes called the Several States Period, is the time before the rise of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which included Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje, and occurred after the fall of Gojoseon. This time period consisted of numerous states that sprang up from the former territories of Gojoseon. Among these states, the largest and most influential were Dongbuyeo and Bukbuyeo. Korean king had absolute rule over his people, acknowledged emperor and everything peaceful. Mongoose made Koreans part of their empire 918-1392 koryo 1392-1910 Yi dynasty 1950 Korean war

North Korea more industrial than agricultural Koreans developed own alphabet- significant. Hangul- alphabet= no excuse for illiteracy

Foundations of Empire de Bary Chin- state in warring states period. Emerged triumphant over all the other states. By the year 221 BC. Legalist state. Principle- legalist ideal of unity, political unity, national territory. One state. Got rid of state boundaries, erased names and nobel ranks. Put everything under unified rule. Established a commandary and districts. Forced labor, and forced participation in the military. Punishments were harsh. Group responsibility for crimes, heavy taxation. 4 points: 1-If you murder someone you pay with own life 2-Injury and theft will be compensated by Emperor controls his emotions, doesnt reward, enjoy in anger, he regulates his own emotions just as heaven should. Practices benevolence and humanness. Dont see Chinese cartoons in newspapers. Any disrespect- extreme harshness. Emperor maintains mystery. No emperor appears before subjects. Emperor shows his light of understand and is enlightened himself. Ruler uses emotions to transform Must control his own emotions and not go overboard in joy or anger (avoid extremes)

Too much joy and love can produce lack of fairness Music comes from heaven (instilled within us from birth)- inner harmony Rights come from birth (external source- learn, not part of our nature) Woodfireearthmetalwater Fire is overcome by water, which is overcome by earth which is overcome by wood, which is overcome by metal, which is overcome by fire.

Discussion Notes

1/17/2012 12:03:00 PM

Xiao Wei THH 361 Mondays 10:50-12:50 or by appointment 2/21 3/08 4/26 5/08 Mid-term (20%) First term-paper due (20%) Second term-paper due (20%) Final exam (35%)

if want rough drafts read, need to give them to her at least one week before theyre due Book of Songs poetry March 19 Slides will be posted on blackboard

Three Types of Chinese Characters Idiograph expressing an abstract idea through an iconomic form, including iconic modification of pictographic Pintograph Combination (combination of the sound and the meaning) Use oracle bones to make prediction drill hole on back of bone, but a hot point on it so the bone will crack Characters on the bone are about what the subject is, they tell you about what the ancestors and spirits say and about what the cracks indicate What is the mandate of heaven? How does the metal-bound coffer reflect this idea? (page 33-35) Belief that heaven can give certain rules the power to rule china, and if not then the power could be taken away The heaven gives the mandate to rule to those rules who qualify- need to care about the people, they are virtuous and care about their people In order to give the mandate the ruler must be continuously caring and virtous Zhou argued that the last ruler of the Xiao dynasty was cruel and neglected the people

Zhou rules argued that they are virtuous they have taken the power from heaven Metal bound coffer ruler that exciled his uncle and because of it natural disasters started to happen, and the metal coffer said that if he brought back his uncle peace would be restored King Wu first king of Zhou ruler who claimed himself to be virtuous and got the mandate of heaven Sent his king, King cheng The Duke of Zhou Sacraficed himself instead of his brother. Said he was willing to serve the spirits Oracle bone said they didnt want to take either and that they would both be good The Duke of Zhou was exiled disaster: really strong winds that blew down the grain stocks- impacted the harvest In order to make peace with the heavens and keep his rule, he simply corrected his wrong behaviors and went on the correct track in order to be a virtuous king

How should a ruler behave in order to keep the Mandate of Heaven? To keep the mandate of heaven the ruler should act virtuously and for the people instead of for himself. Needs to pay attention to what they want. If their desires are fine, he must respond to them in order to make them satisfied Need to be in harmony with the people first, and the spirits second. The people are immediate, and the spirits need to come second

Notetaker: January 23, 2012 Three Types of Chinese Characters

Combination- combination of part indicating sound of character and part indication meaning of the character. Much more common is the case where two or more characters combine to make words. Sometimes this is simply a case of adding a suffix or prefix to a character. In others, meaningful characters go together to form 'compounds'. Right hand side represents sound. Pictograph- pictures of the objects. Roughly 600 Chinese characters are pictograms ( xing xng, "form imitation") stylised drawings of the objects they represent. These are generally among the oldest characters. Ideograph- abstract idea, character is symbol. Ideograms ( zh sh, "indication") express an abstract idea through an iconic form, including iconic modification of pictographic characters. Group Discussion What is the mandate of heaven? How does the mental-bound coffer? Reflect this idea? The Mandate of Heaven is a traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers. It sought to legitimize rule from divine approval and predicated on the conduct of the ruler in question. The Mandate of Heaven postulates that heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, as defined by the Five Confucian Relationships, but would be displeased with a despotic ruler and would withdraw its mandate, leading to the overthrow of that ruler. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to those who would rule best. The mere fact of a leader having been overthrown is itself indication that he has lost the Mandate of Heaven. The mental-bound coffer is a text from the Classic of History that purports to be from the time of the Duke of Zhou. It is important for understanding the Confucian concept of politics. The king is in authority, but it is his official, the duke, who rules due to his greater suitability. The text also gives examples of the roles of slander and poetry in early politics. How should a ruler behave in order to keep the mandate of heaven? Attitudes to your people.

https://blackboard.usc.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tabGroup=courses &url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fcontent%2FcontentWrapper.jsp%3Fc ontent_id%3D_2143779_1%26displayName%3DLinked%2BFile%26course_i

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Dates

Dynasty

ca. 2000-1500 B.C.

