-11(a) (b) Explain the "Uses of Surveying".

(10 marks) The distance between two stations was 1200m when measured with a 20m chain.

The same distance when measured with 30m chain was found to be 1195m. If the 20m chain was 0.05m too long, what was the error in the 30m chain? (10 marks) (a) Uses of Surveying 1. To prepare a topographical map which shows the hills, valleys, rivers, villages, towns, forests, etc. of a country. 2. To prepare a cadastral map showing the boundaries of the fields, houses and other properties. 3. To prepare an engineering map which shows the details of engineering works such as roads, railways, reservoirs, irrigation canals, etc. 4. To prepare a military map showing the road and railway communications with different parts of a country. 5. To prepare a contour map to determine the capacity of a reservoir and to find the best possible route for roads, railways, etc.
20.05 20

6. To prepare a geological map showing areas including underground resources. 7. To prepare an archeological map including places ancient relics exist. (b) For 20m chain: L = 20m, L' = 20 + 0.05 = 20.05 m measured length (M.L) True length of line = = = 1200 m
L' M.L L

1200

= 1203 m For 30 m chain: L = 30m , L' = ? True length (T.L) = 1203 m

Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Technical and Vocational Education Civil Engineering

A .G .T .I - Year I Semester - I

CE. 1011 Surveying (Civil, Architecture)

Sample Questions and Answers

-2Measured length (M.L) T.L 1203 L' Amount of error = 1195 m = = M.L 1195

= 30.2 m = 30.2 - 30 = 0.2 m (too long)

2 (a) Explain the following terms: (i) Hypotenusal allowance (4 marks) (ii) Compensating errors (6 marks)

(b) The following slope distance were measured along a chain line with a 20 m stee tape: Slope distance (m) = 17.5, 19.3, 17.8, 13.6 and 12.9 Different of elevation between ends (m) = 2.35, 4.20, 2.95, 1.65 and 3.25
L' L' 30 L

It was noted afterwards that the tape was 2.5 cm too short. Find the true hroizontal distance. (10 marks) Solution: (a) (i) Hypotenusal allowance The slope of the ground is first found out by using the clinometer. Hypetenusal allowance is then made for each tape length. Let = angle of slope measured by clinometer. AB AC B1C = = = = = AB1 = 100 links AB sec AC - AB1 100 sec 100 (sec - 100 - 1) = 100 sec

-3The amount 100 (sec - 1) is said to be the hypotenusal allowance. (ii) Compensating errors Errors which may occur in both directions (i.e both positive and negative) and which finally tend to compensate are known as compensating errors. Such errors may be caused by: (a) Incorrect holding of the chain (b) Horizontality and verticality of steps not being property maintained during the stepping operation. (c) Fractional parts of the chain or tape not being uniform throughout its length. (d) Inaccurate measurement of right angles with chain and tapes. (b)

17.52 - 2.352 = 17.34 m

AB = B1C = 19.32 - 4.22 = 18.84 m C1D = 17.82 - 2.952 = 17.56 m D1E = 13.62 - 1.652 = 13.49 m E1F = 12.92 - 3.252 = 12.48 m Total horizontal distance = AB + B1C + C1D + D1E + E1F = 79.71 m 20 m steel tape was 2.5 cm too short. L = 20 m, M.L = 79.71 m

-4L' = 20 - 0.025 = 19.975 m True Length = =

L' M.L L

79.71

= 79.61 m 3 (a) Explain the following terms: (i) By Pacing or stepping (3 marks) (ii) Engineers' chain (3 marks) (iii) Gunter's chain (3 marks) (iv) Steel Band (3 marks) (v) Arrows (3 marks) (b) The length of a line measured on a slope of 15 was recorded as 550 m. But it was found that the 20 m chain was 0.05 m too long. Calculate the true horizontal distance of the line. (5 marks) Solution: (a) (i) By pacing or stepping For rough and speedy work, distances are measured by pacing, i.e by counting the number of walking steps of a man. The walking step of a man is considered as 2.5 ft or 80 cm. This method is generally employed in the reconnaissance survey of any object. (ii) Engineers' Chain The engineer's chain is 100 ft long and is divided into 100 links. So, each link is of 1 ft. Tallies are provided at very 10 links (10 ft), the central tally being round. Such chains were previously used of all engineering works. (iii) Gunters' Chain It is 66 ft long and divided into 100 links. So, each link is of 0.66 ft. It was previously used for measuring distances in miles and furlongs. (iv) Steel Band
19.975 20

-5It consists of a ribbon of steel of width 16 mm and of length 20 or 30 m. It has a brass handle at each end. It is graduated in meters, decimeters and centimeters on one side and has 0.2 m links on the other. The steel band is used in projects where more accuracy is required. (v) Arrows Arrows are made of tempered steel wire of diameter 4mm. One end of the arrow is bent into a ring, diameter 50 mm and the other end is pointed. Its overall length is 400mm. Arrows are used for counting the number of chains while measruing a chain line. (b)

Horizontal distance AB

= = =

AB1 cos 15 531.25m

L' 20.05 L20

550 cos 15

20m chain was 0.05 m too long. L L' M.L True Length = = = = = = 20 m (20 + 0.05) m = 20.05m 531.25 m M.L 531.25 532.6 m

-64 (a) Explain the "Adjustment of chain". (8 marks) (b) A line was measured by a 20m chain which was accurated before starting the day's work. After chaining 900m, the chain was found to be 6cm too long. After chaining a total distance of 1575m, the chain was found to be 14cm too long. Find the true distance of the line. (12 marks) Solution: (a) Adjustment of chain (i) When the chain is too long, it is adjustment by: (a) Closing up the joints of the rings. (b) Hammering the elongated rings. (c) Replacing some old rings by new rings (d) Removing some of the rings. (ii) When the chain is too short, it is adjustment by: (a) Straightening the bent links. (b) Opening the joints of the rings.
20.03 L' L20

