Ex. No.

1 PLANTS

Date :

STUDY OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF SILKWORMS AND THEIR HOST

Silk is a natural proteinaccaus fiber secreted by silkworms in the form of fine thread. Many insect and non-insects are known to produce the silk. Out of these, four species of silkworms have been commercially exploited to produce the silk. India is the only country producing all the four types of silks. l. Mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera bmnbycidae) The mulberry silkworms is the most common source of silk raised domestically. Egg is oval with flat sides. Freshly laid eggs will be yellow or pale yellow in colour. Larvae are glabrous and elongate with a mediodorsal horn on eighth abdominal segment. The body of the larvae consisting of head, thorax fUld abdomen, has three pairs of thoracic kzs and five pairs of abdominal legs. The larvae form lens CDcoons. Shape and colour of the cocoon vary according to the race. Cocoon is composed of a single contmuous reelable thread ranging from 400 to 1500 meters in lengdI depending on the rax, Therefore can be industriously ree! t'-<i to produce raw silk. The pupa is obtect. The moth is milky white in colour, medium sized and it has white coloured fore and hind wings with smoky wavy 1ines. The apax of the fore wing is slightly elongated and curved. 2. Eri Silk worm Samicoynthia ricini ( Philosamia ricini) Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Eggs are avioid and candida white caterpillars on batching are yellowishih green. The grown up larve is yellowish white robust pocesing socoli all over the body. The larve constructs dense firm open cocoon silk is not reelable. Pupa is obtect. Moth is balck / cahcholate brownish , balckish or cahchoalte ground colour having ocellus and pterostigma. 3. Tropical tasar silk worm, Antheraes mylitta ( Lepidoptera :saturniidae)

Egg are oval and dorsoventrally flattened, Larvae is typically emciform green, robust with scoli and shining spots. Cocoon is dense, firm possesing ring supporting stalk or ~uncle. Colour varies. The filamemnt is continuous measuring 500 to 1300 metres in length. Pupa is obtect. Moths show varied colours and exibit distinct sexual dimorphism males and females are bigger with distended abdomen and narrow bipectinate ,ultannae being grey and yellow in colour. The wings in both sexes are provided with a transparent eye spot near centre, 4. Muga silkworm. Antheraea assamensis (Lepidoptera: satumiidae ) Eggs are brownish, oval and dorsoventrally flattene without streaks. Caterpillars are green with brown head and semidomesticated, Cocoon colour varied from golden to ii~ brown.. They have rudimentary peduntule. The silk is reelable. Pupa is obtect. Adults are larvae comparable to tasar moths. Wings have a small transparent eye spot at the centre. Here also the females are bigger than males, Besides the above listed for important insects Coricuila trifenestrata anaphe spp. Fagara silk. Attacus atlas and coan silk Pachypasa otus are also known to yield silk. Among non insect Pinna suamosa ( bivalve ) and Nepi madaoscarensis (spider ) are the two important sericigenous species. HOST PLANTS OF SILKWORMS Larvae or caterpillar is the only feeding stage in the He cycle of all the four commercially exploited silkworms. 1. Larvae of Bombyx mori is mostly monophagous as it has mulberry (moros spp) as its only food plant. Mulberry leaf protein is the source for the silkworms to biosynthesize the silk which is made up of two proteins. Mulberry is gr9wo as bush in tropical countries and tree in temparate countries. 11Iere is considerable amount of confusion in the taxonomy of genus Moros. However, there exist several species and varieties under this genus, like Moros serrala; Moros alba, Moros 'nigra, Moros indil.:a, Moros laevigal, Moros sen'ala, Moros mullieaulis etc. Moros alba is generally found in tropical and sub- tropical regions.

In Karnataka the varieties of mulberry viz, Victory-I (V-I) Mysore Local, kanva-2 (M5). S-54, S-30. S-41 and S-)6 are being cultivated by the sericulturists. S-13 and S-14 are the varieties recommended for rain fed areas. Mysore local has lobed leaves, yields less but well-suited to rain fed area. It is popular in the traditional sericultural belts of Karnataka Kanva-2 (M-5) is claimed to be superior to 10c~lstrain and yields 40 per cent more foliage. It has entire leaves with serrated margin and responds well to fertilizers with serrated margin and responds well to fertilizers and irrigation. Victory-I (V -I) is found to be superior to Kanvo.-2 and yield about 25-30 pet cent more leaves. It has broad leaves with good keeping quality. S-54 is another variety; evolved through selection which yields 40-60per cent higher leaf yield compared to farmer varieties. It has broad boat shaped entire leaves with blunt serrations at the margin. 2. Larva of Samiatynlhia rieini is polyphagous. However it has strong preference for leaves of castor Ridnus communis. It also feeds on Kesseru, Heleropanax jragans. Tapioca, Manihol u/ili.mma, papaya, carica, papaya, champa, Plumoria acut!{i.Jlia, barkesseru, Ailenthus execlsa, payam, Evodia flaximfolia and kanagalu (temple tree), plumeria alba. 3. Tasar larva is polyphagous. The tropical tasar silkworm primarily feeds on the leaves of Asan, Terminalia lomenlosa; Aryun, Terminoiw or/una: saL S/iorea rohusla; Ztz}phus jlljub,'ber,\ZiZ)phus mauritiarp and anjan., Hardwlckw bma/a, Secondary host plants includes Termmaha cllI:'bula. The/ohm. 1'. catappa. T panieulata, Syzygrum cumim (Jamun), LegeslrmlllQ pamglora (sidha), Bautrinia variegala (kechar).

4.

Muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis is also polyphagous Larva feeds primarily on evergreen som, Machilus bomhycina and saolu, Listsaea polyantha. The other food plants of muga include Listsaea citrate, Cinnamonum obtusifolium and

symplocos grandiflora, Michelia champaka (sampige), Tamarandus indica (tamarind), Michelia oblonga (champaka). DIRECTIONS 1. Observe various species of silkworm and draw neat diagram 2. Observe the food plants provided and make habit sketches of them. Prepare herbarium of an) of the food plants of silkworm.

Ex No. 2 PRUNING AND STORAGE

Date:

Cultivation of mulberry assumes priority in mulberry silkworm raising Morus Alba is grown as rain fed in arid and semi arid zones receiving 15 to 30 inch rainfall from May to October during South West and North East monsoons. It can be cultivated in varied types of soils namely red loamy to black cotton soils. Land preparation: Land should be ploughed deeply and thoroughly to loosen the soil, to still the pests and weeds and to facilitate easy rooting. Variety: M-5 can be used since it has the following commanding advantages over local variety. 1. Thrives well under rain fed conditions. 2. Yields 25% more 3. Responds well to manuring 4. Leaves are succulent and moisture 5. Easy propagation by cuttings and grows vigorously. Shoot selection /cutting preparation: planting material is the land wood cutting of one year old selected the shoots should be of pencil size thickness and the length should be 20 to 22 cms with 3 to 4 eye buds. The lower goes into the soil should have a slanting cut. Planting Planting can be done eight in row system / pit system. June -august is the best season. Cutting should be planted in a slanting position with one eye bud above the ground level. Sapling raised in nurseries can also be used.