Xia

1700-1027 B.C.

Shang

1027-771 B.C.

Western Zhou

Eastern Zhou

770-221 B.C.

770-476 B.C. -- Spring and Autumn period 475-221 B.C. -- Warring States period

221-207 B.C.

Qin

206 B.C.-A.D. 9

Western Han

A.D. 9-24

Xin (Wang Mang interregnum)

A.D. 25-220

Eastern Han

Three Kingdoms

220-265 -- Wei A.D. 220-280 221-263 -- Shu

229-280 -- Wu

A.D. 265-316

Western Jin

A.D. 317-420

Eastern Jin

Southern and Northern Dynasties

A.D. 420-588 420-588

Southern Dynasties

420-478 -- Song

479-501 -- Qi

502-556 -- Liang

557-588 -- Chen

Northern Dynasties

386-533 -- Northern Wei

534-549 -- Eastern Wei 386-588 535-557 -- Western Wei

550-577 -- Northern Qi

557-588 -- Northern Zhou

A.D. 581-617

Sui

A.D. 618-907

Tang

Five Dynasties

907-923 -- Later Liang

923-936 -- Later Tang A.D. 907-960 936-946 -- Later Jin

947-950 -- Later Han

951-960 -- Later Zhou

A.D. 907-979

Ten Kingdoms

Song

A.D. 960-1279

960-1127 -- Northern Song

1127-1279 -- Southern Song

A.D. 916-1125

Liao

A.D. 1038-1227

Western Xia

A.D. 1115-1234

Jin

A.D. 1279-1368

Yuan

A.D. 1368-1644

Ming

A.D. 1644-1911

Qing

A.D. 1911-1949

Republic of China (in mainland China) Republic of China (in Taiwan)

A.D. 1949-

A.D. 1949-

People's Republic of China

Monday January 30
Confucius?

Most influential person in all of East Asia 551-479 BCE, lived during the Zhou dynast in Lu province teacher or moral instruction, thinker

Role as

He was NOT o A military leader o A political leader or ruler o A religious leader Identified himself NOT as an innovator, but as a transmitter of ideas from the great sage kings Admired Zhou dynasty, rituals and ceremonies Wanted to have a political position to reform policies, but was not permitted Traveled to spread his idea of societal reform Qi province rejected and scorned his ideas, tried to get rid of himDuke of Lu story Became a teacher with goal of social reform No evidence today of his original writing, but records of his ideas, conversations with students an Educator Wanted to improve human character Believed reform of society would result Time of class division-mostly aristocrats were

allowed/expected/taught to be literate Confucius idea: in education, there are no class distinctionsinnovative His disciples- all men, from any background, regarless of wealth, had to want to contribute to their own education in a positive way Confucianism- A Social Philosophy Moral education- improving human character Literature, history, written word Public service- contributing to the betterment of society Based on certain religious notions that he accepted, but it was not a religion Junzi- common term meant nobleman, born into nobility o Confucius changed term to noble by CHARACTER, not by birth Anyone can become a noble/moral person, have to put in effort and be eager to learn Qualities of Junzi/A Noble Person

1. Wisdom- understanding what the people want, difference between good and bad choose ood 2. Respect the spirits but keep them at a distance a. Li ritual decorum, appreciation for ceremonies, rituals, daily etiquette, show reverence/sacrifice for spirits/ancestors, elders 3. yi righness, sense of moral duty, sense of the right thing to do, help others (sometimes self-sacrafice over self-preservation) 4. ren- humaneness benevolence, love for fellow humans, optimism, not being cynical, courtesy, liberality, trustworthiness The Noble person vs The Petty Person NOBLE PETTY

acts for others devoid of selfishness how can I help others helps genuinely in private life: courteous in public affairs: reverent in personal relations: loya Pretend to do good Mainly after self-gratification as goal

Ideas from basics of Confucianism LOAYLTY Concientousness to others Regardless of superiors, friends colleagues Dedicated to the welfare of other people Reciprovity Altruism Thinking of others before your self