(c) Replacing the old rings by some larger rings, (d) Inserting new rings where necessary. (b) First part: L L' = = = M.L = TL TL = = = = 20 m 20 +
0 + 0.06 2

20.03 m 900 m ? M.L 900 901.35 m

-7Second part: L L' = = = ML TL = = = = 20 m 20 + 20.1 m 1575 - 900 = 675 m M.L 675 678.375 m

Total true distance = 901.350 + 678.375 = 1579.725 m

5(a) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of chains. (6 marks)

0.06 + 0.14 L' 20.1 L 2 20 before starting the day's work. After chaining 3000 ft, the chain was accurate. After

(b) A line was measured by a Engineers' chain which was found to be 3 in too short,

chaining a total distance of 7500 ft, the chain was found to be 6 in too long. Find the true distance of the line. (14 marks) Solution: (a) Advantages of chains (i) They can be read easily and quickly. (ii) They can withstand wear and tear. (iii) The can be easily repaired or rectified in the field. Disadvantages of chains (i) They are heavy and take too much time to open or fold. (ii) They become longer or shorter due to continuous use. (iii) When the measurement is taken in suspension, the chain sags excessively.

-8(b) In first part: L L' M.L T.L = = = = = In second part: L L' M.L T.L = = = = = 100 ft 100 + = 100.25 ft 100ft ( 100 3000 ft M.L = 2996.25 ft engineer's chain) = 99.875 ft

7500 - 3000 = 4500 ft M.L 4500 = 4511.25 ft

Q/12 + 0 + 6/12 99.875 3 0 L' 100.25 3000 2 2 L100

The total true distance = 2996.25 + 4511.25 = 7507.5 ft

6(a) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of steel band. (6 marks) (b) An old map was plotted to a scale of 40 m to 1 cm. Over the years, this map has been shrinking and a line originally 20 cm long is only 19.5 cm long at present. Again the 20 m chian was 5 cm too long. If the present area of the map measured by planimeter is 125.50 cm2, find the true area of the land surveyed. (14 marks) Solution: Advantages of Steel Band (i) They are very light and easy to open or fold. (ii) They maintain their standard length even after continuous use. (iii) When the measured is taken in suspension, they sag slightly.

-9Disadvantages of Steel Band (i) If handled carelessly the break easily. (ii) They cannot be repaired in the field. (iii) They cannot be read easily. (b) 19.5 cm on the map was originally 20 cm. 1cm on the map was originally 1 cm2 on the map was originally = = = 125.5 cm2 on the map was originally Scale Area on the ground 1 cm 1 cm2 = 1.05194 cm2 1.05194 125.5 = 132.0184 cm2 cm

= 40 m on the ground = 402 = 1600 m2 on the ground

= 1600 132.0184 = 211229.45 m2

The 20m chain was 0.05m too long. L = 20m,

2 22 20.05 L' 20 20 L' = 20 + 0.05 = 20.05 m 19.5 L20 19.5

Measured Area (M.A) True Area

= 211229.45m2 = = M.A 211229.45

= 212286.9 m2 7(a) Explain the "Testing a Chain". (8 marks) (b) The distance between two points measured with a 20 m chain was recorded as 327m. It was afterwards found that the chain was 3cm too long. What was the true distance between the points? (6 marks) (c) On a map drawn to a scaled of 50m to 1cm, a surveyor measured the distance between two stations as 3500m. But it was found that by mistake he had used a scale of 100m to 1cm. Find the true distance between the stations. (6 marks)

- 10 Solution: (a) Testing a Chain For testing the chain, a test gauge is established on a level paltform with the help of a standard steel tape. The steel tape is standardized at 20C and under a tension of 8kg. The test gauge consists of two pegs having nails at the top and fixed on a level platform a required distance apart (say 20 or 30m). The incorrect chain is fully stretched by pulling it under normal tension (say about 8 kg) along the test gauge. If the length of the chain does not tally with standard length, then an attempt should be made to rectify the error. Finally, the amount of elongation or shortening should be noted.

3 20.03 L' 1cm 1cm 100m 100 L20 50m

The allowable error is about 2mm per 1m length of the chain. The overall length of the chain should be within the following permissible limits. 20 m chain: 5mm, 30m chain 8mm

(b) Measured length ML = 327 m 20 m chain was 3cm too long. L = 20m, L' = 20 + True length = = = ML 327 327.49m = 20.03m

(c) Correct scale = 50m to 1cm = Wrong scale = 100m to 1cm =

- 11 Measured length "ML" = 3500 m True length = = =

wrong scale ML correct scale

3500 3500 = 1750m

8 A steel tape was exactly 30m long at 20 C when supported throughout its length under a pull of 10 kg. A line was measured with this tape under a pull of 15kg and at a mean temperature of 32C and found to be 780m long. The cross-sectional are of the tape = 0.03cm2 and its total weight = 0.693 kg, for steel = 11 10-6 per C and E for steel = 2.1 106 kg/cm2. Compute the true length of the line if the tape was supported during measurement (a) at every 30m (b) at every 15m. (20 marks) Solution: (a) When supported at every 30m span, n = 1 (i) Temperature correction Ct = = = (Tm - To) 30 11 10-6 (32 - 20) 30 0.00396m ( + ve )
LW(0.693)3 m- Po10) 1cm/100m 30 (P 50 30(15 2 ) L 100 Pm2.1 106 0.032 2 2 152 1cm/50m 24 1 24nAE

(ii) Pull correction Cp = = (ii) Sag correction Cs = = = 0.00267m (-ve) = 0.00238m ( + ve )

- 12 Total correction, e = 0.00396 + 0.00238 - 0.00267

= + 0.00367 m L' = L + e = 30 + 0.00367 = 30.00367m True Length = = = 780.095 m ML 780

