Abstract This experiment will determine the differences in the weights of different types of cola (Diet Pepsi, Diet

Coke and Coke Zero), and report the variance of the weight in each group of cola. We took random samples of distinctive groups of cola and recorded the data into TC-Stats, and used the functions of the program to understand the data. We found that, while the weights and variances of the colas were similar, Diet Pepsi had both a lower average weight and a higher variance. Introduction You get what you pay for. You have probably heard this phrase at some point in your life, and you would like to assume that when you pay for something, you are getting at least the value you paid for it. For this reason, when you buy a soft drink, it is assumed that a can claiming to contain 12 ounces of soda will contain approximately 12 ounces. While ideally the can would contain exactly 12 ounces, this is an unrealistic standard. However, if you were to pop open a can only to nd that it was half full, (or half empty, if it put you in a bad mood) you would be justied in being disappointed. Hypothesis: Due to regulation of consumer products, I believe the cans will be comparatively similar in weight distribution. Data Collection For this experiment, we measured the weights of different brands of soda to get an idea of just how consistent the cola manufacturers were in lling the cans. With this information, we can compare the weights of colas of the same brand as well as comparing the weights of other brands of cola. We chose three brands of cola: Diet Pepsi, Diet Coke, and Coke Zero. For each of these brands, we had a population of cans that were numbered. To keep our experiment to a reasonable size, we chose samples of 15 cans from each population, using the simple random sample method. To pick our random samples, we used the TC-Stats App on our IPads to pick random numbers, being sure to make the bounds of our random sample match the populations of the respective brands. Once we had our random sample of numbers, we picked out the cans with the matching numbers, weighed them, and recorded the data into a spreadsheet on TC Stats. Analysis From this sample data, we used the program to make a table of summary statistics for each brand that we tested:

This information, while useful, doesn't visualize a clear picture of what is going on in the distribution of weight. In order to see the difference among and between the brands, we utilized TC Stats to make a comparative graph of box and whisker plots for each distribution.

This chart shows a clearer picture of how the weights of different brands compare to each other.While the differences in the amount of soda compared to the whole can (with the largest range still less than 10 grams) is relatively small, we can see that Diet Pepsi had the greatest variance among the colas. Diet Pepsi had a median average weight of 370.24 grams, with the lightest can weighing 362.93 grams and the heaviest can weighing 372.37 grams. The standard deviation for the sample of Diet Pepsi was 2.897244 grams. Diet Coke had a median average weight of 371.85 grams per can, with the lightest can weighing 367.94 grams and the heaviest weighing 375.39 grams. The standard deviation for Diet Coke was 2.291168 grams. Finally, Coke Zero had an median average of 372.12 grams, with the lightest can being 368.26 grams and the heaviest being 375.31grams. While reviewing the data to nd if the Diet Pepsi results had been skewed by an anomalous can, I found that there were actually two data points at the extreme low end of the scale (weighing 362.93 and 362.94,respectively). From this data, we can see that, while the distribution of weight in Diet Coke and Coke Zero are very similar, the variance of Pepsi is far greater. Another piece of information is that all of the Pepsi results in the 5 number summary were smaller than the results of the other sodas, meaning that the Pepsi cans tended to be lighter than the other brands. True Average Using TC-Stats, we can construct a 95% condence interval for the true average weight of the sodas in each group. The method of constructing a condence interval depends on the normality of the data, and (Figure 1) shows that these groups all failed a normality test. Using the Sign Test function of TC-Stats, we are able to determine the following 95% condence intervals: Diet Pepsi:(367.4862,370.6451) Diet Coke:(370.7905,373.3281) Coke Zero: (370.6083,372.7144)

Based on this data, it would appear that Diet Pepsi has a lower median average weight. Comparison Test In order to to test my assertion that the brands had dissimilar weights, I opted to use an ANOVA test of the variances. In order to use the ANOVA test, we must satisfy the following assumptions: Each sample must be randomly and independently from the population, the populations must be distributed normally, and the variances must be similar. The assumption of populations being distributed normally was violated, as shown in the normal plots (Figure 1).

Because the normality assumption was violated, we have to use a non-parametric test to compare the populations. The non-parametric test we used for these populations was the KruskalWallis test. Using the Kruskal-Wallis function in TC-stats, we found that the p-value was .008. Because this is smaller than our alpha value of .05, we reject the null hypothesis. Thus, we can say that there is enough evidence to suggest that at least one of the sodas has an average weight that is different from the others. By looking at the medians in the summary statistics and the condence intervals, Diet Pepsi appears to be the group that is dissimilar from the other sodas. Conclusion My initial hypothesis was not correct, as I had believed that the soda distribution would be similar across all of the brands. While the amount of difference was small, there was still a noticeable trend in the Diet Pepsi being dissimilar from the other colas.

Raw Data
Pepsi 36 38 68 3 55 19 60 82 76 72 2 64 9 80 56 Pepsi Weight 370.24 369.54 370.25 372.37 367.7 362.94 371.15 368.92 371.32 371.32 369.23 362.93 371.31 366.77 370.37 Diet Coke 38 71 18 70 31 45 2 84 82 54 64 77 17 47 67 Diet Coke Weight 371.27 373.05 374.02 375.39 371.76 374.88 374.26 373.67 371.85 368.16 367.94 370.47 369.94 371.06 373.17 Coke Zero Coke Zero Weight 38 372.93 5 371.69 61 371.11 62 372.61 37 372.2 56 369.9 10 369.98 14 368.26 48 375.31 46 373.25 2 369.64 47 372.8 66 372.12 43 373.63 20 369.49 Residuals 1.0478 0.3647 1.3285 2.8986 -1.331 -6.396 2.1609 0.117 2.4662 2.4324 -0.2499 -6.025 1.8894 -2.05 1.347

Appendix Figure (1): Diet Pepsi:

Diet Coke:

Coke Zero: