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Absolute Zero Accuracy Acid

0 K or -273.15C. This is the temperature at which molecular motion is at a minimum. How close a particular measurement is to the true value. A chemical that can act as a proton donor (Bronsted-Lowry theory) or is an electron acceptor (Lewis theory)

Acid Ionization Constant (Ka) Equilibrium constant for a Bronsted-Lowry acid given by the formula Ka = [H]*[A] / [HA] Actinide Element in the 2nd row of the f-block elements. Activation Energy (Ea) Active Site Activity Series Actual Yield Adduct Alcohol Aldehyde Alkali Metal Alkaline Earth Metal Alkane The amount of energy that must be put into a reaction for it to proceed. The specific area in an enzyme where the enzyme can perform a catalytic function. An ordered list of chemicals based on how easily they can be oxidized. How much product was actually made in a reaction determined by measurement. Generic name for a compound formed by the combination of a Lewis acid and a Lewis base. Any organic compound that contains a -OH functional group. Any organic compound that contains a carbonyl (C=O) attached to a H. -CHO Any element from the first column of the periodic table (group 1) Any element from the second column of the periodic table (group 2) A single bond between carbon atoms, with each carbon bonded to three other atoms. Given by the general formula CnH(2n+2) A double bond between carbon atoms, with each carbon bonded to two other atoms. A triple bond between carbon atoms, with each carbon bonded to one other atom. Mixture of 2 or more metals A solution of a metal in mercury (Hg) Any organic compound that contains a carbonyl (C=O) attached to a -NH- group. A chemical that looks like ammonia (NH3) but where any or all of the N-H bonds can be replaced with a N-C bond. A chemical that contains both a carboxylic acid (-CO2H) and an amine (-NH2)

Alkene Alkyne Alloy Amalgam Amide Amine Amino Acid

Ampere Amphiprotic Amplitude Anion Anode Antibonding Orbital

Most common unit to measure electric current. A chemical that can act as both a proton donor and a proton acceptor. The height of a wave. See "peak-to-peak amplitude" and "peak amplitude". Any chemical ion that contains a negative charge (ex. I-) In an electrical system, the electrode where oxidation occurs. An orbital involved in molecular orbital (MO) bonding theory which is less stable (higher energy) than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed. Any solution that uses water as the solvent. Equation used in kinetics that describes how rate constants depend on temperature and activation energy. k = Ae-Ea/RT A common unit of pressure that is based on normal pressure at sea level where pressure = 1atm. The most basic unit of chemical matter containing both a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

Aqueous Arrhenius Equation Atmosphere (atm) Atom Atomic Number (Z) Atomic Orbital

Describes the areas of electron density around an atoms nucleus Atomic Radius The distance from the center of an atoms nucleus to the farthest electron(s) of that atom. Atomic Symbol The letters assigned to a particular element (ex. chlorine = Cl) Atomic Theory The theory that all matter is composed of atoms, which can not change their basic properties (ex. lead can not be turned into gold) Aufbau Principle The most stable form of an atom comes from placing electrons in the lowest energy, available, atomic orbital. Avogadro's Constant The number of atoms contained in 1 mole. 6.022142 x 1023 particles/mole Azimuthal Quantum Number Describes the shape of an atomic orbital and can range (l) from 0 to n-1.

B
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Band Gap Barometer Base

Energy difference between the highest energy, filled orbital, and the lowest energy, empty orbital. Any instrument that measures atmospheric pressure.

A chemical that can act as a proton acceptor (BronstedLowry theory) or is an electron donor (Lewis theory) Base Ionization Constant (Kb) Equilibrium constant for a Bronsted-Lowry base given by the formula Kb = [BH]*[OH] / [B] Bent shape The shape of a molecule with 3 atoms that have a bond angle less than 180. Binary Compound Any chemical that is made up of only 2 different elements. Body Centered Cubic (BCC) Boiling Point A type of crystal structure where the unit cell is a cube with the same element in the middle and on all 4 corners. The temperature at which a liquid will boil. At this point, the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The way that molecular kinetic energies are distributed among a collection of molecules. A strong attractive force between two molecules created by the sharing of electrons. The angle between two atoms that are bonded to a common 3rd atom. Amount of energy that is required to break a chemical bond. Average distance between two atoms bonded together. The # of pairs of electrons involved in a chemical bond. An orbital involved in molecular orbital (MO) bonding theory which is more stable (lower energy) than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed. An acid/base theory in which protons (H+) are transferred between molecules. Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. The amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffered solution before additions cause a large change in pH. More commonly known as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation which relates pKa, pH, and the concentration of the weak acid - weak base pair. A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base that resists pH changes when another acid or base is added to the solution. Tall piece of glass tube used to accurately measure volume. Used commonly in titrations.