(b) When supported at every 15m Span, n = 2 (i) Temperature correction Ct = 0.00396m (+ ve) (ii) Pull correction (iii) Sag correction Cp = 0.00238m (+ ve) Cs = =

LW 2 30.00367 2 30.00567 L' 30 (0.693) L n 2 m2 24 30 24 2 2P 152

= 0.00067 m (- ve)
Total correction, e

= 0.00396 + 0.00238 - 0.00067 = 0.00567 m

L' = L + e True Length

= = = =

30.00567m ML 780 780.147m

- 13 9(a) Define the following terms: (i) True Meridian (ii) Azimuth (iii) Magnetic Meridian (iv) Magnetic bearing. (8 marks) (b) A closed traverse is conducted with five stations A, B, C, D and E taken in anticlockwise order, in the form of a regular pentagon. If the FB of AB is 30 0', find the FBs of the other sides. (12 marks) Solution: (a) (i) True Meridian A line or plane passing through the geographical north pole, geographical south pole and any point on the surface of the earth is known as the "true meridian". (ii) Azimuth The angle between the true meridian and a line is known as " true bearing " of the line. It is also known as the "azimuth". (iii) Magnetic Meridian When a magnetic needle is suspended freely and balanced property, unaffected by magnetic substances, it indicates a direction. This direction is known as the "magnetic meridian". (iv) Magnetic bearing The angle between the magnetic meridian and a line is known as the "magnetic bearing" of the line. (b)

- 14 Each interior angle of pentagon = = = FB of AB Add B = = = Add 180 FB of BC Add C = = = = Deduct 180 FB of CD Add D = = = = Deduct 180 FB of DE Add E = = = = Deduct 180 FB of EA Add A = = = = Deduct 180 FB of AB = = ( = 108 30 0' +108 0' 138 0' +180 0' 318 0' +108 0' 426 0' -180 0' 246 0' 108 0'
540 5 - 4) 90 (2 5 354 0' 5

(2N - 4) 90 5

-180 0' 174 0' +180 0' 282 0' -180 0' 102 0' +108 0' 210 0' -180 0' 30 0' ok!)

- 15 10(a) Define the following terms: (i) Whole circle Bearing (WCB)

(ii) Quadrantal Bearing (QB) (iii) Reduced Bearing (RB) (10 marks) (b) The following are the berings of a closed traverse: Side AB BC CD DA FB N 45 30' E S 60 0' E S 10 30' W N 75 45' W BB S 45 30' W N 60 0' W N 10 30' E S 75 45' E

Calculate the interior angles of the traverse. (10 marks) Solution: (a) (i) Whole Circle Bearing (WCB) The magnetic bearing of a line measured clockwise from the north pole towards the lines is known as the whole circle bearing of that line. Such a bearing may have any value between 0 and 360. (ii) Quadrantal Bearing (QB) The magnetic bearing of a line measured clockwise or counterclockwise from the Nroth Pole or South Pole (whichever is nearer the line) towards the East or West is known as the 'quadrantal bearing' of the line. This system consists of four quardants NE, SE, SW and NW. The value of a quadrantal bearing lies between 0 and 90. (iii) Reduced Bearing (RB) When the whole circle bearing of a line is converted to quadrantal bearing it is termed the 'reduce bearing'. Thus, the reduced bearing is similar to the quadrantal bearing. Its value lies between 0 and 90.

- 16 (b)

Interior

= = =

180 - (FB of AB + BB of DA) 180 - (45 30' + 75 45') 58 45' BB of AB + FB of BC 45 30' + 60 0' 105 30'
i nterior angles = A + B + C + D

Interior

= = =

Interior

= = =

180 - (BB of BC + FB of CD) 180 - (60 0' + 10 30') 109 30' BB of CD + FB of DA 10 30' + 75 45' 86 15'

Interior

= = =

Check: (2N - 4) 90 = 360

= 360 (

ok!)

- 17 (11) (a) Define the following terms (i) Fore and Back Bearng (ii) Magnetic Declination (10 marks) (b) The following are the fore and back bearings of the sides of a closed traverse: Side AB BC CD DE EA FB 150 15' 20 30' 295 45' 218 0' 120 30' BB 330 15' 200 30' 115 45' 38 0' 300 30'

Calculate the interior angles of the traverse. (10 marks) Solution: (a) (i) Fore and Back Bearing The bearing of a line measured in the direction of the progress of survey is called the "fore bearing" (FB) of the line. The bearing of a line measured in the direction opposite to the survey is called the 'back bearing' (BB) of the line. (ii) Magnetic declination The horizontal angle between the magnetic meridian and true meridian is known as "magnetic declination". When the north end of the magnetic needle is pointed towards the west side of the true meridian, the position is termed "Declination West" ( W). When the north end of the magnetic needle is pointed towards east side of the true meridian, the position is termed "Declination East ( E)". (b)

- 18 Interior A = 360 - (BB of EA - FB of AB) = 360 - (300 30' - 150 15') = 209 45' Interior B = 360 - (BB of AB - FB of BC) = 360 - (330 15' - 20 30') = 50 15' Interior C = FB of CD - BB of BC = 295 45' - 200 30' = 95 15' Interior D = FB of DE - BB of CD = 218 0' - 115 45' = 102 15' Interior E = FB of EA - BB of DE = 120 30' - 38 0' = 82 30' Check:

interior angles = (2N - 4) 90

= 540

A+

B+

C+

D+

E = 540 (

ok!)

12(a) The follow are the interior angels of a closed traverse ABCD. A = 87 50' 20", D = 129 40' 40", B = 114 55' 40", E = 112 54' 30". C = 94 38' 50",

If the observed bearing of AB is 221 18' 40", Calculate the bearings of the remaining side of the traverse. (12 marks)

- 19 (b) The following bearings were observed in a compase traverse: Line AB BC CD DE EF Solution: (a) Bearng of AB Add B = = = Deduct 180 Bearing of BC Add C = = = = Deduct 180 Bearing of CD Add D = = = = Deduct 180 Bearing of DE Add E = = = = Add 180 Bearing of EA Add F = = = = Deduct 180 Bearing of AB = = 221 +114 336 -180 156 +94 -180 70 +129 200 -180 20 +112 133 + 180 313 +87 401 -180 221 18' 55' 14' 0' 14' 38' 0' 53' 40' 33' 0' 33' 54' 28' 0' 28' 50' 18' 0' 18' 40" 40" 20" 0" 20" 50" 10" 0" 10" 40" 50" 0" 50" 30" 20" 0" 20" 20" 40" 0" 40" ( ok) Bearing N 52 45' E N 35 30' E S 85 15' E N 46 45' E S 82 0' E

Calculate the deflection angles. (8 marks)

53' 250

- 20 (b)

Deflection angle at B

= = =

Bearing of AB - Bearing of BC 52 45' - 34 30' 18 15' L 180 - (bearing of BC + bearing of CD) 180 - (34 30' + 85 15') 60 15' R 180 - (bearing of CD + bearing of DE) 180 - (85 15' + 46 45') 48 0' L 180 - (bearing of DE + bearing of EF) 180 - (46 45' + 82 0') 51 15' R

Deflection angle at C

= = =

Deflection angle at D

= = =

Deflction angle at E

= = =

13(a) The following angles were measured in running a closed traverse ABCDE in a clockwise direction: Station A B C D E Included angle (exterior) 291 33' 225 13' 211 36' 300 26' 231 12'

- 21 Compute the bearing of the remaining sides of the traverse given that the observed bearing of AB was 10 12. (12 marks) (b) A traverse is run form A to G and the deflection angles are as follows: At station B, 32 16' L; C, 18 34' R; D, 22 12' L; E, 42 24' R; F, 52 42' R. Compute the bearings of the remaining lines of the traverse, given that the forward bearing of the AB is 110 6'. (8marks) Solution: (a) Bearing of AB Add B Deduct 180 Bearing of BC Add C = = = = = = = Deduct 180 Bearing of CD Add D = = = = Deduct 180 Bearing of DE Add E = = = = Deduct 180 Bearing of EA Add A = = = = Deduct 180 = = Deduct 360 Bearing of AB = = 10 12' +225 13' 235 25' -180 0' 55 25' +211 36' 267 -180 87 1' 0'
1'

+300 26' 387 27' -180 0' 207 27' 231 12' 438 39' -180 0' 258 39' 291 33' 550 12' -180 0'

370 12' -360 0' (ok)

10 12'

- 22 (b) Bearing of AB Deduct B Bearing of BC Add C = = = = = = = = = = = 110 6'

-32 16' 77 50' +18 34' 96 24' -22 12' 74 12' +42 24' 116 36' +52 42' 169 18'

Bearing of CD Deduct D

Bearing of DE Add E

Bearing of EF Add F

Bearing of FG Check Bearing of last line =

Bearing of first line + left deflection angle

Right deflection angle -

= =

110 6' + ( 18 0 42 24' + 52 42') - (32 16' + 22 12') 34' 169 18' (ok)

14(a) The following deflection angles were measured in running a traverse from A toG. Station B C D E F sides. (12 marks) (b) Below are given the back angles: Station B: 164 36'; station C: 196 12'; station D: 170 24'. Find the azimuths of the remaining lines, given that the fore azimuth of AB is 36 18'. (8 marks) Deflection angle 23 47' R 18 19' L 37 20' R 15 38' R 10 12' L

If the true bearing of AB is N 62 18' E, Calculate the true bearing of the remaining

- 23 Solution: (a) True Bearing of AB Add Deduct True Bearing of CD Add Add Deduct True Bearing of FG Check Bearing of Last line = = = (b) Azimuth of AB Add B = = = Deduct 180 Azimuth of BC Add C = = = = Deduct 180 Azimuth of CD Add LD Deduct 180 Azimuth of DE = = = = = = Bearing of first line + left deflection angle 62 18' (23 47' + 37 20' + 15 38') - (18 19' + + 10 12') right deflection angle D E F True Bearing of DE True Bearing of EF B C = = = = = = = = = = = True Bearing of BC = N 62 18' E 62 18' +23 47' 86 5' (N 86 5' E) -18 19' 67 46' (N 67 46' E) + 37 20' 105 6' (S 74 54' E) +15 38' 120 44' (S 59 16'E) -10 12' 110 32' (S 69 28'E)

110 32' (S 69 28' E) (ok) 36 18' +164 36' 200 54' -180 20 54' +196 12' 217 6' -180 37 6' 170 24' 207 30' -180 27 30'

- 24 15 (a) Define the "Local Attraction". (4 marks) (b)The following are the observed bearings of the lines of a tranverse ABCDEA with a compass in a place where local attraction wass suspected. Line AB BC CD DE EA Solution: (a) Local Attraction A magnetic needle indicates the north direction when dreely suspended or pivoted. But if the needle comes near some magnetic substances, such as iron ore, steel structures, electric cables conveying current, etc. It is found to be deflected from its true direction, and does not show the actual north. This distrubing influence of magnetic substances is known as "Local attractin". (b)
ne Li

FB 191 45' 39 30' 22 15' 242 45' 330 15'

BB 13 0' 222 30' 200 30' 62 45' 147 45'

Find the correct bearing of the lines. (16 marks)

Observed FB 191 45' BB

re Cor

ctio

Correct FB BB

Remarks Stations D and E are free from Local Attraction

AB

13 0' 222 30' 200 30' 62 45' 147 45'

+2 30' at A +1 15' at B -1 45' at C 0 at D 0 at E

194 15' 40 45' 20 30' 242 45' 330 15'

14 15' 220 45' 200 30' 62 45' 150 15'

BC CD DE EA

39 30' 22 15' 242 45' 330 15'