Respond to kindness with kindness, respond to unkindness with unkindness then that is justice -if you are a noble person, you have a sense of wisdom and you know when to behave and how to behave and thus youll behave appropriately What does the term Ru mean? Confucius followers, commitment to learning, confindment, rights and music as a practus, more focused on conduct that fighting What were its characteristics? Who embodied this concept? Philiopiety- love to family and respect for them Confucianism Ru Xue Laws were bad- only said what not to do, and didnt encourage doing the correct things, need a combination of laws to say what not to do and a leader to show what you SHOULD do Family is the fundamental unit of society MENCIUS 372-289 BCE Chinese name Meng Ke Not a direct disciple of Confucius, leading disciple of a different era Meng Ke is the title of a book that records his ideas bt was not writing by Mencius himself o Conversationstions between Mencius and other rulers/disciples Human Pronouncements on government and human nature Nature Innovator ideas Believed that heaven endows all humans with the seeds of goodness from birth This virtue comes fro our heart and mindappeals as much to our feelings as our intellectual capability o Child/well case proves goodness of human nature

o Feeling of compassion and commiseration o You do not consider any kind of reward before acting Virtues We are born with the seeds of: 1. Humaneness natural inclination to save the child from the well develops into full humaneness (feeling compassion) 2. Rightness sense of shame and dislike of bad behavior, born with a conscience Children/infants often act selfishly, takes engouragement to be righteous 3. Propirety and Decorum respect for others, a feeling of modesty and compliance deference to the rights of others, courtesy, compliance to rules and regulations 4. Wisdom a sense of right and wrong develops into full wisdom Mencius states that these beginnings come from within us, they are not acquired Emphasis on encouragement, education and good examples in order to achieve

Know the distinction between the 4 Virtues and the beginnings of these 4 virtues (seeds) -Page 129 in blue book- book of Mencius pity and compassion humanness seed shame and aversion rightness modest and compliance propriety right and wrong wisdom Human Nature in the Face of Adversity/Poverty A choice beween personal security nd what is right/just o Mencius happens to love rightness more than life itself Do we have the right to expect people to choose rightness over life? o A virtuous person will choose rightness over their own person welfare, but we cannot EXPECT this from people

o Cannot demand that people will always obey the rules of propriety and decorum in the face of deprivation Government Responsibilities Provide a chance for the people to provide for themselves The Well-Field System o Scheme for the siviion of land between 8 families o This is the way to solve the deprivation of the people (people will work with joy and gratitude) o Give people a chance to feed themselves and make them feel as though they are contributing to their own welfare o Each person gets their own square, and one is shared with goes back to help out the government o Heaven Heaven is an active moral force Will of heaven for peace, prosperity and happiness among humans Power is transferred to rulers by heaven and they must prove worthy of it o Proper sacrifices to heaven o Gain support and obedience of the people Heaven works in coordination with the legitimate wishes of the people

Will of Heaven Heaven makes people obligated to actively resis a tyrannical oppressive government Government and ruler must act well because if they do not, the people will replace them with a new one o Mandate of heaven o Government has no reason to be there unless providing for the people Spirit of Goodness Metaphysical point: the spirit of goodness in us all can expand and form a spiritual essence that fills the whole universe

o The Great Morale: a great spiritual force and oneness of heaven with the universe Hope for human perfection Mencius was very optimistic about human nature o War tragedy

DAOISM Dao The way: Lao Zi means Old Master Important Daoist Philosopher Likely work of more then one author Virtue Classic Proposed philosophy of government and way of life Teachings based on the way/dao Presented the prefect individual as a sage ruler which is the ideal ruler Written in an ambigious and subtle style Old adages, cryptic sayings Dao Courceof all being Goveer of all life Basic undivided unity in which all contractionsand distinctions of all existence are ultimately reslved Unnamed Dao Beginning of heaven and earth Innermost secret essence of Dao Named No definable characteriestics Without desire, intentions, or feelings Can never talk about with precision Dao mother of all things outer manifestation of all existing things all namable because it can be defined means by which all things come into being Rhyme extended

Reversal Movement within the dao Moving from nonexistence to existence and back Thingsact on their own, noexternal force Natural process True for all forms of existence Conception process of growth apex weakening return to origion Not a two part process Not stage of growth or stage of decay, one big circle One opposite gives birth to another. Shouldnt put lables on things, if so its called artificiality, all one reality Dangers of labels Form emotional preferences based on labels Beauty and ugly we turn away from the ugly, preferring the beautiful, increasing desire, creating emotions, and a passion for the artificial Value labels thrown on because of convention Jade vs rock Leads to trouble envy for others Stick to the basics We dont eed luxuriesno extra nourishment Just need protection from the elements Ideal society: enough basics for everyone Golden age of Daoism Ancient times o Before people were aroused by material desires o Before morality was intented to distract fr simple goodness Blissful and innocent Ignorant of distinctions The great way prevailed People in harmony with the dao Do nothing// have not action Ideal ruler/government Refrain from meddling in peoples lives

o Meddling = unintended consequences o Dont exalt = people wont compete Give up warfare and luxurious living Guide people back to state of innocence, simplicity, and harmony with the ao Empties minds of distinction