Boltzmann Distribution Bond Bond Angle Bond Energy Bond Length Bond Order Bonding Orbital

Bronsted-Lowry

Buffer Capacity

Buffer Equation

Buffer Solution

Buret

C
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Calorimeter Capillary Action Carbohydrate Carbonyl Carboxylic Acid Catalyst Cathode Cation Cell Potential Celsius Degrees (C)

Any device that can be used to measure the amount of heat emitted or absorbed over any length of time. Liquid moving against gravity in a narrow tube. A common chemical in biology given by the formula (CH2O)n Any carbon double-bonded to an oxygen (C=O) Any acid that has a -CO2H functional group. Anything that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not being produced or consumed in the reaction. In an electrical system, the electrode where reduction occurs. Any chemical ion that contains a positive charge (ex. Cu2+) The difference in electric potential (E) between a cells anode and cathode. Measured in volts. Temperature scale used by most of the world, where 0C is the freezing point of pure water, and 100C is the boiling point of pure water. A complex formed by polydentate ligands (ligands that can bind in more than one place) The effect of a complex becoming more stable when bound with polydentate ligands. Energy that is stored in chemical bonds. Way to write a chemical reaction that describes both reactants and products as well as gives relative amounts of each. The point of a reversible chemical reaction where no net change can be seen because the reaction is proceeding both forwards and backwards at the same rate. An area of chemistry that studies how fast reactions occur A systematic way in which chemicals are given names. The study of the elements and how they interact. A way of separating substances based on their characteristics usually using a liquid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase. The way in which atoms are packed in a crystal to take up the least amount of physical space. A system that can absorb or emit energy to its surroundings, but can not transfer matter.

Chelate Chelate Effect Chemical Energy Chemical Equation

Chemical Equilibrium

Chemical Kinetics Chemical Nomenclature Chemistry Chromatography

Close Packed Closed System

Cohesive Force Colligative Property Combustion Common Ion Effect Common Name Complex Ion Compound Concentration Condensation Reaction Conduction Band Conductor Conjugate Acid-Base Pair Conserved Conversion Ratio Coordination Complex Coordination Number Copolymerization Core Electrons Corrosion Coulomb's Law

A force that pushes similar chemicals in the same phase together. Any property of a solution that depends on the concentration of the solution. The reaction that occurs between a substance and oxygen that releases energy. The effect of reduced solubility caused by the presence of one of the ions involved. See LeChatliers Principle A name used in place of a more technical name for a chemical. (ex, NaCl is referred to as table salt) A substance formed from the bonding of a metal ion to a chemical containing lone pairs. Any chemical made of 2 or more separate elements bonded together. The amount of a solute that is dissolved in a solvent. A reaction in which 2 molecules are bonded together and water is created as a byproduct. A "band" of molecular orbitals where electrons can travel freely. Any substance that conducts electricity well. Bronsted-Lowry acid such as CH3COOH (acetic acid) that loses its proton (H+) to form a base CH3COO- (acetate). A substance's amount does not change. A ratio used to convert from one unit to another one. (ex. 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters) A cation (usually a metal) that binds covalently to 2 or more other substances (ligands). The number of atoms that are bonded to the central atom. Using two or more monomers to form a single polymer. Electrons not in the Valence (outermost) shell of an atom. When a metal is oxidized in any environment.

