Element & Symbol Aluminum(Al)

Solid solubility In gamma Fe 1.1% (increase by carbon) 12.8% (in 0.5%C steels 20%) Unlimited In alpha Fe 36% Influence upon ferrite Hardens considerably by solid solution Hardens slightly; increased corrosion resistance Hardens considerably by solid solution Hardens, ductility somewhat reduced

Influence upon austenite (hardenenability) If dissolved in austenite increases hardenability mildly Increases hardenability moderately, similar to manganese Decreases hardenability as dissolved Similar to Ni

Influence exerted through carbide. CarbideAction forming during tendency temperature Graphitizes

Principal function of the element.

Chromium(Cr)

Unlimited

Greater than Mn less than W Similar to Fe

Mildly resists softening

Cobalt(Co)

75%

Manganese (Mn)

Unlimited

3%

Greater than Fe, less than Cr

Sustains hardness by solid solutions Very little in usual percentage

a. b. c. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. c. a. b. c. d. e. a. b. c.

Used as deoxidizer. Restricts grain growth. Alloying element in nitriding steels. Increases corrosion and oxidation resistance. Increases hardenabability. Increases strength at high temperature. With high C resists wear and abrasion. Contributes to red hardness by hardening ferrite. Alloying element is certain high-speed steels. Counteracts effect of brittleness from sulphur. Increases hardenability inexpensively. High Mn. high C produces steels resistant to wear and abrasion. Raises grain coarsening temperature of austenite. Increases depth of hardening. Raises hot and creep strength promotes red hardness. Enhances corrosion resistance in stainless steels. Forms abrasion resistant particles. Strengthens unquenched or annealed steels. Toughens pearlitic-ferritic steels (especially low temperatures). Renders high Cr/Fe alloys austenitic. Strengthens low C steels. Increases resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Improves machinability in free cutting steel Used as deoxidizer. Alloy for electrical and magnetic sheet metals. Improves oxidation resistance. Strengthens low alloy steels. Fixes carbon in inert particles.

Molybdenum (Mo)

3% (with 0.5% C steels 8%)

37.5% (less with lowered temp)

Age-hardening system in high Mo-Fe alloys.

Increases hardenability strongly

Strong, greater than Cr

Opposes softening by secondary hardening

Nickel (N)

Unlimited

10% independent of C content

Strengthens and toughens by solid solution

Phosphorous (P)

0.5%

2.8% independent of C content 18.5% (carbon has little effect)

Silicon (Si)

Approx. 2% (with 0.35% C approx 9%)

Hardens strongly by solid solution. Lowers ductility inducing Brittleness. Hardens with loss in ductility.

Increases hardenability slightly, austenite retention with higher carbon Increases hardenability similar to Mn Increases hardenability more than Ni

Graphitizes less than Fe

Very little in small percentages

Nil

a. b. c. a. b. c. d. a.

Negative graphitizes

Sustains hardness by solid solution

Titanium (Ti)

0.75% (with

Approx. 0.6%

Gives age-hardening

Probably increases

Greatest known

Some

0.2% C steels approx 1%)

(less with lowered temperatures)

in high Fe-Ti alloy.

hardenability very strongly dissolved; its carbide effects reduce hardenability

(2% Ti renders, 0.5% C steel unhardenable)

secondary hardening

b. c. d.

Tungsten (W)

6% (with 0.25% C 11%) Approx. 1% (with 0.2% C steels 4%)

33% (less with lowered temperature) Unlimited

Age-hardening system in W-Fe alloys. Hardens moderately in solid solutions.

Vanadium (V)

Increases hardenability strongly in small quantities Increases hardenability very strongly as dissolved

Strong

Very strong

Opposes softening by secondary hardening Maximum for secondary hardening

a. b. a. b. c.

Reduces martensitic hardness and hardenability in medium Cr steels. Prevents formation of austenite in high Cr steels. Prevents localized depletion of Cr in stainless steels during long heating periods. Forms hard, abrasion resistant particles in tool steels, high-speed steels. Promotes red hardness and hot strength Promotes fine grain-elevates coarsening temperature of austenite. Increases hardenability when dissolved. Resists tempering and causes marked secondary hardening.