CHAPTER 1 Introduction

1.1 Overview The overview of this project is to implement density based traffic controlling system using IR technology 89S52controller. 89S52 is very efficient architecture which can be used for low end security and IR is widely adapted technology for communication.

1.2 Purpose
Purpose of the current work is to study and analyse the counting and controlling system by using 8051 controller.

1.3 Scope
Current work focuses on how to use effectively IR and 8051 controller for digital security systems.

CHAPTER 2 Review of literature

2.1 Embedded Systems

An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today Embedded systems contain processing cores that are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

2.2 Characteristic
1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. 2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of

the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself. 3. The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard or screen.

Figure 2.1 A typical Embedded System block diagram.

2.3 Micro Controller

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated C, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it

economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.

2.4 Communication
Communication is the activity of conveying information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Feedback is critical to effective communication between parties. A modern communication system is first concerned with the sorting, processing and storing of information before its transmission. The actual transmission the follows, with further processing and filtering of noise. Finally we have reception, which may include processing steps such as decoding, storage and interpretation. In this context, forms of communications include radio, telephony and telegraphy, broadcast, point to point and mobile communication (commercial and military), computer communication, radar, radio telemetry and radio aids to navigation. It is also important to consider the human factor influencing a particular system, since they can always affect its design, planning and use. Wireless communications is one of the most active areas of technology development of our time. This development is being driven primarily by the transformation of what has been largely a medium for supporting voice telephony into a medium for supporting other services, such as the transmission of video, images, text, and data. A wireless communication system has a number of advantages, not least the mobility of the devices within the environment. It is a simple matter to relocate a communicating device, and no additional cost of rewiring and excessive downtime is associated with such a move. It is also a simple matter to add in a communication device to the system or remove one from the system without any disruption to the remainder of the system. Other than the initial outlay on setting up the cell sites, the cost of running and maintaining a radio based communications solution is minimal. These, and other factors, show the appeal that a radio communication system has for the office environment. They also enable custom tailored engineering solution, creating a revolutionary way of disseminating and processing information. With new technologies and devices come new business activities, and the need for

employees in these technologies areas. Engineers who have knowledge of the embedded system and wireless communications will be high demand. Unfortunately, there are few adorable environments available for development and classroom use, so students often do not learn about these technologies during hands-on lab exercise. The communication mediums were twisted pair, optical fiber, infrared and generally wireless radio.

2.5 IR Remote Theory

The cheapest way to remotely control a device within a visible range is via Infra-Red light. Almost all audio and video equipment can be controlled this way nowadays. Due to this wide spread use the required components are quite cheap, thus making it ideal for us hobbyists to use IR control for our own projects. This part of my knowledge base will explain the theory of operation of IR remote control, and some of the protocols that are in use in consumer electronics. Infra-Red Light Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular colour. We humans can't see this colour because its wave length of 950nm is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the reasons why IR is chosen for remote control purposes, we want to use it but we're not interested in seeing it. Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and therefore can be very cheap. Although we humans can't see the Infra-Red light emitted from a remote control doesn't mean we can't make it visible. A video camera or digital photo camera can "see" the Infra-Red light as you can see in this picture. Even the cheapest cell phones have built in cameras these days. Simply point your remote to such a camera, press any button and you'll see the LED flicker. Unfortunately for us there are many more sources of Infra-Red light. The sun is the brightest source of all, but there are many others, like: light bulbs, candles, central heating system, and even our body radiates Infra-Red light. In fact everything that radiates heat, also radiates Infra-Red light. Therefore we have to take some precautions to guarantee that our IR message gets across to the receiver without errors.

CHAPTER 3 Project Details

3.1 Problem Formulation

The problem with the traffic system is that for every minute the vehicles at the 4-way road will be heavy and the traffic lights shall be changed to each side for some fixed time. Even though there are no vehicles at particular side, the traffic signal will glow for the given fixed time. Due to that there is time waste process. So to reduce the wastage of time, we can implement the system that controls the traffic based on the heavy flow of vehicles at any particular side. With this system, we shall count the number of vehicles at each side at the junction and give the path to the particular side which has heavy flow of vehicles and keep remaining stop position. So that for this, to count the number of vehicles at side of the junction, we shall use IR technology.

3.2 Description of 89S52 Micro Controller

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of insystem programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel's AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt

The hardware is driven by a set of program instructions, or software. Once familiar with hardware and software, the user can then apply the microcontroller to the problems easily.

3.3 Block Diagram of Model

Figure 3.1 Block diagram of Traffic Control System

Figure 3.2 Circuit diagram of Traffic Control System

Figure 3.3 Input Sensors

Figure 3.4 Regulated Power Supply