Describes the interaction of two electrically charged objects. Fel = k (q1*q2)/r2 Coupled Reaction A pair of reactions in which one of the reactions drives the other Covalent Bond A bond in which electrons are shared equally between atoms. Critical Mass The smallest amount of nuclear material that is needed to create a self-sustaining fission reaction. Crosslinking When separate chains of a polymer form bonds between them. Crystal Field Splitting Energy The energy difference between the 5 d orbitals when they are split into groups of 3 and 2.

Crystal Field Theory

Cyclotron

A theory that describes how the d orbitals of a transition metal complex split into 2 energy levels based on the electronic properties of the ligands attached. A particle accelerator that is used to make really high energy nuclear particles by bouncing them off each other at high speeds.

D
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures Degenerate Orbitals Delocalized Delocalized Orbital Density Desorption Deuterium (D) Diamagnetic Diatomic Molecule Diffusion Dilution Dipolar Force Dipole Moment Diprotic Acid Dispersion Force Dominant Equilibrium Donor Atom Doped Semiconductor

States that each gas in a mixture contributes the same pressure as it would by itself. Molecular Orbitals that have the same energy. Not localized. Spread out over space. Any molecular orbital in which the orbital is spread over 2 or more atoms. Mass / Volume When an adsorbed molecule is detached.
2

H - An isotope of hydrogen containing 1 proton and 1 neutron. A substance that is repelled by a magnetic field as a result of having no unpaired electrons. (see also, paramagnetic) Any molecule that has exactly 2 atoms. The mixing of solutions caused by molecular motion over time. Creating a less concentrated solution by adding more solvent. Attractive force between two polar chemicals. The positive side of one is attracted to the negative side of the other. The electrical properties of a compound resulting from an uneven charge distribution. Bronsted-Lowry acid that can donate 2 protons (H) Attractive force between molecules that have temporary dipole moments. The most important equilibrium in determining concentrations when more than one equilibrium is involved. Any atom that can contribute electrons to a covalent bond. A metal to which "impurities" have been added, usually to increase conductivity.

Double Bond Ductile Dynamic Dynamic Equilibrium

A bond between atoms that involves 2 pairs of electrons, or 4 electrons total. Something that can be drawn into tubes or wires. Continually changing. Molecules in constant motion. The point of a reversible chemical reaction where no net change can be seen because the reaction is proceeding both forwards and backwards at the same rate.

E
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Effective Collision Effective Nuclear Charge Elastomer Electrical Force Electrochemical Reaction Electrode Electrolysis Electrolytic Cell Electromagnetic Radiation Electron Electron Affinity Electron Capture Electron Configuration Electron Deficient

When molecules collide and a reaction takes place. The total positive charge felt by an electron. Equals the nuclear charge minus any effects of "screening" electrons. A polymer that is flexible. Force felt between two charged objects. A redox reaction that forces a charge through an external electrical circuit. A conductor that connects an electrochemical reaction with an external circuit. A non-spontaneous chemical reaction that is driven by electricity. A cell where electrolysis can occur. Waves that have both electrical and magnetic properties. Particle that surrounds atoms and has a negative electrical charge of -1.602x10-19C and a mass of 9.11x10-31kg The amount of energy related to the coupling of an electron to an atom. A type of nuclear decay in which a core electron is captured by an unstable nucleus, converting a proton into a neutron. How a particular atoms or molecules electrons are distributed amongst its orbitals. An atom that does not have enough electrons to fill the valence shell.

Electron Density Electronegativity Electroplating Element Elemental Analysis Emission Spectrum

A mathematical prediction of the probability of the location of an electron around an atom. Both a relative and quantitative scale which describes how strongly an atom will attract electrons involved in bonding. When something is coated in a metal using electrolysis. New copper pennies are mostly Zinc, coated with Copper. A particular substance in which all the atoms have the same number of protons. Analysis to find which elements, and their percent by mass, a compound contains. The different wavelengths of light (photons) that are emitted by the relaxation of an electron from an excited state. The chemical formula of a compound written with the smallest possible integers. (ex. H4O2 is a chemical formula for water, H2O is the empirical formula) Something that absorbs some form of energy. Theoretical term that describes how much work can be done. The amount of energy that a particular species has. Also known as the heat content, describes the thermodynamic potential of a system in terms of energy. H = E + P*V A measurement of disorder in thermodynamics. Natures catalysts. In a trigonal bipyramidal compound, a space that exists in the trigonal plane. When a system shows no net change over time. Similar to Ka and Kb, a value that determines the concentrations of products and reactants of a particular reaction. Given by the general formula K=[A]a[B]b/[C]c[D]d Any compound that has a carbonyl bonded to an O that is bonded to something else. -(C=O)-OAny compound that has a C-O-C bond. When a compound goes from a liquid to a gaseous state. When an electron is in an orbital that has more energy than another, empty orbital. Something that emits some form of energy.

Empirical Formula

Endothermic Energy Energy Level Enthalpy (H)

Entropy (S) Enzyme Equatorial Position Equilibrium Equilibrium Constant (K)

Ester Ether Evaporation Excited State Exothermic

Extensive Property

A property that depends on the size of the sample. (ex. length, mass)

F
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Faraday's Constant (F) First Law of Thermodynamics First-Order Reaction Fission Formal Charge

Electrical charge in 1 mol of electrons equal to 9.64834x104 C/mol Energy is always conserved. It can not be created or destroyed. E= q + w A reaction that is dependent on concentration taken to the first power. A type of nuclear reaction where a nucleus breaks up into two smaller ones. The charge of a particular atom in a compound based on the elements column in the periodic table, and the number of valence electrons surrounding the atom. An equilibrium constant for the formation of a new compound. A reaction in which a compound is formed from each element in its standard state. Thermodynamic free energy determined by enthalpy and entropy. G = H - T*S or G = H - TS A chemical that is extremely reactive because it contains an unpaired, lone electron.

Formation Constant Formation Reaction Free Energy (G) Free Radical

Free Radical Polymerization Polymerization that occurs as a result of reaction mechanisms that involve free radicals. Freezing Point Freezing Point Depression Frequency () Functional Group The temperature for a particular compound where the liquid freezes to form a solid. When a freezing point is lower due to the effects of impurities in the solution. The number of waves that occur at a point over a given time. A particular atom or group of atoms in a molecule that give the molecule certain properties. (ex. carbonyl, alcohol, aldehyde)

Fusion

A type of nuclear reaction where two nuclei come together to form one large nucleus.

G
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Galvanic Cell

Gamma Ray () Gas Gas Constant (R)

A reaction system in which an electrochemical reaction occurs spontaneously to force voltage through an external circuit. High-energy photon (<10pm wavelength) that is emitted by nuclear decay. A substance whose intermolecular forces are weak enough to allow expansion and contraction to fill a given volume. Constant used to link temperature to energy or pressure per mol. R = 8.314 J / mol K or R = 0.08206 L atm / mol K Two chemicals that have all the same elements, but the elements are not all in the same places. A protein whose tertiary structure is compact and spherical. The force between two objects caused by their mass. The heating of the earth caused by atmospheric gases absorbing infrared radiation. When the lowest energy, most stable, electron orbitals are full. A particular column of the periodic table.

Geometric Isomers Globular Protein Gravitation Force Greenhouse Effect Ground State Group

H
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Haber Process Half-Life (t1/2) Half-Reaction

An industrial process that creates ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen. A set amount of time in which half of a reactant will be consumed in the reaction. t1/2 = ln(2) / k Usually referring to either an oxidation or reduction reaction as a part of a redox reaction that shows the electrons. Any element in the second to last column (group 17) of the periodic table. Lewis Acid that is not easily polarized. Lewis Base that is not easily polarized. It's donor electrons are tightly bound. The transfer of energy in thermodynamics from a system to its surroundings or vice versa. Constant for a particular compound expressed in J / mol K. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 mol by 1C or 1K The change in enthalpy related to the dilution of a solution. The change in enthalpy related to the dissolving of a solute in a solvent. The change in enthalpy related to the vaporization of a liquid. States that the partial pressure of a gas in the atmosphere above a solution is directly related to the concentration of that gas in the solution. Constant that describes how the partial pressure of a gas above a solution and the concentration of that gas in solution are related. The net change in enthalpy to get from A to B is equal to the sum of the enthalpy of the steps to get from A to B. Something that contains more than one component and is not uniform in its composition. In crystal field theory, a compound whose d orbitals have a low splitting energy, causing electrons to fill the (slightly) higher energy orbitals before flipping spins and pairing with the electrons already in the lower energy d orbitals. Something that contains only one component and has a uniform distribution. In degenerate orbitals, electrons will fill in all empty orbitals before flipping and pairing with another electron. This is the most stable conformation.

Halogen Hard Acid Hard Base Heat (q) Heat Capacity

Heat of Dilution Heat of Solution Heat of Vaporization Henry's Law

Henry's Law Constant

Hess' Law Heterogeneous High-Spin Complex

Homogeneous Hund's Rule

Hybrid Orbital Hybridization Hydrate Hydrocarbon Hydrogen Bond Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Hydroxyl Group

An atomic orbital created by the combination of two or more other orbitals. The creation of a hybrid orbital by combining two or more atomic orbitals. A chemical compound that has water molecules included in its structure. Any compound containing only hydrogen and carbon. Intermolecular force in which a H atom weakly bonds with a highly electronegative atom such as F, O or N. Water loving. Water hating. -OH functional group.

I
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Ideal Gas Indicator Induced Fit Induced Nuclear Reaction Ineffective Collision Initial Concentration Initiation Initiator

Hypothetical gas that is assumed to have no intermolecular forces or molecular volume whose behavior can be described by PV=nRT A chemical used to indicate the endpoint of a titration because of its color change at a certain pH. When an enzyme and the chemical binding to it change their shapes to fit together better. A nuclear reaction caused by a nuclear projectile colliding with an atomic nucleus. Any collision between molecules that does not lead to a reaction. The concentration at the beginning of a reaction, before the reaction actually happens. Ceremony marking membership in an organization. Ok, I'm kidding - it's a chemical reaction that starts polymerization. The substance that causes initiation.

Inner Atom Insoluble Integrated Rate Law Intensity Intensive Property Intermediate Intermolecular Force

Any atom that is on the "inside" of a molecule by being bound to more than 1 other atom. A chemical that can not be dissolved into a solution. (Ksp<<1) Gives the concentration of a substance based on time. How bright a light is. Related to the number of photons. A property that does not depend on the size of the sample. (ex. temperature, density) A chemical that is formed as a result of how a reaction occurs. Are usually produced and consumed very quickly en route to the final product. Any force between molecules such as hydrogen bonding or dispersion forces.

International System of Units Metric Scale. Internationally agreed upon standard (SI) measurements. Intramolecular Force Ion Ionic Compound Ionic Solid Ionization Energy Isoelectronic Isomers Isotope Any force between atoms in one molecule. An element that has a charge. A compound that is neutral overall but is made up of both cations and anions. A solid ionic compound whose molecules are attracted to each other by coulombic interactions rather than covalent bonds. The amount of energy that is needed to remove an electron from a molecule. Have the same number of electrons Any molecules that have the same number and type of atoms, but have different structures. Same atom, different number of neutrons.

J
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Joule (J)

Standard (SI) energy unit. 1 J = 1kg*m2/s2

K
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Kelvin Ketone Kilogram (kg) Kinetic Energy Kinetics

Standard temperature unit based on the Celsius scale where C = K + 273.15 and 0 K is absolute zero. Any compound that has a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to two carbons. Standard (SI) unit for mass. The energy contained in the motion of something. Ekinetic = 1/2 m*u2. The study of how fast a chemical reaction occurs.

L
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Lanthanide Lattice Lattice Energy

Law of Conservation of Energy

Law of Conservation of Mass

Lead Battery Le Chatlier's Principle

Any element in the 4f block of the periodic table from (57) La to (70) Yb A number of atoms organized into a regular and repeating pattern in a 3-dimensional structure The amount of energy released when atoms in the gaseous state condense into a lattice. Law that says that energy can not be created or destroyed. True except for nuclear reactions where mass is converted into energy, thus "creating energy" as governed by Einstein's famous E=MC2 Law that says that mass can not be created or destroyed. True except for nuclear reactions where mass is converted into energy, thus "creating energy" as governed by Einstein's famous E=MC2 Battery commonly used in cars. A basic voltaic cell in which both half reactions involve lead If a reaction is at equilibrium, and one of the elements of the reaction is added, then the reaction will proceed in a

