You are on page 1of 6

1. What is Virology? Is it considered a subset of microbiology? Is the study of virus or virus-like agents structure, classification, and evolution.

Yes it is considered a subset of microbiology. 2. What is microbiology? What instrument is used in this discipline? What is this technique called? What type of microscope is used? Why? Is the study of lower forms of life, which are too small to be seen or observed by a human unaided eye. Microscope is used to view these organisms, this technique is called microscopy. Electron microscope is used because it can increase resolution. 3. What are the origins of the word microbiology? Micro= small Bio=life ology= process of study study of small life 4. What are the lower forms of life to small to be seen by unaided eye? What are the five groups of microbiology?

Microforms of life:
Plural Singular Discipline Plural Singular Discipline

Germs Bacterium Bacteria Bacteriology Fungus Fungi Mycology

Microbes

Microorganisms Viruses Virus Virology Protozoan Protozoa Protzology & Helmithology roundwormNematodoes flatwormPlathyhelminths

Five groups of Microbiology


Alga Algae Algology/ Phycology

5. Who is created with discovery of viruses? How? Dimitri Iwanowski isolated the tobacco mosaic virus in 1892. He isolated the virus by filtering the sap of the disease tobacco plant thru porcelain filter. The result was called the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). 6. Who isolated the pure form of TMV? Wendell M. Stanley 7. When was the electron microscope invented? What are its advantages? It was introduced in the mid 30s and it made it possible to see viruses for the 1st time. 8. What are the three distinctive of viruses? a. Host Range: is the types of organisms that are virus attacks. It is determined by the virus requirement for the stages of multiplication. The host cell components (capsule

9.

10.

11.

12.

fimbriae, flagella) are very important for the success and completion of the stages of viral multiplication. Categories: Wide Host Range: can attack different oraganisms Specific Host Range: can attack specific organisms b. Viral Size: is determined by microscope. The unit of measurement is nanometer (nm) ( ). Different viruses vary considerably in size. Range from 20nm to 14,000nm. c. Viral Structure: i. Nucleic Acids: either DNA or RNA never both ii. Capsid: protein coat that covers nucleic acids iii. Nucleocapsid: iv. Envelope: consist of combination of CHOs, proteins,a nd lipids v. Spikes: CHO & Protein structures that project from the surface. Their function is: (1) attach virus to host (2) reliable identification characteristic vi. Capsomeres: protein subunit of capsids d. Viral Morphology: i. Helical-resemble long rods that might be rigid or flexible. Viral nucleic acid is in hollow, cylindrical capsid that has a helical structure. Ex. Rabies and ebola virus ii. Polyhedral/Icosahedral- the nucleic acid is found w/in a regular polyhedron capsid w/t 20 triangular faces and 12 corners. The capsomers of each face forma an equilateral triangle. Many plant and bacterial viruses are polyhedral. Ex. Adenoviruses and polioviruses iii. Enveloped- are roughly spherical . An enveloped helical virus is influenza. An Enveloped polyhedral virus is herpes simplex. iv. Complex What is the definition of life? How many cells does the body contain? What is cell theory? Life is an active productive independent existence. The body contains 1 trillion cells. Cell theory: (1) all living matter is made-up of cells (2) cells arise form pre-existing cells (cellula e cellula) Viruses are defined by what? a. Simple structural organization-Viruses are entities that contain a single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA b. Mechanism of mulitiplication- viruses multiply inside the living cell by using host biological machinery. They create specialized structures that can transfer viral nucleic acid. Viruses dont have enzymes for protein synthesis and ATP generation so they have to take over host cell machinery. What are the characteristics shared by bacteria and rickettsias? They are especially small (filterable) and they are obligatory intracellular parasites. Ex. Pnemonia and syphilis What viruses have specific host range? Yellow fever is restricted to man certain monkeys and few lower animals. Phages are usually restricted to a single species of bacteria called a phagetype. Viruses can also attack specific