Notetaker
January 23, 2012

1/17/2012 12:03:00 PM

Three Types of Chinese Characters Combination- combination of part indicating sound of character and part indication meaning of the character. Much more common is the case where two or more characters combine to make words. Sometimes this is simply a case of adding a suffix or prefix to a character. In others, meaningful characters go together to form 'compounds'. Right hand side represents sound. Pictograph- pictures of the objects. Roughly 600 Chinese characters are pictograms ( xing xng, "form imitation") stylised drawings of the objects they represent. These are generally among the oldest characters. Ideograph- abstract idea, character is symbol. Ideograms ( zh sh, "indication") express an abstract idea through an iconic form, including iconic modification of pictographic characters. Group Discussion What is the mandate of heaven? How does the mental-bound coffer? Reflect this idea? The Mandate of Heaven is a traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers. It sought to legitimize rule from divine approval and predicated on the conduct of the ruler in question. The Mandate of Heaven postulates that heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, as defined by the Five Confucian Relationships, but would be displeased with a despotic ruler and would withdraw its mandate, leading to the overthrow of that ruler. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to those who would rule best. The mere fact of a leader having been overthrown is itself indication that he has lost the Mandate of Heaven. The mental-bound coffer is a text from the Classic of History that purports to be from the time of the Duke of Zhou. It is important for understanding the Confucian concept of politics. The king is in authority, but it is his official, the duke, who rules due to his greater suitability. The text also gives examples of the roles of slander and poetry in early politics. How should a ruler behave in order to keep the mandate of heaven? Attitudes to your people.

January 24, 2012 ConfuciusThe philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism ( ) or Taoism () during the Han Dynasty[3][4][5] (206 BC AD 220). Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (). Attitude is family loyalty and support- very important. Strong on one approach- family is sacred. The young learn respect for elders. Initial training ground for human character. Laws as fabric of government (problem alone is that all it does it try to prevent things from happening). There is something more important. Laws are negative. It does nothing to encourage good behavior and attitudes. Ruler must set good example. Wisdom is telling the difference between good and bad. Confucius will be guide to people but they must be able to recognize what is good and badwilling to follow good example when they see it. Each human being has a will and should be treated accordingly. Prevailing tone is to afford the people with great amount of respect for their own capabilities. MenciusMencius (Chinese: ; pinyin: Mng Z; WadeGiles: Meng Tzu; Zhuyin Fuhao: , most accepted dates: 372 289 BCE; other possible dates: 385 303/302 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself. Chinese name is Mengzi (master)- book records conversations of his- not written by him. Through latinization becomes Mencius.

Follower of Confucius ideas and enhanced them. Leading element- source of goodness, source of evil, what does it have to do with nature of human beings, and how does opinion cover attitudes towards government, education. Gave great credit to human nature as source of goodness. Heaven= seeds of nature Argument for existence of feelings- no difference between mind and heart. Appeals to feelings as much as intellectual capability. Uses ingenious argument to appeal to emotions when he demonstrates existence of one of virtues within us- defys us to argue to contrary, dares us because we are denying being human beings. He does this by going to village and seeing little child who has managed to climb barrier of well and is about to fall into deep pit. He says you will save him- otherwise what kind of person are you. If you acknowledge existence in heart and mind then he has a few others. We all have pity and compassion in our hearts, not full pledge virtue, but material (seed) beginning of virtue- natural tendency of beginning to blossom and grow on it own into full humanes. He says born with sense of shame and dislike of bad behavior. We have a conciseness- can feel shame. We are born with. Sense of right and wrong- born with. Loves rightness more than life itself Provide means for welfare for people- chance to help themselves (well-field system) layout is based on Chinese character for well. Give land to people and they will work with joy and gratitude. Land division: a square area of land was divided into nine identically-sized sections; the eight outer sections (; stin) were privately cultivated by serfs and the center section (; gngtin) was communally cultivated on behalf of the landowning aristocrat. Any government that mistreats people- violates will of heaven. Institute sacrifices. Government should make sure they dont have any complaints and resentment. Government doesnt interfere with agriculture seasons- or else they are mistreating people.

Human nature is raw material (neutral)- manipulated one way or another. As water flows down hill, natural for humans to make good choices rather than bad. Selfishness is unnatural (violation of human nature). Spirit of goodness can expand essence that can fill universe (produces great moral-understanding the way).

Xun Zi Was a Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States Period. Contributed to one of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Believed man's inborn tendencies need to be curbed through education and ritual, counter to Mencius's view that man is innately good. Believed that ethical norms had been invented to rectify mankind. Human nature from birth is evil. (Emotional tendency toward evil). Desire for gain (profit), and want things for us. Born with hate. We have desires of ear and eye. Appreciation for ritual but the bad aspects suppress the good. In spite of all this there is optimism. He believes everyone has capability of becoming sage. Wants to stir up in us a desire to overcome the natural tendencies. Not sentimental about human nature. Rights are the means. Heaven- natural world; thus people should focus on the human, social realm, rather than dealing with heavenly ideas. Closer to Confucius on learning than Mencius is. The doctrine of the four sprouts allows Mencius to overemphasize our intuitive capacities to be moral. Because of this Mencius thought that learning was "easy," while Confucius and Xunzi would say that it is very difficult. The latter would also agree that it is thoroughgoing learning of concrete things and relations. Human beings need a sense of community to prosper, need cohesion, cooperation, and sense of belonging that is greater than us. Once we develop this we can see with our own eyes. Harmony is a natural process, not subject to will of any supernatural power. Mutations of yin (female-cold-dark-moon-back-weakest at noon) and yang (male-hot-bright-sun front-strongest at noon) (forces in all phenomenon the universe, mutually opposite but mutually complementary forces of

nature) come under the functions of heaven. They are in all of us. They are always on the move. We cant prevent floods. But what we can do is make provision for disasters when they happen and we will be ready. Represents more rational aspect of Confucianism than Mencius. He is warm about ritual and love toward loves ones. But as far as human nature is concerned he is unsentimental. We have a lot of obstacles so work at it, everyone has capability. Ways of heaven can be perceived but not understood, cant find secrets of nature by supernatural means. Principals are there and work, up to us to make proper adjustments, but dont investigate.

