Chapter 20- The Progressives Key Terms Progressivism: Progressives varied on how to intervene + reform- popular idea of antimonopoly

(fear of concentrated power, limit + disperse wealth, power) Muckrakers, Ida Tarbell: Muckrakers were crusading journalists who exposed social, economic, political injustices and corruption, Ida Tarbells study on Standard Oil. Later, attention toward govt + political machines Lincoln Steffens: writings of Lincoln Steffens helped arouse sentiment for urban reforms Social Gospel: Muckrakers moralistic tone prompted outrage at social + econ injustice, led to rise of Protestant Social Gospel- fusion of religion w/ reform Salvation Army: Salvation Army was Christian social welfare organization; ministers left parish to serve in troubled cities; Father John Ryan wrote of expanding scope of Cath social welfare groups Settlement House movement: Progressives believed envt influenced individual development. To help distressed required improving their conditions, Ppl believed crowded immigrant neighbors created distress- creation of settlement houses a response Jane Addams: Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago- sought to help immigrant families adapt to language + culture, belief that middle-class had responsibility to share values w/ immigrants professions in modern America: College educated women often involved in settlement house movement; movement helped spawn profession of social work American Medical Association: Doctors saw creation of professional American Medical Association1901- strict standards for admissions, govt passed laws requiring licensing; also rise of rigorous, scientific training and research the new woman: New woman product of social + economic changes- wage earning activity had moved out of house and into factory or office, children enrolled in school at earlier ages, technology (running water, electricity) made housework less of a burden, declining family size Boston marriages: women living w/ women Clubwomen: Late 19th/early 20th century rise of womens clubs- network of associations that lead many reform movements. General Federation of Womens Clubs (GFWC) at first cultural, later focused on social betterment Charlotte Perkins Gilman: she served as a role model for future generations of feminists because of her unorthodox concepts and lifestyle. Her best remembered work today is her semi-

autobiographical short story The Yellow Wallpaper which she wrote after a severe bout of postpartum psychosis. Womens Trade Union League: Womens Trade Union League rallied women to join unions, aid female labor Suffrage: Womens suffrage movement at first advanced thru arguments that women deserved same natural rights as men anti-suffrage: opponents said society needed distinct female sphere NAWS: )Early 20th century suffragists more organized-- Anna Shaw + Carrie Chapman Catt formed National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Nineteenth Amendment: 1920 Nineteenth Amendment ratified guaranteeing female political rights; others (including Alice Pauls Womans Party) wanted to fight on for an Equal Rights Amendment to prohibit all discrimination based on sex good trusts / bad trusts: govt should distinguish btwn good and bad trusts to protect against abuses by bad concentrations. Supported by nationalist Herbert Croly in 1909 The Promise of American Life Alice Paul: Alice Pauls Womans Party wanted to fight on for an Equal Rights Amendment to prohibit all discrimination based on sex Equal Rights Amendment: to prohibit all discrimination based on sex secret ballot: Late 19th century populism and rise of Independent Republicans had attempted to break party lock on power- resulted in secret ballot new forms of city government: Commission Plan- replaced mayor and council replaced w/ nonpartisan commission. First used in Galveston, TX in 1900, others followed, City-Manager Plan- elected officials hired outside expert to run govt, remain above corruption of politics Initiative: Initiative allowed reformers to submit legislation directly to voters in general election Referendum: Referendum put actions of legislature directly to the ppl for approval Direct Primary election: Direct primary allowed ppl instead of bosses to choose candidates Recall election: Recall gave voters right to remove elected official thru special election Robert La Follette: Famous state-level reformer was Gov Robert LaFollette in Wisconsinregulated RRs, utilities, workplace, graduated taxes on inherited wealth