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

tissue. Ex. Viruses can only be cultured in kidney cells and eggs. Smallpox, measles, polio viruses normally only infect humans. Plant & fish viruses cannot infect humans. Rabies will infect virtually any mammal but not any plant or insect. What virus has a wide host range? (Exceptions to the host specificity) Plant viruses commonly infect their insect vectors (leaf hoppers) and some animal viruses infect the insect/mosquitoes that transmit them. Are viruses larger or smaller in size when compared to bacteria? What viruses are the expection? Viruses are usually quite a bit smaller that bacteria. However there are a few exceptions: mycoplasma, rickettsias, and Chlamydia (all are the size of a small bacteria) In viruses what are the morphological possiblilites of their nucleic acids a. Double stranded DNA b. Single stranded DNA c. Double Stranded RNA d. Single Stranded RNA What effects the shape of the nucleic acid? Depending on the virus the shape of the nucleic acid can be circular or linear. For influenza the shape is circular. What are eveloped and noneveloped viruses? a. Enveloped virsuses: are covered by an envelope which consists of some combination of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. b. Nonenveloped viruses: the capsid is not covered (naked) How are viruses grouped or classified? They are grouped according to progressive relationships or characteristics based on: (1) type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), (2) morphology, (3) method of replication. Virus taxonomy. How are viral species group and designed? How are viral subspecies designated? How is a strain designated? Viral species are a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche. As a result are designed by descriptive common names. For example: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Viral subspecies are designed by number HIV-1. The strain of an organism is any designated specimen or culture or progeny of the same species. Are viruses living? Viruses are not considered to be a living organism, they are classified as acellular. By definition a virus is a nucleic acid covered by a protein coat (capsid) and makes copies of itself by viral multiplication. However, in order to do so the virus must taken over the biological machinery of its host. Therefore viruses are classified as obligate intracellular parasites. Are viruses acellular? How do they increase in number? Viruses are considered to be acellular (non cells) because they increase in numbers by multiplication and not by reproduction. How do viruses multiply? Why

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

For a virus to multiply it mush first invade the host cell and take over its biological machinery. They have to taken over the host machinery because they viral nucleic acid only contains a few of the genes needed for he production of new viruses. What genes are necessary for new viruses production by way of multiplication? Genes for virion structural components ( capsisds, protein, evelope, spikes) and genes for enzymes that are used for viral cycles are necessary in order to have production of new viruses. What enzymes are important in viral multiplication? Enzymes that are concerned with replicating or processing of viral nucleic acids, viral proteins, ribosomes (non nuclear organelles), tRNA (transfer RNA), and energy production (ATP) are important. Mode: Host Cell Virus Viral Components Virions What are the five stages in viral multiplication (See Handout) a. Adsorption (Attachment): virion attaches to host cell b. Penetration: nucleic acid reaches its site of replication and expression (cytoplasm or nucleus) c. Biosynthesis (Assembly)-nucleic acid replicated d. Maturation: progeny virions are assembled from component pieces e. Release: escape from host What happens during attachment? What type of interaction is there between the virus and host cell? Virus attaches to host cell by its capsid or envelope proteins. Envelope proteins attach to a complementary specific receptor site or carbohydrate on the host cell surface. The interaction between the virus and the host cell is noncovalent and requires very close match in shape and charge. What happens in penetration? The bacteriophage releases lysozymes, which are biodegrative enzymes that breake down the bacterial cell wall creating microholes. Bacteriophages inject their DNA into the host bacterium through the plasma membrane and the head of the bacteriophage is left outside. What is the alternate pathway of penetration? How did it come about? What microorganism uses this method? When does it replicate? What is this process called? T-even bacteriophages have developed this capability because they have been the most studied in lytic cycle of viral multiplication. In the alternate pathway the bacteriophage integrates their DNA into the host chromosomes, where the virus become LATENT. It replicates every time the host chromosome does. This is called LATENCY OR LYSOGENIC cycle of replication. What happens in biosynthesis? How is it accomplished. Biosynthesis Involves the systematic making of various viral parts and molecules. For example nucleic acids, mRNA the enzymes, ribosomes, proteins. This is accomplished by first ending the host protein synthesis and then by taking over its biological machinery. What occurs in maturation? This stage involves the assembly of the capsid, packaging of nucleic acid inside the capsid, and for animal viruses envelopment. After assembly virions are mature and ready for last stage. What occurs in release? How is this process different for enveloped and nonenveloped viruses? Nonenveloped viruses: the lysis of the host cell is requistted to release the virions

32.