Spacing: Varies depending on the water availability and type of garden normally pit system of planting is advocated in view of quality leaf production. Pit system 0 9 x 0.9 m or 0.6 x 0.9 m Row system 0.45 x 0.15 m (irrigated) Kolar system of planting: shoot harvesting of mulberry is common on Kolar district. Hence, dense planting with a spacing of 30cm x 10 cm is done. Manuring: 5 to 10 tons of FYM or compost per hectare (rain fed) / 10 to 20 tons of FYM or compost per hectare irrigated) should be given at the time of annual pruning as basal dose under irrigated conditions. Fertilizers: 50:50:50 Kg of N, P2O5 and K0O has to be given as basal dose during JuneJuly and 50 kg of N as top dressing in October after harvest for rain fed mulberry per hectare per year Fertilizer schedule corresponding to five harvests for irrigated mulberry is as follows: After I Harvest II Harvest III Harvest IV Harvest V Harvest Total N 60 60 60 60 60 300 Fertilizer in Kg /ha P2O5 60 60 120 K2O 60 60 120

Irrigation should be given once in 8-10 days ( sandy loam soisl ) or 15 days ( clayey soils to a depth of 1/12 acre inches) Ridging: Ridging between mulberry rows and plants helps in wetting and prevents water run off thus improves water penetration. Mulching: Pruned mulberry branches sugarcane thrashes can be spread in between mulberry rows as good surface mulch. Green manure crops like cow pea, horse gram, or dhaincha can be grown in between mulberry rows which also serves as mulch.

Weeding: As weeds compete with mulberry leaves for nutrients and water, periodical weeding should be done either by hand writing or mechanical methods, Weed free condition is very important to prevent the disease and pests in mulberry. PRUNING OF MULBERRY Pruning: "Methodical removal of certain branches' of mulberry plant to give size and shape to the Plant" 1. It is done to give proper size and shape to the plant. 2. To increase leaf yield 3. To drive nut rents for optimum production of foliage 4. To facilitate intercultural operation easy. 5. To facilitate intercultural operations easy. 6. To synchronies leaf production for silkworm rearing. Mulberry plants are pruned in different ways. Three methods of pruning" are practiced According to climate, geographical condition, forms of silkworm rearing and method of leaf harvest. 1) Bottom pruning 2) Middle pruning 3) Stepwise pruning: Bottom pruning: (Annual pruning: mulberry shoots should be spurned during July August at 10 -15 cm above ground level for free branching and maximum bush development. This is practice in both irrigated and rain fed pit system garden. Middle pruning: Mulberry shoots should be pruned at 90-cm height above the ground level at first shoots harvest and there on during January in irrigated pit system garden. Stepwise pruning: The shoots are cut at different heights. Shoots are cut to the ground level once a year middle cut after every two crops. This will give more yields than frequent bottom pruning. It is followed only in irrigated mulberry garden.

Harvesting of mulberry: The method of harvesting mulberry depend on the rearing practice in vogue. There are three methods of harvesting. a) Leaf picking: Mulberry leaf is plucked in irrigated as well as rain fed pit system gardens ."In this method the leaves are picked individually from the plants. The terminal bud and the axilary buds are allowed to develop further. In India, the leaf picking starts about 10 weeks after bottom pruning and the subsequent pickings at an interval of about 7 to-8 weeks thus obtaining five to six harvests per year. b) Branch harvests: The branches with leaves arc out from main stem and fed to the silkworm after third mould. It is practiced in Kashmir, west Bengal and parts of Karnataka. c) Whole shoot harvest: This system is practiced in Kolar region of Karnataka and Malda district of west Bengal in India from row system gardens. The entire shoots are out close to the ground level and fed to the worms after third molt. Clipping of terminal bud helps for uniform maturity of the leaves on the plant. The shots are generally harvested at an interval of 10-12 weeks, obtaining four to five harvests in a year. Therefore the leaves should harvested with in cooler hours of the day in the morning 8-10 AM or evening after 5.00 pm Leaf yield : By leaf picking an average of 8000-10000 of leaves is obtained per annum per hectare. In irrigated mulberry generally shoot harvested at 8-10 weeks intervals thus getting 5 crops a year amounting to 30,000 Kg of leaves per year per hectare. Selection of leaves: Suitable leaves are harvested depending on the larval instar. I Instar top 3rd, 4th, 5th leaves II Instar top 4th, 5th, 6th leaves III Instar top 5th, 6th, 7th leaves

IV & V Instar mature leaves Leaf storage: The fresh mulberry leaves are more palatable and nutritious to silkworms. The individual leaves on harvest are collected in baskets, covered with wet gunny cloth sand transported to rearing house. The harvested leaves should be preserved in moist, cool and clean place in order to preserve the succulence. During long period of storage, considerable nutrition changes take place in the leaves. Thus the leaves become poor in their nutritive value. These leaves arc preserved is cool in their nutritive value. These leaves are preserved as cool and moist as possible The ideal atmospheric condition as temperature below 20 C and over 90 per cent of relative humidity, Leaves should not be helped but spread loosely in layers and covered with get gunny cloth. In summer the leaf should be preserved in wooden leaf preservation. DIRECTION: 1. Prepare the given piece of land by digging for planting mulberry 2. Practice selection of cuttings and preparation of cuttings for planting 3. Study and practice different methods of planting mulberry and sketches. 4. Practice bottom and middle pruning of mulberry. 5. Harvest mulberry leaf suitable for different instars and learn the method of storage. 6. Write down the systematic package of practices to be followed for rain fed and irrigated mulberry both under pit and row system.

Ex. No. 3

Date:

PESTS AND DISEASES OF MULBERRY AND THEIR MANAGEMENT Mulberry being an evergreen perennial plant with luxuriant foliage affords an unlimited source of food, nutrition space and shelter for a variety of insects. Some of the insects in addition to causing damage to mulberry also act as disease carriers aIrl6ng plants and to the silkworms. These insects infest mulberry crop at different stages and the intensity varies month of month. Based on the type of injury inflicted to the crop, the pests have been grouped under root feeder stem borers, sap feeders and foliage feeders. I ROOT FEEDERS: (Termites Odontotermes Ohesus ( Isoptera : Tennitidae " Termites are serious pests in virgin land where mulberry planting is taken up. They damage the cuttings when freshly planted and also grown up plants feeding on the roots. MANAGEMENT: (a) Cultural Method: 1. Location and destruction of termite colonies, which is achieved by breaking, open the mound and removing the queen. 2. Frequent irrigation of the crop 3. Clearing of affected twigs and burning of crop residues reduce the termite population. (b) Chemical Method: Treating the mounds with certain insecticides like aluminium phosphide at the rate of two tablets or phornte 100 at the rate or 50g per mound II DEFOLIATORS: I. Bihar hairy caterpillar: (Spilosoma Obliqua ( Lep : Arctidae ) A polyphagous pest serious from November to January. The early instar caterpillars feed gregariously skeletonising the leaves and disperse during later instars. Control: collection and destruction of egg masses and young larvae. Application of 0.2 DDVP

2. Grasshoppers: ( Neorthacris Acutices ) ( Orthoptera : Acrididae ) All the grasshoppers, both in nymphal and adult stages, feed on leaves, leaving the mid ribs and stalks, the sporadic attack by the grasshoppers starts from May-June and continues till December-January. The intense of the attack will be more in rain fed crop. Management: 1. Deep ploughing should be taken to expose the egg pods to the natural enemies. 2. Application of 8 Kg fndosldi"311 4% dust on the crop and also on bunds would al protec-tlon. Care should taken not to harvest the mulberry leaves till 8-10 days to the residual toxicity. 3. Weevils: Myllocerous viridonus M. discolor ( CoJ : curculionodac) The adult weev;ls feed from the margin of the leaves. The mature leaves are sub more attack. Under severe condition, the leaves get skeletonised. Spraying or dustin~ EndosuJj):m. 4. Root grubs: A.dorelWl versulus Adult of white grubs or roots grubs damages the mulberry leaves/roots. Management: I . Adult collection has to be done sta..'1:ing, from May rains hy trapping them to the trees. 2. Application of Malathion dust mixed in equal quantity of farmyard manure to av emergence orear!y stage. III SUCKING INSECTS: 1. Jassids (Empoascajlavesens) ( Hemiptera: cicadellidac) A sucking insect pest severe during Qctober!~JV1ay, both adults and nymphs sue from the underside of the leaf causing hopper hurn. Control: spray 0.02% DOVP (Nuvan) 2. Seale insects: Hard scales: Aonidiella auran/if (Hemiptera: Dia<;pldidae ) Black Saisselia mgra TIle scale insects infest the tender parts of the piant in large numbers, dessp nonnal look foJiowed by fading liTld drying up of the infested shoot or plant. Management: 1. prune the infested parts and bum. 2. Spray the crop with 0.15 ml Dichlorovasor phosphamidon or 1.5 mlofDim!