interest group: Reform did not destroy parties but led to decline in their influence- seen by decreasing voter turnout. Interest groups emerged from professional organizations or labor to advance own demands directly to govt, not thru party labor laws: Samuel Gomperss American Federation of Labor mostly uninvolved in reform at time, but local unions played role in passing some state reform laws Triangle Fire: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1911 in NY killed many women workers b/c bosses had locked emergency exits. Commission delivered report calling for reform in labor conditionsreform lead in legislature by Tammany Dems. Imposed regulation on factory owners and mechanisms for enforcement W.E.B. DuBois: Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). NAACP: 1909 joined w/ supportive white progressives to form National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), used federal lawsuits in pursuit of equal rights issues of reform in western states: In Western states reformers targeted federal govt b/c powerful as it never had been in East (power over lands and resources, subsidies for RRs and water projects, issues transcended state borders). Weaker local + state govts political led to weaker W polit. parties, govts passed progressive reforms more quickly early victories of NAACP: . In Guinn v. United States (1915) Supreme Court ruled grandfather clause illegal; Buchanan v. Worley (1917) Court outlawed some segregationNAACP established itself as leading black organization Ida Wells-Barnett: She documented lynching in the United States, showing how it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competed with whites. She was active in the women's rights and the women's suffrage movement, establishing several notable women's organizations Temperance crusade: Many progressives saw elimination of alcohol as way to restore societal order- women saw alcohol as source of problems for families, employers saw it as roadblock to efficiency, political reformers saw saloon as Machine institution Womens Christian Temperance Union: 1873 temperance supporters formed Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) led by Frances Willard, together w/ Anti-Saloon League called for abolition of saloons and prohibition of manufacture and sale of alcohol Eugenics Movement: Early century pressure to slow immigration, heightened by growth of eugenics movement arguing human inequalities hereditary and immigration (especially of nonAnglo E. Eurs and Asians) resulting in growth of unfit peoples

Socialism: Radical opposition to capitalist system strongest btwn 1900-1914, Socialist Party under Eugene V. Debs grew during progressive era. Socialists wanted to change structure of economy, but disagreement as to extent and tactics Eugene Debs: Eugene V. Debs grew during progressive era. Socialists wanted to change structure of economy, but disagreement as to extent and tactics Industrial Workers of the World: Some moderates favored nationalizing only major industries, use electoral politics; radicals including union Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) under William Haywood wanted abolition of wage slave system, favored use of general strike, supported unskilled workers (strong force in West) Louis Brandeis: Lawyer Louis Brandeis argued about curse of bigness, saw it as threat to efficiency and freedom, limited individual control of own destiny decentralization and regulation: Most progressives also saw major problem in great corporate centralization + consolidation, but instead of nationalizing industries wanted federal govt to create balance btwn need for big business and need for competition Theodore Roosevelt as President: VP Theodore Roosevelt assumed presidency September 1901after Pres McKinley assassinated. Reputation as an independent and wild man; became champion of cautious an moderate change, reform to protect society against more radical changes. Roosevelt saw fed govt as mediator of the public good. Not opposed to industrial combinations but realized potential for abuse of power Northern Securities Company: Did make effort to break up some trusts- used Sherman Antitrust Act to break up Northern Securities Company monopoly over RRs in Northwest 1902 Coal Strike: Saw govt as impartial regulator for labor as well- 1902 strike by United Mine workers led Roosevelt to ask labor and management to accept impartial federal arbitration, threatened to seize mines if management balked The Square Deal: Reform not priority during first years as president, more concerned w/ winning reelection by not alienating conservative Republicans, winning support of businessmen and using patronagewon 1904 election, )First targeted RR industry by asking Congress to increase fed power to oversee rates- Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act of 1906 restored some govt regulatory power, Supported Congress passing Pure Food and Drug Act, after Upton Sinclairs 1906 The Jungle supported Meat Inspection Act. Also favored 8 hour work day for labor, workmens compensation, and inheritance and income taxes the Old Guard: During early administration called on Congress to lower tariff (a progressive demand), refused to oppose Repub Old Guard. Result was Payne-Aldrich Tariff - reduced tariffs little, raised others- progressives resented inaction