Confucius Wise philosopher, great politician, intellectual leader, great thinker, social law maker, and teacher. Introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinize the name as Confucius and he also introduced the Confucius ideology called Confucianism. Confucius was born in 551 BC near the city of Qufu, in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province) into a poor but noble family. Mandate of heaven presupposes an autocratic ruler, exhorted to refrain from acting inhumanely towards his subject. Dont do to others what you would not want yourself; to rule by moral example instead of by force and violence.. Your job is to govern, not to kill Left his office in 496BC traveling about china for 13 years and teaching. Died at the age of 72 in his hometown in the state of Lu in 479 BC. Yet, when the Confucius died, many people honored all of his work by building temples in every city in China to honor Confucius. Since his teachings and philosophy was so advanced, it was the education for China for 2,000 years. Duty to family comes first. The Five Chinese Classics The Book of Changes- A text used for divination.

The Book of History- A record of verbal and oral reports or speeches given by government officials. The Book of Songs- A book of over 300 poems, mostly for ceremonies or rituals, although there were some folk songs. The Book of Rites- A collection of rules for everyday life. The Spring and Autumn Annals- Commentaries on Chinese events up to the 5th century B.C.E. There was a sixth classic on music, but it no longer exists. Never wrote his ideas After his death, his students collected his saying in The Analects. A Few Analects What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. To study without thinking is futile. To think without studying is dangerous Your faults define you. From your very faults one can know your quality. These relationships were (1) ruler and subject; (2) father and son; (3) elder brother and younger brother; (4) husband and wife; and (5) friend and friend. In these five relationships, people werent equal older people were superior to younger people, men were superior to women, rulers were superior to citizens. it was important for superior people to take care of their inferiors and set a good example. Filiam piety The most important duty Means respect for your parents is your most important duty Confucius aspired during his lifetime to be which of the following, but only once, and only briefly, achieved the goal? A government official Confucius wrote about the principles that were required of a sage king, but he never aspired himself to have such power. In the end, he would have been happy with a permanent position in the government, but this is something he was only once, briefly, able to achieve. He was a teacher though, perhaps the greatest in Chinese history. The chief work attributed to Confucius, but not actually written by him, is known as what? The Analects. When you read Confucius, there is a 90% chance you're reading the Analects, which contains little stories and snippets of Confucius' thoughts. What Confucius has in common with Jesus Christ and Socrates is that they are three major thinkers from whom we do not have a

sample of writing (the authors of the Gospels wrote Jesus' story, Plato wrote about Socrates, and Confucius' disciples wrote about him). Mencius The warring states period Preached humanist Knew his efforts may never be realized Most known for Four virtues (humaneness-every human being is born with greatness, rightness, propriety, wisdom) All born with innate goodness (education, self-discipline) Four beginnings: Filling of pity and compassion (eventually develop into humaneness), feeling of shame and aversion (eventually develop into rightness), feeing of modesty and compliance (eventually develop into propriety), and sense of right and wrong (eventually develop into wisdom) Believes in Mandate of Heaven Heaven maintains moral order Main goal of rulers should be well being and prosperity Xunzi Human nature is evil from birth Heaven (nature) has no will, power, or reason Need education for order To cultivate mind follow ritual and teacher Humans need sense of community to prosper Three roots of rites (heaven and earth of life, ancestors of human species, and rulers and teachers of order) All Everyone can achieve virtues as long as you care to develop moral character All optimistic about human nature But different views on what human nature is Everyone can be moral person

Xun Zi

Was a Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States Period. Contributed to one of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Believed man's inborn tendencies need to be curbed through education and ritual, counter to Mencius's view that man is innately good. Believed that ethical norms had been invented to rectify mankind. Human nature from birth is evil. (Emotional tendency toward evil). Desire for gain (profit), and want things for us. Born with hate. We have desires of ear and eye. Appreciation for ritual but the bad aspects suppress the good. In spite of all this there is optimism. He believes everyone has capability of becoming sage. Wants to stir up in us a desire to overcome the natural tendencies. Not sentimental about human nature. Rights are the means. Heaven- natural world; thus people should focus on the human, social realm, rather than dealing with heavenly ideas. Closer to Confucius on learning than Mencius is. The doctrine of the four sprouts allows Mencius to overemphasize our intuitive capacities to be moral. Because of this Mencius thought that learning was "easy," while Confucius and Xunzi would say that it is very difficult. The latter would also agree that it is thoroughgoing learning of concrete things and relations. Human beings need a sense of community to prosper, need cohesion, cooperation, and sense of belonging that is greater than us. Once we develop this we can see with our own eyes. Harmony is a natural process, not subject to will of any supernatural power. Mutations of yin (female-cold-dark-moon-back-weakest at noon) and yang (male-hot-bright-sun front-strongest at noon) (forces in all phenomenon the universe, mutually opposite but mutually complementary forces of nature) come under the functions of heaven. They are in all of us. They are always on the move. We cant prevent floods. But what we can do is make provision for disasters when they happen and we will be ready. Represents more rational aspect of Confucianism than Mencius. He is warm about ritual and love toward loves ones. But as far as human nature is concerned he is unsentimental. We have a lot of obstacles so work at it, everyone has capability.