per litre of water. Safe period 8-10 days. .~-3. Thirps: (Pseudodendrothnps mort) , ( Thysanoptera : Taeniothnps o!aratris Thripidae Heplothrips c%ralus T glycmes T. melanicornis "Dle nymphs and adults despair the plant by way of laceration. As a rest! white spot appear on the leaves. v control: spray 0.05% DDVP 4. Mealy bugs: Afaconellicoccus hirstustus (hemiptera :Pseudococcidae) Mealy bugs infest render parts of the plant including leaves ai,d suck the sap, resulting in leaves turning vellow.....and withering.These mealy bugs congregate along midribs and tenuously, the vigor as well as quality 0 leaves show u..ward curling&become deformed it has been incriminated with spread ofTukra disease of mulberry. Management --- . ~_ .. I. In case of severe infestation by mealy bugs prune the infested parts and burn, so that spread and multiplication of the pest population can be minimized 2. Spray_l~_!!ll o[dirnethoateor } .25 ml ofmonocrotophos per liter of water and a safe period of leaves 10 days is allO\v~ -- .. 3. Spidermites (J'etranychus telarius) } (Tetranychidae:Acari) -0 c: v: (Hotetranychus eugomamersis) } ("' ~ ,',' '" '{ r, ,',J ';; IVti Stem borers: lndarbeia quadrinotata (Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae) ',.~ The bark caterpillar infestation can be easily detecte.d by the prest-"11ce of winding galleries of flossy web on the stem and near forks or angles of branches. 111e caterpillar remains in the tunnel at the exiles of branches and move about conceal4s inside the silken gallery and feed on the bark by scrapping. Heavy infestation retards the growth and affects the leaf. Management: 1; Removal oflarvae from galleries on the stem using hooks and swabing with o. I per cent " . Malathion.

;:tJjt~~j~l:~.Jt~tor: The grubs damage the shoots by girdling. Management: Removal of caterpillars by use of hooks I swabing with Malathion. DISEASES OF MULBERRY The diseases are classified as fungal, bacterial, viral, mycoplasma, nematode and defiance disease. FUNGAL DISEASE I) Root rots: a) White rot: Rosellima necatrix Plant has feeble growth, leaqves are shed extensively and roots begin to rot. b) Violet rot: Helicobacldium mompa Leaves have withered appearance collapse of planets during rainy season is common followed by rotting of roots. Management: uproot and burn affected plants. Irrigate the garden and srerilizatyion of the soil using calcium cynide 2. Stem canker : Botryoiplodia theobromer Greenish black lesions when on stem which ultimately transform to black carbonaceous structures. Management: Cut and burn the affected plants 3. Powdery mildew: Phyllactimia corylea The leaves show presence white powder which is common in winter "Leaves dry' after turning yellow brown or black This disease can be managed by releasing yellov,' bird hcet,:L :nd v,hite spotted the field. Chemical control can he hrought ahout by usmg Dithanc \1-4" i(l 1%1. Calexin (0.05%), leaves can bc harvested only ancr a we~of applicatlun of chemicals 4. Leaf spot ('ercospora moricola

Severe In thc~y sea<;on.~1faves devdop spots wilh yellow hah and generally litil prematurely .. / Management OfthlS disease is possible by picking and burning diseased leaves and also removal of alternate hosts (weeds). B~';'l?tin (O.2~o) or Difola{Gn spr?y , 5. Leaf rust: /lecidlUnl mori Reddish broV.'l rusty spots ~~ the leavtts arc clear cut symptoms of the disease. Managcn: the same as under leaf spot. BACTERIAL DISEASE Leaf blight Pseudomonas mort Young leaves are wrinkled. distorted and curled. Older leaves have water socked irregu spots on the ventral surface. Management is possible by bumung diseased parts. Rot disease: Bacterium manco/um (B. man) Rotting of leaves twigs and stem is the typical symptom. Buming of diseased plants is effc~ti\c m the m,magemcnt 2. 3. Viral diseases: Leaf mosaic: Wrinkling ofleaves and shortening, of ShOOl tips are evident :vlanageTIlcnt Eradicaae H1SCCt 1;.'cctors USIng pest1cIJc~ RC11V)\"C and hum the disC;lscd 4. Mvconbsmai disease: oo Dwa.rf c!Jse35c: St}lillXi appe:]rance of plants a.s short m!crnodt''; aTe small and ona.1ged ineguiariy. Leaves are

Vianagemcnt' Sanle as /{)f viral disease

.:: Nematode disc,ase: Root knot disease: ,MelmdoKfne inw~mla Plants have shun led growth as the roots develop knotty g'!!!s \1aI13gemcnt: pull and destroy <!ned plant parts Dc:>!roy weeds. which serve as alternate hosts._.~ _ Deficiency diseases: ! } J\ltwgen: Plants are weak and grow siowly Lcavc<; show yellowing. SiC;;, is light green and slendl","f, the root system IS poorly developed \~anag'~rnenf: tJse urcCl., ~l!nrnoHlurn nltra!e or ('!/\r~ 2, PcHasium: Leaves me coarse I1,Hmg rUc,ty brown patches Stem IS slender and marginal, ~,corching of k"aves is evident. '\, lanagcment: l 'se pot:1sh ;(;rti lizer. ~) Phosphorus: Older leaves ShOVi intra-venal chlorosis and defr,liation occurs, Management: Apply potassIUm fertilizcrs or b<lJanccd N PK c1 ,l111e micro clements" iL. ~\io. Lu., Fe etc can also -.;ausc deficiency symptoms. Directions: Examine the displayed pests, damage.o speclluen of mulherry on account of pests and diseases, Make suitable diagrams of all material displayed and label the same. Visit mulberry garden, collc!,;t pests, Identify plant parts affected by pests and diseases, Preparation ofherharis or presen:ation of her bans or preservation of pests is optional and may be done as suggested.

Ex. No. 6 STUDY OF LIFE CYCLE OF SILKWORMS AND THEIR MORPHOLOGY

Date:

All the species of silkworms that arc exploited for production belong to order Lepidoptera. These undergo complete metamorphosis. Hence all the stages egg larva, pupa and adult are found in the life cycle of these silkworms. DIRECTIONS: Observe carefully the developmental stages of silkworm and draw figures depicting the morphological features and developmental duration. A. MULBERRY SILKWORMS Mulberry silkworms (Bombyx mori) is a highly domesticated commercially silkworm reared in over 30 countries. In India there are over 200 races maintained but few have been exploited. This silkworm undergoes complete metamorphosis and has four stages. VIZ. eggs, larvae pupa and adult. The duration of each stage varies with race, climatic condition and quality of leaf provided. Duration of different stages in the life cycle of mulberry silkworm Stage Egg Larva Pupa Adult Multivoltine 9-12 Days 20-24 Days 10-12 Days 3-4 days Uni-bivoltine race 11-14 days 24-28 Days 12-15 days 6-10 days

Duration of different instars and moults: I Instar I Moult II Instar II Moult III Instar III Moult IV Instar Multivoltine race 3 days 20 hrs 2 days 20 hrs 3 days 1 day 4 days Bivoltine race 3 days 20 hrs 2 days 20 hrs 3 days 1 days 5 days