Upton Sinclair- Meat Packing TRs reforms in 2nd term (1907): Despite reforms govt still had little control over industrial economy; in 1907 production outgrew domestic + foreign demand, speculation + poor management led to panic., )B/c of Panic of 1907 and promise made in 1904 to step down four years later, did not seek renomination and reelection for 1908 bid TR and conservation: )Concerned w/ unregulated exploitation of resources and wildernessused executive power to restrict private development on govt land, saw goal of conservation to carefully manage development and to apply same scientific method of management being used in cities, President supported public reclamation and irrigation projects- 1902 Newlands Act funded dam construction, reservoirs, canals in West to open new lands for irrigation, cultivation and power development Gifford Pinchot, John Muir: Pinchot saw needs of city more important than claims of preservation; issue placed in 1908 referendum, dam approved by large margin in election, MuirHis activism helped to save the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is now one of the most important conservation organizations in the United States. National Parks- Pres also sympathized w/ naturalists who wanted to protect land, wildlife from human intrusion- expanded National Forest System for rational lumbering, but also grew National Park System to protect lands from any development Hetch Hetchy Controversy- Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite seen as beautiful land by naturalists, but San Francisco residents + Roosevelts head of National Forest System Gifford Pinchot wanted land to build dam + reservoir for citys growing water needs Panic of 1907- Despite reforms govt still had little control over industrial economy; in 1907 production outgrew domestic + foreign demand, speculation + poor management led to panic, JP Morgan pooled assets of NY banks to prop up banks, made deal with Pres to allow US Steel to purchase Tennessee Coal and Iron Company shares Election of 1908: TR did not seek renomination and reelection for 1908 bid evaluation of Tafts presidency: During early administration called on Congress to lower tariff (a progressive demand), refused to oppose Repub Old Guard Payne-Aldrich Tariff: Result was Payne-Aldrich Tariff - reduced tariffs little, raised othersprogressives resented inaction Ballinger-Pinchot dispute: 1909 Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute in which Head of Forest Service Gifford Pinchot was told that Sec of Interior Richard Ballinger had sold public lands in Alaska

for personal profit. Taft thought charges groundless, Pinchot leaked info to press-- Taft fired Pinchot, progressives alienated New Nationalism: Roosevelt upset w/ Taft and believed only he was capable of reuniting Republican Party; 1910 outlined New Nationalism that moved away from conservatism + argued only effort of strong fed govt could bring social justice Congressional elections of 1910: In 1910 Congressional elections many conservative Repub candidates lost and progressives reelected; Dems gained maj in House, seats in Senate TRs return/Progressive Party: Roosevelt left Repub Party and established own Progressive Party w/ himself as nominee (nicknamed Bull Moose Party) Woodrow Wilson: Wilson bold and forceful- used position as leader of Dems to build coalition to support his program (Dem majorities existed in both houses) New Freedom: Wilson supported New Freedom- held that bigness was unjust and wanted to destroy, not regulate monopoly (whereas Roosevelts New Nationalism believed in govt regulation of concentration) Election of 1912: Reform support growing in Democratic Party as well as Repub Party; Dems chose progressive Woodrow Wilson as 1912 Presidential election nominee Wilson and suffrage: Pres believed New Freedom accomplished, therefore didnt support progressive suffrage movement and efforts to halt segregation in federal agencies after Dems had heavy losses in Congress in 1914 elections to Repubs (who won support from Progressive party) Wilson began new reforms Wilson and racial issues: Wilson supported appointment of progressive Louis Brandeis to Supreme Court; supported measured expanding role of federal govt 1916 Keating-Owen Act regulated child labor (struck down by Sup C b/c relied on interstate commerce clause in Const) 1914 Smith-Lever Act to help agricultural extension education Congressional elections of 1912: In the 1912 United States Senate elections, held on November 5, Democrats gained control of the Senate from the Republicans. This coincided with Democrat Woodrow Wilson's victory in the presidential election amid a divide in the Republican Party.