Ways of heaven can be perceived but not understood, cant find secrets of nature by supernatural means. Principals are there and work, up to us to make proper adjustments, but dont investigate.

Confucius Wise philosopher, great politician, intellectual leader, great thinker, social law maker, and teacher. Introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinize the name as Confucius and he also introduced the Confucius ideology called Confucianism. Confucius was born in 551 BC near the city of Qufu, in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province) into a poor but noble family. Mandate of heaven presupposes an autocratic ruler, exhorted to refrain from acting inhumanely towards his subject. Dont do to others what you would not want yourself; to rule by moral example instead of by force and violence.. Your job is to govern, not to kill Left his office in 496BC traveling about china for 13 years and teaching. Died at the age of 72 in his hometown in the state of Lu in 479 BC. Yet, when the Confucius died, many people honored all of his work by building temples in every city in China to honor Confucius. Since his teachings and philosophy was so advanced, it was the education for China for 2,000 years. Duty to family comes first. The Five Chinese Classics The Book of Changes- A text used for divination. The Book of History- A record of verbal and oral reports or speeches given by government officials. The Book of Songs- A book of over 300 poems, mostly for ceremonies or rituals, although there were some folk songs. The Book of Rites- A collection of rules for everyday life. The Spring and Autumn Annals- Commentaries on Chinese events up to the 5th century B.C.E. There was a sixth classic on music, but it no longer exists. Never wrote his ideas

After his death, his students collected his saying in The Analects. A Few Analects What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. To study without thinking is futile. To think without studying is dangerous Your faults define you. From your very faults one can know your quality. These relationships were (1) ruler and subject; (2) father and son; (3) elder brother and younger brother; (4) husband and wife; and (5) friend and friend. In these five relationships, people werent equal older people were superior to younger people, men were superior to women, rulers were superior to citizens. it was important for superior people to take care of their inferiors and set a good example. Filiam piety The most important duty Means respect for your parents is your most important duty Confucius aspired during his lifetime to be which of the following, but only once, and only briefly, achieved the goal? A government official Confucius wrote about the principles that were required of a sage king, but he never aspired himself to have such power. In the end, he would have been happy with a permanent position in the government, but this is something he was only once, briefly, able to achieve. He was a teacher though, perhaps the greatest in Chinese history. The chief work attributed to Confucius, but not actually written by him, is known as what? The Analects. When you read Confucius, there is a 90% chance you're reading the Analects, which contains little stories and snippets of Confucius' thoughts. What Confucius has in common with Jesus Christ and Socrates is that they are three major thinkers from whom we do not have a sample of writing (the authors of the Gospels wrote Jesus' story, Plato wrote about Socrates, and Confucius' disciples wrote about him). Mencius The warring states period Preached humanist Knew his efforts may never be realized Most known for Four virtues (humaneness-every human being is born with greatness, rightness, propriety, wisdom) All born with innate goodness (education, self-discipline)

Four beginnings: Filling of pity and compassion (eventually develop into humaneness), feeling of shame and aversion (eventually develop into rightness), feeing of modesty and compliance (eventually develop into propriety), and sense of right and wrong (eventually develop into wisdom) Believes in Mandate of Heaven Heaven maintains moral order Main goal of rulers should be well being and prosperity Xunzi Human nature is evil from birth Heaven (nature) has no will, power, or reason Need education for order To cultivate mind follow ritual and teacher Humans need sense of community to prosper Three roots of rites (heaven and earth of life, ancestors of human species, and rulers and teachers of order) All Everyone can achieve virtues as long as you care to develop moral character All optimistic about human nature But different views on what human nature is Everyone can be moral person

Daoism (do jio) is one of Chinas major religions primary belief is in learning and practicing The Way (Dao) which is the ultimate truth to the universe. known as Taoism, Daoism traces its roots to 6th Century BC Chinese philosopher Laozi wrote the iconic book Dao De Jing on the tenets of the Dao. Laozis successor, Zhuangzi, further developed Daoist principles. do not believe that life is suffering.

believes that life is generally happy but that it should be lived with balance and virtue. ultimate truth is the Dao or The Way. The Dao has several meanings. It is the basis of all living things, it governs nature, and it is a method to live by. Daoists do not believe in extremes, instead focusing on the interdependence of things. There is no total good or evil or negative and positive. The Yin-Yang symbol exemplifies this view. The black represents the Yin the white represents the Yang. Yin is also associated with weakness and passivity and Yang with strength and activity. The symbol shows that within the Yang there exists the Yin and vice versa. All nature is the balance between the two. highest achievement of a Daoist is to achieve immortality through breathing, meditation, helping others and the use of elixirs. Paradox in Daoism Wants to go back to ultimate simplicity where people were good to each other and no evil. Non action= crucial word (means doing nothing unnatural or arbitrary to bring about change) Means by which change occurs spontaneously Best government is least government