- 25 16 The following are the bearings observed in traversing, with a compass, an area where local attraction was suspected. Calculate the interior angles of the traverse and correct them if necessary. Line AB BC CD DE EA Solution: FB 150 0' 230 30' 306 15' 298 0' 49 30' BB 330 0' 47 0' 127 45' 120 0' 229 30' (20 marks)

Interior

= BB of EA - FB of AB = 229 30' - 150 0' = 79 30'

Interior

= BB of AB - FB of BC = 330 0' - 230 30' = 99 30'

Exterior

= FB of CD - BB of BC = 306 15' - 47 0' = 259 15'

Interior Exterior D

= 360 - 259 15' = 100 45' = FB of DE - BB of CD = 298 0' - 127 45' = 170 15'

Interior

= BB of DE - FB of EA = 120 0' - 49 30' = 70 30'

interior angles (2N - 4) 90

A+

B+

C+

D+ (ok)

E = 540

= (2 5 - 4) 90 = 540

- 26 Lines AB and EA are free from local attraction.

FB of AB = 150 0'

FB of BC = 230 30' FB of EA = 49 30' Then, FB of CD = (BB of BC) + Exterior C

= (230 30' - 180) + 259 15' = 309 45' FB of DE = (BB of CD) + Exterior D

= (309 45' - 180) + 170 15' = 300 0'

Line AB BC CD DE EA Corrected FB 150 0' 230 30' 309 45' 300 0' 49 30' BB 330 0' 50 30' 129 45' 120 0' 229 30'

17 The following bearings were observed in traversing with a compass, an area where local attraction was suspected. Find the amounts of local attraction at different stations, the correct bearings at lines and the included angles. Line AB BC CD DE EA FB 68 15' 148 45' 224 30' 217 15' 327 45' BB 248 15' 326 15' 46 0' 38 15' 147 45' (20 marks)

- 27 Solution:
Line AB BC CD DE EA Observed FB 68 15' 148 45' 224 30' 217 15' 327 45' BB 248 15' 326 15' 46 0' 38 15' 147 45' Correction 0 at A 0 at B + 2 30' at C + 1 0' at D 0 at E Correct FB 68 15' 148 45' 227 00' 218 15' 327 45' BB 248 15' 328 45' 47 0' 38 15' 147 45' Remark

Stations A, B and E are free from local attraction

(i) Interior

= BB of EA - FB of AB = 147 45' - 68 15' = 79 30'

(ii) Interior

= BB of AB - FB of BC = 248 15' - 148 45' = 99 30'

(iii) Interior

= BB of BC - FB of CD = 328 45' - 227 0' = 101 45'

(iv) Interior

D = 360 - (FB of DE - BB of CD) = 360 - (218 15' - 47 0') = 188 45'

(v) Interior

= 360 - (FB of EA - BB of DE) = 360 - (327 45' - 38 15') = 70 30'

Check

interior angles =

A+

B+

C+

D+

E = 540 = 540 (ok)

(2N - 4) 90

- 28 18(a) What are the accessories of plane tabling? Describe the plane table. (8marks) (b) Describe the method of orientation by backsighting. (12 marks) Solution: (a) The accessories of plane tubling are (1) Plane Table (2) Alidade (3) Spirit level (4) Compass (5) U-fork of Plumbing Fork with Plumb Bob The Plane Table The plane table is a drawing borad of size 750mm 600mm made of well-seasoned wood like teak.pine.etc. The top surface of the table is well leveled. The bottom surface consists of a threaded circular plate for fixing the table on the tripod stand by a wing nut. The plane table is meant for fixing a drawing sheet over it. The positions of the objects are located on this sheet by drawing rays and plotting to any suitable scale. (b) Orientation by backsighting This method is accurate and is always preferred. Procedure (a) Suppose A and B are two stations. The plane table is set up over A. The table is levelled by spirit level and centered by U-fork so that point a is just over station A. The north line is marked on the right-hand top corner of the sheet by trough compass. (b) With the alidade touching a the ranging rod at B is bisected and a ray is drawn. The distance AB is measured and plotted to any suitable scale. So, the point b represents station B. (c) The table is shifted and set up over B. It is levelled and centered so that b is just over B. Now the alidade is placed along the ba and the ranging rod at A is bisected by

- 29 turning the table clockwise or anticlockwise. At this time the centring may be disturbed, and should be adjusted immediately if required. When the centering, levelling and bisection of the ranging rod at A are perfect, then the orientation is said to be perfect.

19 What are the methods of Plane tabling? Describe the "Intersection method", with a neat sketch. (20 marks) Solution: The methods of Plane tabling are (1) Radiation (2) Intersection (3) Traversing (4) Resection The Intersection method This method is suitable for locating inaccessible points by the intersection of the rays drawn from two instrument stations. Procedure (a) Suppose A and B are two stations and P is an object on the far bank of a river. Now it is required to fix the position of P on the sheet by the intersection of rays, drawn from A and B. (b) The table is set up at A. It is levelled and centred so that a point a on the sheet is just over the station A. The north line is marked on the right-hand top comer. The table is then clamped. (c) With the alidade touching a. the objects P and the ranging rod at B are bisected, and

- 30 rays are drawn through the fiducial edge of the alidade. (d) The distance AB is measured and plotted to any suitable scale to obtain the point b. (e) The table is shifted and centred over B and levelled properly. Now the alidade is placed along the line ba and orientation is done by backsighting. At this time it should be remembered that the centring, levelling and orientation must be perfect simulataneously. (f) With the alidade touching b, the object p is bisected and a ray is drawn. Suppose this ray intersects the previous ray at a point p. This point p is the required plotted position of P.