27oC 80-82% RH 25-26oC

27 oC 85% RH 25 oC 80%RH 22-24 oC

IV Moult V Instar Total

1 day 6-7 days 22-23 days

70-80 % RH

1 day 9-10 days 26-27 days

80%RH 20-23 oC 70 % RH

B. TASAR SILK WORMS The tasar silkworm is generally Bi or Tri Voltines. The incubation period is 10 days. The larvae after emergence move in search of food crawl on to the leaves of the host plants. The larval period lasts for 30 to 35 days in summer. It is longer in winter. Larvae pees through four moults and five instars before they become ripe for spinning the larvae feed voraciously on the larves and continuously defoliate the trees. The larvae is brown at first and change to green at the second instar. The normal tasar silk worms at the final instar are green in colour with violet tubercles distributed over the body. Each larvae at maturity weight 20 to 60 g and measures 12 to 15 cm in length. The cocoon is compact and pendued pupal period of the first generation 15 to 20 days. The second generation pupa undergoes diopatise. The male moths vary in colour from brick red to dark gray while the females may be yellow to gray or various shades of brown. Emergence of moths takes place in May / June in the evening hours. After the copulation for 9 hours. Females by eggs for 48 hours. A moth lays 150 to 200 eggs in two days. C. ERI SILKWORMS Assam in India is the home of the Eri silk industry. The ERi worm is Multivoltine in nature, the incubation period is about 10 days laterally takes place in the morning hours. The newly emerged larve yellow with black segments. There are four molts and five instars during the larval stage. The larvael period lasts 30 to 35 days. After 5 to 7 days in the fifthe instar , the larve matures , stops feeding and starts searching for proper place to spin the cocoons. The cocoons spun by worms are open and the filament is not continuous. The cocoon is not reelable. Coccon is elongate measuring 4 to 5 cm in length and 2 to 3 cm

in width. Pupal period lasts 10 days. Moth emerge in the morning hours. After 3 to 4 hours of mating a female moth lays 300 to 500 eggs. D. MUGA SILKWORMS The golden yellow silk produced by Muga silkworm, Athcraca assama is found only in Assam in India. The Muga silkworm is multivoltine and passes through four moults and five instars. Generally 4/5 crops are raised in a year. Incubation period is 8 days young larvae immediately crawl up and starts feeding. The young worms are yellowish with black body markings. The larvae feed voraciously and pass trhough four moults and each the nature stage. In the final stage the larve is greenish blue with prominent tabercles. The larval period lasts fro 30 to 35 days. The muga cocoon is golden or light brown 4 to 6 cm length and 2 to 3 cm broad with rudimentary peduncle. Pupal period last for 10 days. EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF IMMATURE STAGES AND ADULTS OF B. Mori. Silkworm pass through a complete metamorphosis (HolomctaooaI) from egg to adult stage through two intermediate stages namely larve and pupa. EGG: Oval, tiny as big as the head of a pin. Smooth and yellow , non hibernating egg brighter than the hibernating eggs and measure 1 to 1.3 mm in length and 0.9 to 1.2 mm in width, weight 0.5 to 0.6 mg. the eggs of European races are comparatively large and heavier. Races producing white cocoons lay pale yellow eggs while races producing yellow cocoons lay deep yellow eggs. In both the cases the Japanese races lay slightly darker eggs that Chineses races. In case of hibernating eggs laid by bivoltaine and univoltine races, the egg colour changes and becomes dark brown or purple with the deepening of the colour of the serosl pigments. The egg is covered by an egg shell called chorion which is provided with follicular imprints on surfaces. At the anterior end of egg there is micropyle.

LARVAE: Eruciform, body divisible into head, thorax and abdomen, Freshly hatched larvaes with larva lustrous black head, dark brown body with hairs, attains maturity in about 26-28 days. HEAD: Head formed by 6 highly fused embryonic segments, light grayish brown, the epicranium forms the whole upper region of the head, inverted Y shaped Epicraanial sulcus. The important appenddagesa re pair of 5 segmented, antennae and moth parts. Labrum, labiomaxillary complex. Pair of hard mandibles and six paris of ocelli near the base of antennae. Mouth parts are adopted for biting and chewing ( mandibukate type) represented by two hard powerful mandibles for cutting or crushing the food. Two maxilla with 2 or 3 segmented maxillary palpi. Submentium is divided into 3 sculeriteis, mentum very large and less chitinised part. Prementium is bporne on mentum carrying spinncret and 2 segmented labial palp on either side. THORAX: This consist of 3 segments DIRECTIONS: 1. Observe the different parts of pupa and moths (male and female) carefully and dmw sketches of wings, legs, genitalia end position of spiracles. 2. Study the \\lng venation of male and female moths.

Ex. No. 15 mori Silk glands:

Date:

STUDY OF SILK GLANDS AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS OF THE SILKWORM B

These are transformed .abinl glands;... ,.ctodcrm?Jjn origin, cylindrlcal and tubular with charactenslicaHv b17l.J1ched nuclei, l~'" af~ 0:1 the rnid m" tes'in" "n'~ tl,~:;;,nS"';'''\r f'nd' "'i' !-1;';0 '\Ill,~t';(,rlv tIl<' p"lf'''' G'V"':> l'",dn and l'lp"rJ into th.n ~. ~~ oo _ ~ ,,"I ~~" j,i'l..F"l,""'J.'~j \,,00 .oo _!' t,,~....., t,)!.lJo. < i , il~ ~" '... .oooo. -.:4.1, ~", .o ~ 11., U .. dt:lt"",_,~ , .. ' "" ' 'll..i.~"" spum::>I'Ct Silk gland. fray be dlYidcdin to three distinct al1teriQf, middle and pcstcrior. TIle waH sH k n compose.d of thrc'C 13.yers. the tun:l.:tl propn the gland ceUS; ....o. and I.,e tn""ca i'lt:'n" ,~""ico"i!l" t'lC lu''''''n ('flhi' .. Ut Ulo-:;;r." ., oo l.i;IG",,", .o ~'....,J',,-~.) b It, ,1'.. oo "",- ) \'~,' oo. . Fibron atrl:f'SCn~'mand instars. Fibroin the silk protein, is secreted fTC;,.] the posten or f o .::t:: :1,; u reservoir for the maturation of fibroin and ;:dsosecre!cs.scri~m arou,.'1d the fi~_'nlCanterior region of the silk gland does not secrete any particular subst;:mc~~ and It $!mpry acts as a pa.,<;s3ge. A pair of glands called riHipi's or glands is located at the junction ofth~two aIiterior regions. A \"is~~lJwd 1:, secreted these gland;-; and their enact function is notclear. H is believed to hell) i."r adh~ fibrom and sericin together fu"1d hardening "--------- - Digestive system in the larva IS more or less as straight tube from the mauL'! to the arms divided into three more pa.'1s the forget or stomopacum Imdg'~nt or mesenteron and hindgent or .. pt:0ctodacum. 'nIe oral operatunc opens into the mouth cavity which is followca by a na.rrow pharynx and esophagus. The esophagus is rnarrow at I.llc anlcnor emf and to',vards the postcrior end. The midget lS a long, wide. Cj hr\dlrlc:al tub;,: narrow at the po"terior

qld, Digestion and of foud tal,es place mmilly in the Inldgenl /\.n inner layer present LVi the Inid~tcnt IS the c:H1bra1:1c. "TIle hind gent consists of ih:;- srnaH intcstine~ colon and iectum, The malpi~hian tubes are the pmnary organs of excretion. T'ncse tubes arise at the junction. TI1CSC 'rubes arise at the junction ocsma1Dntestme c.nd colomnthe hind gent ofthe digestive tract. 'llIe tube ansing en each side of tl}e hind gent is enlarge.d into an excretory chamlx."I' from which two branches an""'. f the tubes situate-j on the dorsal side branches future into two tubes. In aU the'"' ar three pairs PviahinhJan tubules. They run towards the anterior side, farm back at ultimate LO the~"tu. '----

Ex. No. 6

date:

GRAINAGE TECHNIQUES FOR Bombyx mari Grninagc is the most imp0l1ant aspect of scncultural industrv since the suc.cess of s:enculrure industry largell.' deD.cnds on !h. e {I'Llalitv silkwGffil C"25 pr;"l"~l.C(1 'n the g.r!ll:Tl"np .t'7" .. o. 'C' ~ J.I. '" t.,'""..:..--; ",lit- .~_'-li tit ii.!..l ~ Lit?"'"', - E-;.!:)'" are~ofnv0t)'pes.'. ReproductIve seed blIndustriai (eommcrcial}scc<l,.b laymg may coni'ilii'a) Fg~eggs (colo3JL~19!maJ,~lat~h !~l.'):lL gays) b) Unfef~I!!~ eggs (l:()lQuIJ?ale, do no! t! JIlltlue and fa:1 to hatch) c) Dead eggs (eggs that die in the middle ofembryorUcdc:;dci.n;nt). Grainagic operatIOns should be performed by weB trained personnel. Grainage must be \veH ventiiated sl!Q.!JI.d !mve enough space for s.eed cocoon storage, oV!poratloR microscopic examinatIOn, egg !l:"~tInen!,-disinfecting, refrigi.'fation, incubation etc .. Grainage techniques includes selection, storage anti preservation of seed cocoons <md preparation of disease frce layings (dft5)_ TIle common grmnage operations are: . I. Selection and storage of seed cocoons:...During the process of seicction melted, flimsy, ! JIi.I!ated, uJi pierced., rnam)~!Tl..~ aVId double cocoons arc to be r~iccted and only good cocoons are selecteEj{lr~urposeThe ,1os"s"orsC!ecteococoor1"s wIll ga";/e to be removed to facilitate ea.'"' em~l?,~"~ufmoths and preserved at a temperature of 24-25e'c in smgle layer for obtaining " t maximwn cclosion. Th~ (,;(}(;(}ons.ar~ refrigerated at 4-7c {{)r3io 5 days-to synchroni~eeclosion during cross breed layings preparatIOn: Sexing can be- done"aat pupal-:~tage~ _ .. 2. Moth emergence -The moths emerge nomlaHy during mornmg hours withirl_!.2 to i4A? ys aA~ Sp,i,!lning. FcmaIcs arc heavier tha..'l males. Sexing can also be done at moth stage by their activity and looking into the genitaha, .3, Coupling - TIle male and female moths should be wHeeted separately and allowed to pair for abotJt three hours When males aTe less in number. they can be used for more than one mating. M<llE~C~ll} also be presqv~<!~!.5_~~_r.0~} t~1""4?y~_~~"~~~dfor mating.

4. Oviposition: Soon after dcpairing, the female modi should be transferred on to a SIeve or paper for discharge of waste fluid-meconimn after which it is enclosed in a moth fU.m:.e! (cellule) on egg card and kept in dark place for 24 hours for oviposition. In addition to prepa.'1ltion of eg,gs on cards, loose eggs can also be prepared and sold in boxes containing50 dfls or II to 12 grams of eggs. . .". ~""~,",-" S. Mother moth examination (MME) Tl1i?j~,Q~steur's method ofpebrine elimination.After egg laymg the abdominal portion of the female moth is crushed and the suspefiSTonis examined under microscope and ifit is found positive for the presence ofpebrine spores, the entire batch ofC'~ laid by that female is rejected. This disease is oftnms ov,uian in nature. Individual> sample and mnss type mother moth examinat;;:ns arc G)HO\vcd

8 .o. , Handling ofbi\oltll1c The eggs (au bi.': cold stored by following h' 0'schcdu! cJrQml.El~llths to 10 months duration, Dei~"dl ' 1 tl~ need the eggs COl made ~Q l~tch-b}.Jollo\'\ ing Illbcrnatl\J.ll5c~X_l~ \\ llhGut" gi\ liL .. an:-c- t1'catr the fOllO\ .oo. mg schcdule "I::::\";:""~\'_~~'<). Hibernation schudule for 3, 4,6 &: 10 mnn! h~ 1\,l: r (: J .... . . -T-::'------,-:---,-L---i'-::::'~-~ "-!"/~_ ':--'--r ."._ "-~~- 'I "-:-:-'---'-r --~,-------' ;--;---:---r HlbematlOn I Temp ,In "c ; ,e 1(;,C il~( :, ','(' ,,'( i,e i C eriod i '> "(, ! Jo : '> ,</ 1'7 I( ( I 0 f~ <; f.',' 3 l\,fon't"hs r\"c",~):',') ~~t~,~~_~t"J3C+,,-c,', :,-'l',:' tii-:--,;-r}(l;' iK,1>~i5 J \ "', ~ ~:> J '''- ", _.:,(','.1 s ... p: t', r---------, ---r---------T----,-------'--- .. -- --, .. -i 4 Months \:t' \'1" ! 10 : 2 i 2 : ,) i -:0 r6MonthSt--0-T'I'-- i()--T-E~---i-i6-TI of '-5 \ \ I~l-----_ .... __ + , .. -- .. ~+.~. "--+ ..--- .... I10 Months :j.q:' ',\'1 50 ! 4U j 25 i 25 ; 60 _~ '" __ .. _L_.,_~ __ .. ---J.., __ , --'--- __ . __ .. _" ~_ _.L.~, _. __ ,. b, Refrigeration of non-hibernating! artific~:l hatching of eggs Since these eggs arc not resistant to lov, h:mpcratllr.: n.:frig..:ral1on IS us~mlly a' tease ofnecessit) the eggs arc coU st ,;A :;~ -:;\, T !' .. ~ 'r. Pcd':Iabi) the c~

,,1\ need to be subjected to refngeratlOn I.,j \."":; > ::: pl!!Ll\:nt:;Uoll stag' v;:' r' change the voltinism, In cold ~;tor:lg'_' a ImnmJit\ 7"-S()'\, needs to h.:- ensured since ".., ~ makes ne\vly h:ltchcd s.llk\\orms llrcd soon..:r ~= 'f 6, Egg treatment: 111: eggs afmultiH)!tinc f::C;,;S do n;~t c,}lmtrics H' the i.iggs ofunivoltin:.: and bi\ol;m~; ra"y, ;,l!',:, The cges ('fu::~\oI6nc~ bi,'z"ihulL' anel i~lU1U\tJ; In!..' r~!cc<..;' \\hli: colour, whJL: hours and d;1rk mabl lay~ "~, h::(ch by ct~G;L cleC1l . \,,!i' indicates that the: egg;,: arc b1bcn:~l:!; methods. \ i2.. h\drochlonc ~;ud. Hot hydrochlorisation: The eggs an: U1l)PCU Il1 2, in" for n to 1 '~ mmutcs a in shade. Thcn the cgg cards arc dlppcd m hot Indwell 101ic aChl \\ ithm :'- to 20 hOUI oviposition. Currently. for acid trGllmcntlf bl\ o:tll1C egg.; I I I n(,-. ~ p Gra .oo. lt) 46,loC is being used i~;r .. ~:~:;; L trc: batch. i\ft:; .. :f trC:.1tn'Jcnt 7. Disinfection of eggs niC eggs arc dlppcd m 2.) tiJmdm 1','1' 1 to I:' 'iHlt..:S for s disinfl:cting aitcr which thc\ arc thOl\.mghly \)a~,hcd In \\~ltcr and dried m shad\: 9. Incubation of eggs: The silkworm eggs have to bc~incubatl':d ,It:l / of2S-26(' ~nd RH of75g eggs at body pigmentatwn st:lgc arc subJected to d:>rk tn::Hmcat (black boxing) to syr development and tbincrcasc hatching.