Zhuangzi Influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States Period Life is limited and knowledge to be gained is unlimited. To use the limited to pursue the unlimited, he said, was foolish. Our language and cognition in general presuppose a dao to which each of us is committed by our separate pastour paths. We should be aware that our most carefully considered conclusions might seem misguided had we experienced a different past. In addition to experience our natural dispositions are combined with acquired onesincluding dispositions to use names of things, to

approve/disapprove based on those names and to act in accordance to the embodied standards. Thinking about and choosing our next step down our dao or path is conditioned by this unique set of natural acquisitions. Most damaging feeling is fear- death. Spiritformlifedeath Yu, si, lai, li Daoist- every act of construction involves an active destruction Daoism The primary belief is in learning and practicing The Way (Dao) which is the ultimate truth to the universe. Laozis successor, Zhuangzi, further developed Daoist principles. Writing in the 4th Century BC, Zhuangzi recounted his famed Butterfly Dream transformational experience, where he dreamt he was a butterfly but upon awakening, posed the question Was it the butterfly dreaming he was Zhuangzi. The ultimate truth is the Dao or The Way. It is the basis of all living things, it governs nature, and it is a method to live by. Daoists do not believe in extremes, instead focusing on the interdependence of things. There is no total good or evil or negative and positive.The Yin-Yang symbol exemplifies this view. The black represents the Yin the white represents the Yang. Yin is also associated with weakness and passivity and Yang with strength and activity. The symbol shows that within the Yang there exists the Yin and vice versa. All nature is the balance between the two. Another key component of Daoism is the De, which is the manifestation of the Dao in all things. De is defined as having virtue, morality and integrity.

Laozi /Daodejing Laozi was a philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching (often simply referred to as Laozi). Founder of philosophical Taoism (pronounced as "Daoism").

Revered as a deity in most religious forms of Taoist philosophy, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones". Laozi is entirely legendary; there was never an historical Laozi. In religious Daoism, Laozi is revered as a supreme deity. The name Laozi is best taken to mean Old (lao) Master (zi) Next to the Bible, the Daodejing is the most translated work in world literature. It is concerned with the Dao or Way and how it finds expression in virtue (de), especially through what the text calls naturalness (ziran) and nonaction (wuwei). It is held by Laozi that the everything on earth is perceivable, while the ultimate source should be unperceivable, since the characteristics of invisibility, inaudibility, impalpability, and tasteless Objectiveness which is independent of mans will, and free from the disturbances of other materials Quietness and motionless Inactivity, which requires people to accord with nature while realize his selfvalue. Zhuangzi Chuang Tzu Three dialogues Was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States Period Credited with writingin part or in wholea work known by his name, the Zhuangzi. The reason you are afraid of death is because distinction between birth and death. But if harmony- not afraid of birth, shouldnt be afraid of death. Should be a circle. Not ending point. Death is part of life.

Legalism Think in materialist terms, anything else doesnt concern Need agriculture prosperity, the better the crops, the better everyone is off Need police and armed forces Need people to work in fields, and people to protect it, keep state free from rebellion.

Need army, police Human nature is no good People are selfish, lazy, greedy and cowardly Encourage people to do good Offer rewards, medals, land, appeal to peoples greed Need laws to discourage bad behavior Laws must apply across board- equally In Chinese history, Legalism (Chinese: ; literally "School of Law") was one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period Legalism was a utilitarian political philosophy that did not address higher questions like the nature and purpose of life. The school's most famous proponent and contributor Han Fei Zi believed that a ruler should use the following three tools to govern his subjects: Fa (The law code must be clearly written and made public. All people under the ruler were equal before the law. Laws should reward those who obey them and punish accordingly those who dare to break them.), Shu (Special tactics and "secrets" are to be employed by the ruler to make sure others don't take over control of the state.), Shi (It is the position of the ruler, not the ruler himself or herself, that holds the power. Therefore, analysis of the trends, the context, and the facts are essential for a real ruler.) Thought behind Legalism was first formed by Shang Yang in the book of Lord Shang and was further developed by Li Si as a realist reform oriented philosophy meant to strengthen government and reinforce adherence to the law. The state (country) comes first, not the individual. The emperors very figure brought legitimacy. In emphasizing the power of rulership, Legalists such as Shen Dao (ca. 350 - 275 BCE) and Shen Buhai sought to devalue the importance of the charismatic ruler. The entire system was set up to make model citizens behave and act how the dynasty wanted them to act against their will. T Legalists believed that if the punishments were heavy and the law equally applied, neither the powerful nor the weak would be able to escape state control. The Legalists especially emphasized pragmatism over precedence and custom as the basis of law.