20 Describe, with a neat sketch, the "Traversing method". (20 marks) Solution: The Traversing Method This method is suitable for connecting the traverse stations. This is similar to compass traversing or theodolite traversing. But here fielding and plotting are done simulataneously with the help of the radiation and intersection methods. Procedure (a) Suppose A.B.C and D are the traverse stations. (b) The table is set up the station A. A suitable point a is selected on the sheet in such a way that the whole area may be plotted in the sheet. The table is centred, levelled and clamped. The north line is marked on the right-hand top corner of the sheet. (c) With the alidade touching point a the ranging rod at B is bisected and a ray is drawn. The distance AB is measured and plotted to any suitable scale.

- 31 (d) The table is shifted and centred over B. It is then levelled,oriented by back-sighting and clamped. (e) With the alidade touching point b, the ranging rod at C is bisected and a ray is drawn. The distance BC is measured and plotted to the same scale. (f) The table is shifted and set up at C and the same procedure is repeated. (g) In this manner, all station of the traverse are connected. (h) At the end, the finishing point may not coincide with the starting point and there may be some closing error. This error is adjusted graphically by Bowditchs rule. (i) After making the corrections for closing error the table is again set up at A. After centering levelling and orientation the sorrounding details are located by radiation. (j) The table is then shifted and set up at all the stations of the traverse and after proper adjustments the details are located by the radiation and intersection method.

21 The following consecutive readings were taken with a dumpy level along a chain line at a common interval of 15 m. The first reading was at a chainage of 165m where the RL is 98.085. The instrument was shifted after the fourth and ninth readings. 3.150, 2.245, 1.125, 00860, 3.125, 2.760, 1.835, 1.470, 1.965, 1.225, 2.390 and 3.035m. Mark rules on a page of your notebook in the form of a level book page and enter on it the above readings and find the RL of all the points by: 1. 2. The collimation system and The rise-and-fall system. Apply the usual checks. (20 marks)

- 32 1. By the collimation system.

Station point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Chainage 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 7.500 1.225 2.390 3.035 5.860 3.125 2.760 1.835 1.470 1.965 102.760 BS 3.150 2.245 1.125 0.860 103.500 IS FS RL of collimation line (HI) 101.235 RL 98.085 98.990 100.110 100.375 100.740 101.665 102.030 101.535 100.370 99.725 Change point changed point Remark

BS FS = 7.500+5.860 = 1.640 st Last RL - 1 RL = 99.725 - 99.085 = 1.640 (ok)

Arithmetical check:

2. By the rise-and-fall system

Station Chainage point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total= 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 7.500 1.225 2.390 3.035 5.860 3.945 3.125 2.760 1.835 1.470 1.965 BS 3.150 2.245 1.125 0.860 0.905 1.120 0.265 0.365 0.925 0.365 0.495 1.165 0.645 2.305 IS FS Rise Fall RL 98.085 98.990 100.110 100.375 100.740 101.665 102.030 101.535 100.370 99.725 Change point Change point Remark

- 33 Arithmetical checl: BS Rise FS fall = 7.500-5.860 = 3.945-2.305 = + 1.640 = + 1.640

Last RL - 1st RL

= 99.725 - 98.085 = + 1.640

22 (a) Define the following terms (i) Levelling (2 marks) (ii) Level surface (2 marks) (b)The following consecutive readings were taken with a level and a 4-meter levelling staff on a continuously sloping ground at common intervals of 30m: 0.855 (on A) 1.545m, 2.335, 3.115, 3.825, 0.455, 1.380, 2.055, 2.855, 3.455, 0.585, 1.015, 1.850, 2.755, 3.845 (on B). The RL of A was 380.500. Mark entires in a level book and apply the usual checks. Determine the fradient of AB. (16 marks) (i) Levelling

The art of determining the relative heights of different point on or below the
surface of the earth is known as levelling. Thus, levelling deals with measurement in the vertical plane. (ii) Level surface Any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth in side to be a level surface. Such a surface is obviously curved. The water surface of a still lake is also considered to be level surface. (b)

- 34 Station Chainage point A 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 B Total 360 1.895 0.585 1.015 1.850 2.755 3.845 11.125 0 0.455 1.380 2.055 2.855 3.455 BS 0.855 1.545 2.335 3.115 3.825 0.690 0.790 0.780 0.710 0.925 0.675 0.800 0.600 0.430 0.835 0.905 1.090 9.230 IS FS Rise(+) Fall (-) RL 380.500 379.810 379.020 378.240 377.530 Change points 736.605 375.930 375.130 374.530 Change points 374.100 373.265 372.360 371.270 Remark

Check:

BS Rise -

FS = 1.895 - 11.125 = - 9.230 9.230 1 different of level fall = 0 - 9.230 = - 9.230

39 360 horizontal distance

Last RL - 1st RL = 371.270 - 380.500 = - 9.230 Falling gradient of AB = = 23 (a) Define the following terms. (i) Datum surface (or) line (2marks) (ii) Reduced level (2 marks) (b)The following consecutive readings were taken with a level and a 4 metre levelling staff on continuously sloping ground at a common interval of 30m. 0.585 on A, 0.936, 1.953, 2.846, 3.644, 3.938, 0.962, 1.035, 1.689, 2.534, 3.844, 0.956, 1.579, 3.016, on B. = (i.e 1 in 39)

- 35 The elevation of A was 520, 450. Make up a level book and apply the usual checks. Determine the gradient of the line AB. (16 marks) Solution: (i) Datum surface or line This is an imaginary level surface or level line from which the vertical distances of different points (above or below this line) are measured. (ii) Reduced level (RL) The vertical distance of a point above or below the datum line is known as the reduced level (RL) of that point. The RL of a point may be positive or negative according as the point is above or below the datum.