Ex. No

Date:

PLAN OF A MODEL SILK WORM HOUSE AND REEARING EQUIPMENTS Mulberry silkworm being completely domesticated is reared in indoors as it demands certain specific environmental conditions particularly with regard to temperature and humidity. Therefore the silkworm rearing houses planned and constructed to provide and maintain proper environmental conditions to ensure high yields of good quality cocoons. The size of rearing house is decided by the size of mulberry garden and leaf yield. The plans of rearing houses are prepared so as to suit the type of rearing. Generally three types of rearing are known - shelf rearing shoot rearing and floor rearing. Shelf rearing is popular in Karnataka, since the rearing space required is less compared to other methods of rearing. The rearing house planned for rearing about 300-400 layings should ordinarily have the following accommodation in shelf method of rearing 1. Chawki rearing room: 10' X 12' 2. Leaf storage room: 10' X 10' 3. Late age worm rearing hall: 20' X 20' (with verandah of 5' width on all sides) 4. Mounting worms: 12' X 12' A silkworm rearer with one acre of irrigated mulberry requires the above space for rearing. PLAN FOR A MODEL REARING HOUSE: 1. It should be a rat proof building with a ledge around. 2. Building should have verandah around with glass windows and doors to provide good ventilation and light. 3. The ceiling of rearing house should generally be made of wood or concrete.

4. Windows should be placed such that there is provision for free passage of air. 5. Orientation of rearing room: The long axis of the building should be north south in temperate and subtropical region and cast west in tropical regions. Rearing houses constructed with mud walls and thatched roofs are good for tropical conditions. DIRECTIONS: Study the given plan and make the sketches and visit a rearing house. STUDY OF SERICULTURE EQUIPMENTS Shelf rearing method requires the following equipment 1. Rearing stands These are the frames used to accommodate the trays in which worms are kept during rearing. This may be made of wood or bamboo or iron. The size depends upon the trays. 2. Rearing trays They are the portable receptacles for keeping worms during rearing. They vary in shape and size. The commonly used rectangular trays measure 3.5' x 2.5'. The diameter of the circular trays generally used is 3.5' to 4'. 3. Nets Cotton or nylon nets are used for cleaning the rearing beds. The net is spread over the worms over which the chopped leaves are spread. The worms move up from the old bed through the meshes and reach the freshly supplied food. At this stage the net along with the worm is transferred to another tray. 4. Cocoon age (Chandrikas of Montages) These are meant to enable the ripe worms to spin cocoons. It is a rectangular bamboo mat on which is fixed a spiral of bamboo tape, is fixed which forms the edges for the women to spin the cocoons.

5. Dry and wet bulb thermometers These are helpful in recording the room temperature and humidity during the rearing period Hygrometer can be also used to record humidity. 6. Maximum and minimum thermometer This helps in recording the maximum and minimum temperature of the rearing room. 7. Room beaters These are used in raising the room temperature whenever the temperature falls below normal. 8. Miscellaneous requirements Wax coated paper feather. chopping board. chopping knife, leaf preserving baskets, preserving chamber, ant wells, sand beds. foam rubber, feeding stands, nylon mesh. DIRECTIONS: Study the given equipment and make necessary sketches.

Ex No. 8 REARING TECHNOLOGY OF SILKWORMS

date

The practice of keeping silk worm eggs under managed environmental condition for matching at the desired length of time and hour is called incubation. The purpose of egg incubation is to achieve uniform hatching on a desired day by keeping the eggs at and optimum temperature of 25c and RH of 75-80 % in a room already disinfected with 2% formalin thoroughly. Multivoltine eggs can be incubated after surface sterilization with 2% formalin. Univoltine and Bivoltine eggs when acid treated are to be surface sterilized before incubation. Multivoltine eggs are incubated at fanners rearing houses by placing the egg cards between two sheets of paraffin paper kept in tray and a moist foam rubber strip is placed around the eggs when prevailing humidity is low. Eggs that have already turned blue (9 day old, eggs of Multivoltine / acid treated eggs of other types are generally transferred into a (cardboard) 'black box! and kept undisturbed for 24 hrs. Then the next day preferably during sunrise the eggs remove from the .box and exposed to light The eggs tend to hatch out uniformity in development of the growing embryos within the egg. Brushing: The newly hatched larvae are black and hairy commonly referred to as 'ants'. Hatching is a photoperiodic response and begins with sunrise and continues till noon. The process of separating 'ant' from the egg cards and transferring them to the rearing tray is terms brushing' .The ideal time for brushing is 10.00 am as the peak of bathing would have occurred.

Eggs are generally prepared on egg cards and the common methods adopted for brushing are tapping method and net method. 1. Tapping / knocking off method or direct or feeding method: This method is employed for brushing worms from eggs prepared on egg cards. Freshly chopped tender mulberry leaf bits are sprinkled on egg cards with hatched out worms. The worms occupy the leaf bits provided. After one hour the egg card is gently inverted and the mulberry leaf along with the crawled worms will be made to fall on to the wax paper spread in a tray. The worms still clinging on to eggshells can also be made to fall on the tray by gently tapping at the back of inverted egg card. Then the bed is prepared uniformly using chopsticks or white feather. 2. Net method: This method is suitable for brushing loose eggs. The net is spread over the hatched out worms and freshly chopped tender mulberry leaves are sprinkled over it After half an hour, the net along with mulberry leaf bits and crawled larvae is gently taken and spread in a tray , and the bed is made uniform using chopsticks. 3. Feeding: Four times feeding/day is considered optimum. The quantity of leaf required for 50 DFS/a box containing 20,000 loose eggs in 550 to 600 Kg for Bivoltine and 350 to 400 eggs for multivoltine races. The leaf is either chopped/whole leaf is fed. Stage I II III IV Size of the Leaf 0.5 cm to 2 cm sq 2 cm to 4 cm sq 4 cm to 6 cm sq Entire leaves

4. Cleaning: Often the worms are fed more than required. Hence cleaning is necessary Instar I II III No. of cleaning Once Twice Thrice

IV V

Daily Daily

CHAWKI AND LATE AGE MULBERRY SILKWORM REARING TECHNIQUES Brushing The egg cards with worms are placed in the rearing trays or boxes and tender mulberry leaves cut into small Squares (0.5 cm2) are sprinkled over the egg cards .the Worms crawl on to the tender leaves and start feeding. Later the cards are tapped on to the rearing bed. After Sometime the bed is uniformly prepared in the rearing trays and the first feeding of mulberry leaves is given. Paraffin Paper is used as a bottom layer and as a cover for rearing bed in the usual rearing trays. Feeding silkworm Care should be taken to feed the silkworms with sufficient quantity of leaves. Otherwise it results in irregularity in the growth of worms. The first three instars feed voraciously and leaves should be supplied accordingly. Entire leaf feeding Or twig feeding is followed for the fourth and fifth instar Worm Four feeding (6.00 am to 11.00 am. 4.00 PM and 9.00 PM) are recommended where in more quantity of leaves should be given at last feeding (900 PM) there is no necessity of covering the bed with paraffin paper in fourth and fifth instars. Paraffin paper cover on the had should be taken out 30 minutes before Each feeding and also during molting in chawki rearing. Feeding Worms should be stopped when the worm settle for moult and Started again when majority of the worms come out from moult and started again when majority of the worms come out from moult. Bed cleaning The accumulated old mulberry leaves, faceal matter. Exuvia, dead and unhealthy worms should be removed periodically, usually the bed is cleaned once during first instar, twice during second instar (just after first moult and again before settling for Moult). three times during the third instar (just after second moult in the middle of the instar and just before setting for third molt). And once day during fourth and fifth instars.