33.

34. 35.

36.

Enveloped viruses: are released by budding form plasma membrane. This process does little damage to the host cell, however the host does ultimately die because of cumulative damage from diversion of its metabolism to the production of virions. What is lysogeny and lysogenic phage? Define latency? What type of viruses arere capable of latency? How do they replicate, actively or passively? Lysogeny- state of viral multiplication in which the phage DNA is integrated into the host DNA. Lysogenic phage- is a strain of Escherichia Coli that carries lambda bacteriophage. Latency- usually involves the integraton of viral DNA into the host chromosome. DNA viruses are usually capable of using this method of penetration. In this integrated state they do not actively replicate themselves but are passively replicated every time the host DNA is replicated. What is temperate phage? Phage becomes temperate when it becomes closely associated with or is actually a segment of the single circular bacterial chromosome. In this inactive sate, they do not always kill their hosts. What is a prophage? The integrated viral chromosome What happens in the lysogenic cycle? What is the result? a. Adsorptions: lambda bacteriphage attaches to receptor on host cell b. Penetration: the viral nucleic acid enters the host cell and the phage nucleic acid becomes circular c. Integration: the phage DNA becomes integrated into the host DNA by recombination and becomes a prophage i. The lytic cycle enzymes are repressed by reporessor genes of rhe lamda virus ii. They lysogenic bacterium undergoes the normal bacterial multiplication by binary division d. Result: every time the hosts replicates so does the phage which is why they prophage remains latent within the progeny. Explain Lysogenic Cycle result in detail. Give examples of toxigenicity due to phage conversion? a. Lysogenic cells are immune to reinfectino by the same phage b. Phage conversion that is the host cell may exhibit new properties that make it more potent pathogen. i. Examples 1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae- the bacterium that cause diphtheria can produce diptheira toxin. But only when it carries a temperate phage because the prophage carries the gene coding for the toxin. 2. Streptococcus pyogenes- causes scarlet fever due to toxin produced by this pathogen. But only the streptococci carrying a temperate phage are capable of producing toxin assoc. with scarlet fever. 3. Clostridium botulinum- causes botulism, this pathogen is encoded by a progphage gene that produces the toxin. Causes food poison. 4. Vibrio cholera- toxin producing proophage. Causes pediatric disease and manifest itself by dehydration. (see notes for more)

37. How is viral multiplication used in Public health? What is phage typing and when is helpful? Define epidemiology? Public Health (Epidemiology): Phage typing is used as a diagnostic test for determining which specific bacteria are susceptible for vulnerable to attack by specific bacteriophage. In Public health its useful in determining the origin or source. Very helpful for staphylococcus and salmonella food infections. Epidemology- study of factors responsible for causing and disrupting diseases. 38. How is viral multiplication used in industrial fermentation? Industrial fermentation uses microorganisms to produce useful products such as: food, dairy, beverages (beer, wine, spirits), antibiotics, and chemicals. 39. Why is it important to monitor lysogenic phages in industrial fermentation. Bacteria and yeast in fermentation tanks start cultures that can be attacked by phages (lysis) causing great loss in the yield of expected products. 40. Distinguish the following terms: vaccination and variolation
Inoculation is the practice of introducing a small amount of viral matter into the body (usually through the skin) in order to prime the immune system to recognize and destroy that virus. It is a preventative measure, not a cure. - Variolation (pronounced vuh-RYE-oh-lay-shun) is inoculation against smallpox using live smallpox virus-variola major (from varius, Latin for "spotted"). This is the procedure brought to the attention of Western science by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Zabdiel Boylston in 1721. They referred to it as "inoculation" or "engrafting Vaccination, in its original and most precise usage, means inoculation against smallpox using the related-but far less dangerous-vaccinia (or cowpox) virus - Edward Jenner published his discovery of vaccination in 1798; he was improving upon variolation - "Vaccination" has since become a generic term (like "Xerox," "Kleenex," and "Levi's"), and is now often used to indicate inoculation against any disease

You might also like