(b)
Distance

Station A

Back sight 0.585

Readings Inter sight 0.936 1.953 2.846 3.644

Fore Collimation sight 521.035

Reduced Level 520.450 520.099 519.082 518.189 517.391

Remarks

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300

0.962 1.035 1.689 2.534 0.956 1.579

3.938

518.059

517.097 517.024 516.370 515.525

Change point

3.844 3.016

515.171

514.215 513.592 512.155 - 8.295

Change point

330 2.503 - 8.295

Arithmetical check

10.798

- 36 R.L of A = 520.450 R.L of B = 521.155 Difference = - 8.295 There is a fall of 8.925 metres from A to B. The distance AB = 330 metres. Gradient of the line AB = i.e. 1 in 39.8 (falling)

24 (a) Define the following terms. (i) Foresigh reading (2 marks) (ii) Intermediates sights reading. (2 marks) (b) Following consecutive readings were taken with a dumpy level: 0.894, 1.643, 2.896, 3.016, 0.954, 0.692, 0.582, 0.251, 1.532, 0.996, 2.135. The instrument was shifted after the fourth and the eighth readings. The first reading was taken on the staff held on the bench mark of R.L 820.765.
8.295 1 1 Rule out a page of a level field book and enter the above readings. Calculate the reduced = = 330 39.77 39.8

levels of the points and show the usual checks. What is the difference of level between the first and last points? Using the collimation system. (16 marks) Solution: (i) Foresigh reading (FS) It is the last staff reading in any set up of the instrument and indicates the shifting of the latter . (ii) Intermediates sights reading (IS) It is any other staff reading between the BS and FS in the same set up of the instrument.

- 37 Station Station Back sight 0.894 1.643 2.896 0.954 0.692 0.582 1.532 0.996 2.135 3.380 - 2.022 5.402 1.239 0.251 3.016 0.262 0.110 0.331 0.536 1.139 3.261 0.749 1.253 0.120 Inter sight Fore sight Rise Fall Reduced Level 820.765 820.016 818.763 818.643 818.905 819.015 819.346 819.882 818.743 - 2.022 C.P C.P

Remarks

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Arithmetic Check

B.M

- 2.022

The difference of level between the first and last points = 820.765 - 818.143 = 2.022, which indicates that there is a fall form the 1st point to the last point.

25 (a) Define the following terms. (i) Bench - marks (2 marks) (ii) Backsight reading (2 marks) (b) The following consecutive readings were taken with a levelling instrument of intervals of 20m. 2.375, 1.730, 0.615, 3.450, 2.835, 2.070, 1.835, 0.985, 0.435, 1.630, 2.255 and 3.630m. The instrument was shifted after the fourth and eight readings. The last reading was taken on a B.M of R.L 110.200m. Find the R.Ls of all the points. Using Rise and Fall system. (16 marks) Solution: (a) (i) Bench-marks (BM)

- 38 These are fixed points or marks of known RL determined with reference to the datum line. These are very important marks. They serve as reference points for finding the RL of new points or for conducting levelling opreations in projects involving roads railways etc. (ii) Backsight reading (BS) This is the first staff reading taken in any set up of the instrument after the levelling has been perfectly done. This reading is always taken on a point of known RL i.e on bench-mark or change points.

(b) Rise and Full system

Station Chainage (m) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Total 5.645 0.435 1.63 2.255 3.63 8.065 3.61 2.835 2.07 1.835 0.985 BS 2.375 1.73 0.615 3.45 0.765 0.235 0.85 1.195 0.625 1.375 IS FS Rise Fall RL 112.62 Remarks

1.115

0.645 2.835

113.265 114.38 111.545 112.31 112.545 113.395 112.2 111.575 110.2 B.M C.P C.P

Check BS Rise FS = 5.645 - 8.065 = -2.42 = -2.42

Fall = 3.61 - 6.03

Last RL - 1st RL

= 110.2 - 112.62 = -2.42 (ok)

- 39 26 (a) Define the following terms. (i) Change point (2 marks) (ii) Height of instrument (2 marks) (b) The following successive readings were taken with a dumpy level along a chain line at common intervals of 20m. The first reading was taken on a chainage 140m. The R.L of the second change point was 107.215m. The instrument was shifted after the third and seventh readings. Calculated the RLs, of all the points; 3.150, 2.245, 3.860, 2.125, 0.760, 2.235, 0.470, 1.953, 3.225, and 3.890m. Using Rise and Fall method. (16 marks) Solution: (a) (i) Change point (CP) This point indicates the shifting of the instrument. At this point, an FS is taken from one setting and a BS from the next setting. (ii) Height of instrument (HI) When the levelling instrument is property levelled the RL of the line of collimation is known as the height of the instrument. This is obtained by adding the BS reading to the RL of the BM or CP on which the staff reading was taken. (b) Rise and Fall method
Station Chainage (m) 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Total 7.48 0.47 1.935 3.225 3.89 7.25 5.125 3.86 20125 0.76 2.235 BS 3.15 2.245 1.125 0.905 1.12 1.735 1.365 1.475 1.465 1.29 0.665 4.895 IS FS Rise Fall RL 103.565 104.47 105.59 107.325 108.69 107.215 105.75 104.46 103.795 CP CP Remarks

- 40 Check BS Rise FS = 7.48 - 7.25 = 0.23 = 0.23

Fall = 5.125 - 4.895

Last RL - 1st RL

= 103.795 - 103.565 = 0.23 (ok)

27 (a) Define the following terms. (i) Horizontal plane (2 marks) (ii) Line of the collimation (2 marks) (b)In fly levelling from a BM of R.L 140.605, the following readings were observed; Backsight Foresight 1.545, 2.695, 1.415, 2.925 0.575, 1.235, 0.595

From the last position of the instrument, six pegs at 20m intervals are to be set out on a uniformly rising gradient of 1 in 50, the first peg is to have an RL of 144.000. Find the
1 staff readings and RLs of the pegs. (16 marks)
50

Solution (a) (i) Horizontal plane

Any plane tangential to the level surface at any point is known as the horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to the plumb line which indicates the direction of gravity. (ii) Line of the collimation It is an imaginary line passing through the intersection of the cross-hairs at the diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass and its continuation. It is also known as the line of sight.