Spacing requirements for 50 laying (20,000 eggs) Silkworm is a vary fast growing animal and records a 10.000 fold Increase in weight and about 7000 fold increase in Size during the short period of 20-30 days. Following is the spacing requirement for B mori (Space in sq. mtrs) For univoltine & Bivoltine races I Instar II Instar III Instar IV Instar V Instar I For multivoltine & Bivoltine races in Tropical areas I Instar 0.2 II Instar 0.5 III Instar 1.5 IV Instar 3.0 V Instar 9.0 As the age advances the size of the bed should be increased at the time bed cleaning . Mounting Transferring of ripe worms to suitable substrate (mountage or chandrika) for spinning creating optimum conditions such as humidity (65-70%) temperature (24-25C). The mounting along with the mounted worms are placed in verandah or in open place under the trees in a plant position immediately after mounting to facilitate dropping of the liquid excreta on to the ground and to avoid staining of the cocoons. During rainy seasons the mountages are places in well ventilated room with gunny cloth spread on the floor to facilitate the absorption of urine and they are periodically replaced to maintain dry condition during mounting. 0.5 1.5 3.0 9.0 18.0 At the beginning each age At the end of each age 0.2 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 At the beginning each age At the end of each age

The worm starts spinning Immediately and complete spinning approximately in a day (24 hrs) later the worm transforms into pre-pupa and remams In this condition for 24 to 48 hrs-and the transforms to pupa 10 48 to 72 hrs Harvesting of cocoons In case of multivoltine races the optimum time of harvesting is 16th day after mounting. while 10 Bivoltine it is 7th day after mounting. The cocoons are harvested manually by hand and are sorted into good and defective cocoons. later the cocoons arc cleared by separating the leaf bits, sticks and other extraneous materials for improving the quality thus enabling to get higher price in the markets. Cocoons will be graded based on their size, shape and compactness into different grades, viz., A, B, C etc. Silkworm rearing index card Log sheet no ______________Date of egg laying ___________ Bed no Race ______________Date of treatment ___________ ______________Date of brushing ___________ No. of unhatched eggs__________ ~-._--_._._._. __ ._-_ ... _-.- --8 Day l~ _ Date ofmounting: ._____ Date ofharvesting: _ Total cocoon yield. a) weight: __ ._ Kg b) Number: _ No of superior cocoons. . __ . __ . _ '\0 oflOfenor cocoons a) Thin ends: b) Stained: , _ c) \1clted: d) Others:_~ _ '\0 of double cocoons . _ ./ i~ F (".A", f\ ," f~ ,no (.{ /)-;11[' i:..~ -h t1 (/7jx' (Aj 0 I (fJ J' :

Procured form______________No. of eggs! laying ___________

IDENTIFICATION OF MOULTING LARVAE/RIPEWORMS: All the species of silkworms have four stages in their life cycle namely, egg, larva pupa and moth. During life process called moulting. Moulting duration ranges from 20 to 36 hours. Worms during moulting stages should be handled with utmost care. 1. Characteristics of moulting larvae: Moulting is the process of shedding of old skin. A. Larvae settling for moult (larvae preparing for moult) 1. Body becomes stout and shiny 2: Head appears small and dark in relation to its body size 3. Reduced feeding rate 4. Appearance of tight skin on the body B Larvae in moulting : I. Body becomes transparent with tight skin 2. Head is small 3. Feeding is completely stopped 4. No movement in worms. Sit at a place by raising head and thorax 5.Appearance of brownish triangular patch between head and prothorax C. Larvae out of moult: 1. Larval body will have rusty colour 2. Head is pale brown and bigger than the previous instar 3. Worms become very active 4. Worms arc less shiny and have loose wrinkled skin D. Ripe silkworms: Silkworms attain maximum size after, 4th mouth seven day. Finally they stop feeding. turn to pale yellow (local races), shinning and will moving restlessly in search of edges or support for spinning, normally the ripe worms crawl towards corner of the trays or periphery or edges of the trays. Such worms are to be picked and collected in plastic bowls and transferred on to the suitable substrates for spinning. If they are not picked and collected in plastic bowls and transferred on to the suitable substrates for spinning. If they are not picked in time they start expelling the silk and spin a cocoon in the tray itself.

Ex No. 9

Date:

STUDY OF PEST AND DISEASES OF SILK WORM Bombyx mori L.. In addition to infection by several pathogens, the silkworm, Bombyx mori is also infested by some insects and non insect pest, which contribute for cocoon crop loss. 1. Indian usifly : Exorista bombycis ( Diptera tachinidae) It is commonly known as usifly. This is an endeparsite. These fly parasite silkworms in chine, south Korea, Japan, India and Thailand. In India, it also infests other commercially silkworms, namely Tara, Oak, Tasar, and muga. In Karnataka, the infestation is maximum during rainy season followed by winter and least during summer. Life cycle : there are four distinct stages in the life cycle of this fly 1) egg: eggs are creamy white. 0.45 0.56 mm in length and 0.26-0.32 mm in width. Oblong in shape and adhered on to the body. Incubation period is 24 to 36 hrs. 2) Maggot: Maggot passes three instar. It is fusiform in shape. Some what acute anteriorly and rounded posterioly. The three instar are distinct in size I instar 0.7 to 1.5 mm instar 2.75 mm II instar 1.3 to 1.6mm Yellowish white in I and II instars and creamy white in III instar maggot period is about 6 days. 3) Pupa puparium is oblong, bareel shaped, some what oval anteriorly and rounded peosterioly reddish brown to a dark reddish brown. Body 11 segmented and measures 0.91.2 cm is length and 0.4 -0.6 cm width pupal period is about 14-16 days. 4) Adult : Adult is blackish grey in colour male is longer in length then female. There are four longitudinal black lines on the dorsal side of thorax. Lateral regions of abdomen are

covered with bristles, which are more dense in male than in female. Male can be distinguish from female by the present of external geneitalia covered with brown hairs on the ventral side of the abdominal tip. The mated female fly lays around 300 eggs. Nature of damage : two to three eggs are laid on the body of silkworm preferably during 4th and 5th instar, the young maggot on hatching from egg bores its way into the body of silkworm through integument as a result of which black scar is observed in that part of the skin. The maggot feed on the tissues of the silkworm, especially the far bodies . the fully grown maggot punctures the body of the larva or pupa comes out and pipates in cracks and crevices, the uzi pierced cocoons will be unfit for reeling. 2. Dermestid beetles (coleopteran : dermiestidae ) The grubs of these beetles feed on stifled cocoons that are stored fro ling time, holes are bored and pupae and silk are eaten. Adults are small beetles with brown to black elytra and club shaped antennae. They lay eggs on some living matter like stored or stifled cocoons the larvae are small, fusifrom. The pupa are naked. The larvae and adults feed on freshly spun, stored or stifled or stifled cocoons cut them and make unreelable. 3. The straw mite: Pyemotes ventricosus ( Arachinda : Acari pyamotidae) This mite is an ectoparasite of power post beetle, rice borer etc., which is accidentally transported to the rearing house along with bamboo and straw. While rehacthing and attacks silkworms larvae. The symptoms of the infestiaons are 1. The affected worms loose appetite and become inactive 2. Difficulty of green fluid and excretion of black fluid by worms pulsation becomes slower an irregular and dies.

4. Ants componotus compressus Tapinoma S. ( Hymenoptera formicidae) Ants pose a serious problem to silkworm in poorly maintain rearing houses. They attack the silkworms in raring trays and also while spinning and kill them by way of feeding. The pose problem in graninge too. 5. Earwig Labia arachidis ( Dermsotera lebiidae) It is one of the grainage pest living in crevices and rim of trays. The adults earwig is dark brown and smooth measuring 1.3 cm in length and 0.3 cm in width. The adult earwigs hold the abdomen of moths with the help of mandibles and pitch the same with the aid of forceps like cerci. As a result black scar developed on the moth. The affected moths will die after some time. 6. Rat :House Rate : Rattus. House Mouse. Mus musculus They are considered as potential pest in grainge . rearing room and filatures. Rate have special attraction fro silkworms, pupa and egg which from highly platable and proteinous food for them. Rats feed on grown up worms and spinning worms on mountages ( leaving aside silk glands they eat the reaming part of the body. They also cut the cocoons and feed on pupa and egg. They also damage the equipment in addition to these squirrels, bids and lizards also cause considerable loss to silk worms. Directions Observe the given pest their stage and the damages specimens and make diagrams DISEASES OF SILK WORMS The silk worm, Bombyx mori is domesticated since time immemorial is prone to the attack of a number of diseases. Among the disease pebrine, pgraserie, flacherie and musardione are important. 1. Pebrine disease : ( Nosema bomovois) Microsporida: Nosematidae)