Legalism State, national unity, individual concerns are subordinated to government Guanzi theory of dividing state into hierarchy (district) Putting law above family Legalism is a Classical Chinese philosophy that emphasizes the need for order above all other human concerns. The political doctrine developed during the brutal years of the Fourth Century BCE. The Legalists believed that government could only become a science if rulers were not deceived by pious, impossible ideals such as "tradition" and "humanity." In the view of the Legalists, attempts to improve the human situation by noble example, education, and ethical precepts were useless. Instead, the people needed a strong government and a carefully devised code of law, along with a policing force that would stringently and impartially enforce these rules and punish harshly even the most minor infractions. The Ch'in founder based his rule on these totalitarian principles, and had strong hopes that his government would endure forever. Material prosperity- agriculture production, military power How to make sure people engage- force (punishment), appeal to peoples natural instincts such as greed (reward). Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty

Japanese Culture The Jmon period is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14,000 BC to 300 BC. The term jmon means "cord-patterned"- refers to the pottery style characteristic of the Jmon culture, and which has markings made using sticks with cords wrapped around them.

This period was rich in tools, jewelry, figures and pottery. Aristocratic in nature Family made up social structure- uji (primary social division), Kami is the Japanese word for the spirits, natural forces, or essence in the Shinto faith. Kami are the spirits dwelling in trees, or forces of nature. All villages have local shrines Shamanism is an anthropological term for a range of beliefs and practices relating to communication with the spiritual world. Islands of Japan are sacred offspring Japanese culture is rich and diverse dating back to 10,000BC when the Jomon people first settled in Japan. It is widely known for its traditional arts as well as its contemporary pop culture. Today in Japan it is still possible to see kimono-clad women shuffling down the street with umbrellas overhead, or oversized sumo wrestlers battling it out the ring. A sophisticated cuisine, unique social customs, and refined performing and visual arts also contribute to a culture which has become attractive, and sometimes fashionable, to many foreigners. Honshu is the largest island of Japan.

Ruler uses emotions to transform Must control his own emotions and not go overboard in joy or anger (avoid extremes) Too much joy and love can produce lack of fairness Music comes from heaven (instilled within us from birth)- inner harmony Rights come from birth (external source- learn, not part of our nature) Woodfireearthmetalwater Fire is overcome by water, which is overcome by earth which is overcome by wood, which is overcome by metal, which is overcome by fire.

Classic of Odes- Book of Songs Earliest existing collection of Chinese poems and songs. Comprise 305 poems and songs, with many dating from a 10th to the 7th century BC time range. It forms part of the Five Classics. The Odes first became known as a Jng, or a "Classic", in the canonical sense, as part of the Han Dynasty official adoption of Confucianism as the guiding principles of Chinese society. According to tradition, the method of collection of the various Shijing poems involved the appointment of officials, whose duties included documenting verses current from the various states which constituting the empire. Out of these many collected pieces, also according to tradition, Confucius made a final editorial round of decisions for elimination or inclusion in the received version of the Shijing. Can learn terms of animals and plants from poems. (Source of common terminology). Poems are cognitive and educational. March 20 Japanese poetry Written, spoken, or chanted including Old Japanese, Early Middle Japanese, Late Middle Japanese, and Modern Japanese Begins when Japanese poets encountered Chinese poetry during the Tang Dynasty (although the Shijing was well-known by the literati of Japan by the 6th century) Tanka- dominant form of Japanese poetry Japanese poems are known for both their profound simplicity and the deep emotional connections to their readers. To hope as for a great ship Man'ysh is the oldest existing collection of Japanese poetry, compiled some time after 759 AD during the Nara period.

Without using violence, use song

March 22, Sima Tan encouraged his son to carry forward. Studied astronomy Grand historian- fathers lifetime (140-110 B.C.) Records of the Grand Historian were left to Sima Qian, his son Sima Qian was a Prefect of the Grand Scribes of the Han Dynasty. Scribe- man who uses written language for a variety of purposes. One duty was astronomy (record movements of stars and planets) Six disciplines making up liberal education Rights, music, reading and writing, math, training

March 26 Japanese poetry Manyoshu- ten thousand leaves (oldest composition) Collections of poetry originated in China Kaifuso- Japanese poets writing in Chinese style Three techniques: Chinese characters, sounds and words Three categories: miscellaneous poems, exchanges, laments for the dead Two forms: Nagauta- long songs, Tanks- short songs Pun- use of a word for more than one meaning Imagery- water (seaweed used often) A number of female poets Tanka (short poems) seen more No intention to write Songs largely came from folk songs Emotional rather than political Natural beauty in poems including ocean

Book of Songs (Book of Odes) 4 sections: airs of the states, lesser odes, greater odes, hymns (propaganda pieces) Most of the time three stanzas with four characters and rhymes/repetition 3 techniques: description, metaphor, inspiration Intended to convey a moral message 4 major values: learning- art of association, art of observation, art of sociability, art of expressing resentment. Conducting ethical self-education. Reform moral characters- learns values in society (how to serve parents with filial piety, ruler with loyalty and respect). Songs of Chu Qu Yuan- upright official during warring states period. Banished by king, and he was upset because he could no longer provide good advice to ruler, and he eventually killed himself. Harmonious composition of Confucianism and Shamanism (supernatural powers). Koran Poetry Hyangga (25 poems produced, back-country, rural village) songs from hometown. 4, 8, or 10 lines- consisting of three stanzas Have background stories, 17/25 reflect Buddhist notion and trends Writing system borrowed from China but grammar structure is different (Idu and Hyangchal)