(b) For pegs, rising gradiend = 1 in 50 = H = 50 H = 20 RL of peg (2) = V=1 V=?( 20 = 0.4m)

144 + 0.4 = 144.4

RL of peg (3) = 144.4 + 0.4 = 144.8 and so on.

- 41 Station Distance BS 1.545 2.695 1.415 2.925 0 20 40 60 80 100 8.58 2.78 2.38 1.98 1.58 1.18 0.78 3.185 IS FS 0.575 1.235 0.595 HI 142.15 144.27 144.45 146.78 146.78 RL 140.605 141.575 143.035 143.855 144 144.4 144.8 145.2 145.6 146 Remark BM CP CP CP peg - 1 peg - 2 peg - 3 peg - 4 peg - 5 peg - 6

Check

BS FS = 8.58 - 3.185 = 5.395 Last RL - 1st RL = 146 - 140.605 = 5.395 (ok)

28 Define the terms "contour line", "contour interval" and "horizontal equiralent". (20 marks) Solution: 1. Contour line The line of intersection of a level surface with the ground surface is known as the contour line or simply the contour. It can also be difined as a line passing through points of equal reduced levels. For example, a contour of 100m indicates that all the points on this line have an RL of 100m. Similarly, in a contour of 99m all points have an RL of 99m, and so on. A map showing only the contour lines of an area is called a contour map.

- 42 2. Contour interval The vertical distance between any two consecutive contours is known as a contour interval. Suppose a map includes contour lines of 100m, 98m, 96m and so on. The contour interval here is 2m. This interval depends upon: (i) the nature of the ground (i.e whether flat or sleep). (ii) the scale of the map and (iii) the purpose of survey. Contour intervals for flat country are generally small, e.g. 0.25m, 0.50m, 0.75m, etc. The contour interval for a sleep slope in a hilly area is generally greater, e.g. 5m, 10m, 15m, etc. Again for a small-scale map,the interval may be of 1m, 2m, 3m, etc and for large scale map, it may be of 0.25m, 0.05m, 0.75m, etc. It should be remembered that the contour interval for a particular map is constant. 3. Horizontal equivalent The horizontal distance between any two consecutive contours is known as horizontal equivalent. It is not constant. It varies accordin to the steepness of the ground. For steep slopes, the contour lines run close together, and for flatter slopes they are widely spaced. 29 Describe fully, with sketches, the characteristics of contours. (20 marks) Solution: Characteristics of Contours 1. In Fig the contour lines are closer near the top of a hill or high ground and wide apart near the foot. This indicates a very steep slope towards the peak and a flatter slope towards the foot.

- 43 2. In Fig the contour lines are closer near the bank of a pond or depression and wide apart towards the centre. This indicates a steep slope near the bank and a flatter slope at the centre.

3. Uniformly spaced, contour lines indicate a uniform slope.

4. Contour lines always form a closed circuit. But these lines may be within or outside the limits of the map.

5. Counter lines cannot cross one another, except in the case of an overhanging cliff. But the overlapping portion must be shown by a dotted line.

- 44 6. When the higher values are inside the loop, it indicates ridge line. Contour lines cross ridge at right angles.

7. When the lower values are inside the loop, it indicated a valley line. Contour lines cross the valley line at right angles.

8.A series of closed contours always indicates a depression or summit. The lower values being inside the loop indicates a depression and the higher values being inside the loop indicates a summit.

- 45 9. Depression between summits are called saddles.

10. Contour lines meeting at a point indicate a vertical cliff.

30 Describe the direct method of contouring with sketch. (20 marks) Solution: Direct Method There may be two cases, as outlined below. Case I: When the area is oblong and cannot be controlled from a single station: Procedure 1. Suppose a contour map is to be prepared for an oblong area. A temporary benehmark is set up near the site by taking fly level readings from a permanent benchmark. 2. The level is then set up at suitable station I from where maximum area can be covered. 3. The plane table is set up at a suitable station P from where the above area can be plotted. 4. A back sight reading is taken on the TBM. Suppose the RI of the TBM is 249.500m and that the BS reading is 2.250m. Then theRI of III is 251.750m. If a contour of

- 46 250.000m is required the staff reading should be 1.750m. If a contour of 249.000m is required the staff reading should be 2.750m and so on. 5. The staffman holds the staff at different points of the area by moving up and down or left and right, until the staff reading is exactly 1.750. Then the points are marked by pegs. Suppose, these points are A, B, C, D. 6. A suitable point p is selected on the sheet to represent the station P. Then, with the alidade touching p rays are drawn to A.B.C and D. The distances PA, PB, PC and PD are measured and plotted to a suitable scale. In this manner, the points a, b, c and d of the contour line of RI 250.000m are obtained. These points are jointed to obtain the contour of 250.000m.

7. Similarly, the points of the other contours are located. 8. When reqired, the levelling instrument and the plane table are shifted and set up a new position in order to continue the operation along the oblong area. Case II Procedure 1. The plane table is set up at a suitable station P from where the whole are can be commanded. 2. A point p is suitably selected on the sheet to represent the station P. Radial lines are then drawn in different directions.

- 47 3. A temporary bench-mark is established near the site. The level is set up at a suitable position I and a BS reading is taken on the TBM. Let the HI in this setting be 153.250m so to find the contour of RI 152.000m a staff reading of 1.250m is required at a particular point, so that the RI of contour of that point comes to 152.000m. RI = HI - staff reading = 153.250 - 1.250 = 152.000m 4. The staffman holds the staff along the rays drawn from the plane table station in such a way that the staff reading on that point is exactly 1.250. In this manner points A, B, C, D and E are located on the ground, where the staff readings are exactly 1.250. 5. The distances PA, PB, PC, PD and PE are measured and plotted to any suitable scale. Thus the points a, b, c are obtained which are jointed in order to obtain a contour of 152.000. 6. The other contours may be located in similar fashion.

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