The microsporidiosis of the silkworm is popularly known as pebrine all over the world. Doquatrigages ( 1960) gave the popular name pebrine to this disease because of the characteristic infrction and appearance of the dark pepper like spots on the body of the diseased silkworm larvae. Symptoms : Infected larvae shoe black pepper like spots all over integument. Larvae become pale unequal in size and sluggish. Infected pupae are heavier , black spots are also seen. Cocoons are flimsy moths from diseases pupae are deformed with small crumpled wings and distorted antennae. Egg laying is very irregular,. Eggs adhere loosely to the substraturn and they are clumsy in nature. 2. Muscardine disease The fungal pathogens causing disease in insects are called muscardione disease depending upon the etiology and colour of the spores, different kinds of muscadines of silkworm are identified. They are white muscardine green muscardine, yellow muscardine, red muscardine, purplish muscardione and aspergillosis. A. White muscardine ( Beauveria bassiana ) SYMPTOMS: It is severe in winter and particularly on Bivoltine., diseased worms show loss of appetite become inactive. On progress of disease moist specks oily specks appear on different parts of the larva. Larva experience diarrhea and vomition. Body losses its elasticity negative response to external stimuli. After death, body becomes stiff and hard. White efflorescence emerges out around spiracle and inter segmental areas. In about 1-2 days entire body is covered with white specks becomes mummified. B. Green Muscardine ( Metarrhizuman anisopliae) Symptoms : During infestion worm loses its apetite becomes inactive, diseases specks notices all round the body. On ecolalpese large specks are formed. after death, gradually worm becomes stiff and hard in 2-3 days. Later the entire body is covered with green mycelia which bears conidia.

C. Aspergillosis ( Aspergillus tamari) The disease is very serious in Japan in chawki worms raced chawki rearing centers as the conditions maintained for developed of worms is favorable to the growth of fungi SYMPTOMS: Infested young worms become compact to lustrous and dies soon. Hardening of body infection is localized . after death mycelia emerge out. Generally young worms body will not rot but in case of late age worms , the are which is not covered by mycelia mill not die to secondary infection . if it is 1 tamarii initially it will be white greenish yellow, green and finally brown and dark brown with large head like structure. 3. Flachetie The term flacherie refers to flaccid condition of larvae suffering from dysentery. It maybe due to virus or bacteria. A Viral flacherie ( Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus Billisappe ) This virus infect cytoplasm of the cell. This exhibit various symptoms of flacherie. Symptoms Infected worm show stunted development leading toprolonged larval period on progress midgut becomes opaque and pale yellow later discharge whitish faces and soil the bed. The midgur is tubnied white. Which adbcaes from posterior to anterior direction and polyhedra pass along with aces inservere state chain excreta and rectal protrusion are also noticed. b) Kenchu virus disease ( Kempusappe or kempanachu ) The particular disease occurs very frequently on early instar worms in Karnataka SYMPTOMS : Dullness paleness, disproportionately large head in some cases, retarded growth, chroncity, affected with convulsions die in a short period, dead worms gradually turn to brown blackish and rot, foul smell is emitted by such worms. B. Bacterial Flacherie a) Sotto disease ( bacillus thuringiensis Var Sotto )

The infected worms are killed bny the toxin produced by the organisms SYMPTOMS Loss of appetite , inactive affected with convulsion die in a short period. Dead worms gradually turn to brown, blackish and rot, foul smell is emitted by such worms. b) Rangi or court disease ( serratie marceacence) This is a monir bacterial disease. The body of the infected worm appears red due to the pigments produced by the bacterium. 4. Nuclear polyhedrosis ( Jaundice of silkworm ) In kannada it is commonly called halu or haluthonde SYMPTOMS : about a week after infection intersegmetnal memebrance become swollen and the larvae appears to be under stress. haemolymph becomes trunied, skin lose tension, becomes haemolymph. DIRECTIONS 1. Study the given diseased specimens of Bombyx Mori L with special references to the symptoms and make necessary drawing. fragile and rupture easily releasing the milky

Expt. No.

Date

STUDY OF SILK WORM REELING AND VISIT TO MULBERRY GARDEN REARING UNIT, COCOON MARKET, GRAINAGE AND REELING UNITS The cocoons are judged by the actual tests 1. Shape and double 2. Size : Size is measured by number. The cocoon held in a kg of raw silk is counted. 3. Hardness : this is the dentist of the cocoon layer and is determined by feel and cocoons described as spherical oval, spindle irregular and double irregular

elasticity of the cocoons. 4. Thickness : the shell of the cocoon should be uniformly thick at each part if cocoon are not uniformly thick, they can not be uniformly cooked and reeling is affected and filament o not unwind freely. 5. Structure of silk layer : The worm first spins loose fluff which looks like cotton and subsequently cocoon layer is more regular. The cotton like appearance is termed floss. The floss forms a distinct counter layer of the cocoon. It is well pronounced and heavy in Multivoltine races. 6. Wrinkles : the first formed outer layer of the cocoons dries up to a greater extent then

the inner layers. Consequently the cocoon develops wrinkles/furrows on the outer layer. The inner layer remains smooth. 7. Slime : S\ilk filament in a cocoon is described as slime or have weight of the cocoon. Weight of the shell cocoon shall ratio are the other important parameters Unwinding of the silk filaments from required number of cocoons and winding them on to a reel is called silk reeling. The end product of silk is Raw silk

Raw silk is the compact, untwisted and under gummed silk formed by combing required number of silk filaments from as many separate cocoons. Steps in silk reeling 1. Purchase of reelable cocoons: cocoons have to be purchased from the cocoon markets 2. Preservation of cocoons a stiffing of cocoons : Process of killing of pupa inside the cocoon without damaging the cocoon shell. b. Sorting of cocoons: The good reelable cocoons have to be sorted from the lot., the defective cocoons viz. melted cocoons etc. are to be separated. c. Storing of cocoons: good cocoons should be stored in rodent proof well ventilated storage structure. Cocoons have to be spread uniformly in thin layer on trays are stored between the stands. 3. Cooking of cocoons : the reelable cocoons have to be cooked in boiling water for 3-5 minutes to soften the serion layer in the cocoon shell. 4. Brushing of the cocoons : After cooking the cocoons are subjected to constant stirring by using a bamboo stick, broom stick of mechanical brush to remove the outer floss and to trace the continuous filament. 5. Determining the size ( denier) of the filament : Denier is the expression of size gravimetrically of 450 mts of the silk filament weight 0.05 gm then it is called as one denier more conveniently 9000meters of silk filament forms one denier Denier weight of the silk filament (g) Length of the silk filament (m) Two types of denier 1. Cocoon denier x 9000 2. Raw Silk Denier

Cocoon denier can be calculated by the above formula. Raw silk denier is predetemiend. The international standards for eh raw silk are

1st category 2nd category 3rd category

18 denier and below ( fine ) 19 to 33 denier (Medium) 34 denier and above ( coarse)

6. Formation of reeling end: the filaments from the required number of cocoons are combined and passed though the jettaboutte of the threader and then passed through the pore of the porcelain button. Later the filaments are inter twined ( croissure) to compact raw silks later the thread is passed through the distributor and tied to the reel for reeling. Types of reeling machines 1. Charaka 2. Domestic basin 3. Cottage basin 5. automatic reeling machine a. Constant number of cocoon maintainer type b. Constant denier type After reeling the raw silk is re-reeled to form a standard hank, then laced and twisted to from a skeins ( 65-70 gm) are bundled to from a book. (2 kg) several books are bundled to form a bale ( 60 kg). 4 ends traditional/improved 5 ends traditional 6 ends improved

4. Multi and filature basin 8-10 ends