Length Lewis Acid Lewis Base Lewis Structure

Ligand Light Limiting Reactant Linear Linear (electronic/molecular) Geometry Linear Accelerator Line Structure

Liquid Liter (L) Lone Pair Low-Spin Complex

direction to maintain equilibrium. (If you add something on the right of the reaction, it will react backwards and increase the elements on the left of the reaction) A distance measuring how much space an object occupies An electron-pair acceptor in the Lewis Acid/Base theory An electron-pair donor in the Lewis Acid/Base theory A way of representing the structure of a molecule using element symbols, lines to represent bonds, and dots to represent non-bonding electrons. Something that acts as a lewis base, donating a pair of electrons to a metal atom or a cation in order to form a bond. Photons. Visible light is photons with a wavelength between 400 and 700 nanometers. In a reaction, the element that runs out first, stopping the reaction from proceeding any further. Straight line State of an atom in a molecule in which any bonded atoms are located on a straight line. Device used to accelerate particles (like atomic nuclei) along a straight line Simplified lewis structures for carbon containing molecules in which C atoms are implied at the "joints", in addition, H atoms are implied without having to draw. One of the phases of matter in which the volume of a substance remains the same, but the shape of the substance can change constantly. Water is a liquid. Duh. Standard unit of volume in the metric system equal to 1000cm3 A pair of electrons on an atom that is not involved in any bond. Based on Crystal Field Theory - a complex in which electrons are paired in the lower of the split d orbitals before they are added to the higher of the split d orbitals

M
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Macromolecule

A really big molecule. Usually more than a couple hundred atoms.

Macroscopic Magnet Magnetic Force Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) Magnitude Main Group Element Main Group Metal Major Species Malleable Manometer Mass Mass Number (A)

Mass Percent Composition Matter Mechanism Meniscus Mesosphere Metabolism Metal Metalloid Metallurgy Metathesis Reaction Meter (m) Micelle

Something that you can see without the help of a magnifying device like a microscope. Something that has no net electric charge, but can either attract or repel a moving electrical charge. The force of either attraction or repulsion between two or more objects A quantum number valued from + l to - l and all the integers in between (if l = 2, ml can be -2,-1,0,1,2) Tells you where in space an atomic orbital is. How large or small a number is. An element in the p block of the periodic table An element in the p block of the periodic table that displays metallic properties In an aqueous solution, the element (molecules, anions, cations) that is most prevalent Something that be shaped in its solid form. A simple instrument used to measure pressure in which a u-shaped tube is filled with a liquid and each end is exposed to different pressures The amount of matter in an object. Different from weight. In an atoms nucleus, the total number of protons and neutrons (protons + neutrons =A) How much of a particular element is in an element expressed as a percent of total mass. To find, divide the total mass of an element(s) by the total mass of the molecule Anything that has a mass and occupies space The specific way in which a chemical reaction occurs. Usually shown in steps using arrows and half arrows to denote movement of electrons The curved portion of a liquid in a small tube The part of the earths atmosphere located from 50km and 85km above the surface of the earth The breakdown of molecules in a biochemical cell Any element that tends to lose electrons to form cations and conducts both heat and electricity well An element that is a semi-metal. That is, it displays properties between those of a metal and a non-metal A science of working with metals to extract, purify, and create useful substances with them Also known as a double displacement reaction. Two molecules exchange bonded atoms. (AB + CD -> AD + CB) Standard unit of length A large group of molecules in where each molecule has a

Microscopic Midpoint Minor Species Miscible Mixture Moderator Molar Heat of Solution Molar Mass Molarity Mole Mole Fraction Molecular Density Molecular Geometry Molecular View Molecule Monodentate Monomer

hydrophobic end pointing in, and a a hydrophilic end pointing out Something that needs a magnifying device to see The point in a titration reaction where 1/2 of the amount of titrant needed to reach the end point has been added In an aqueous solution, the element (molecules, anions, cations) that is not the most prevalent Something that is soluble, in any amount Something that has 2 or more substances Useless person in presidential debates that is supposed to keep "order". OR a substance that is used to slow down neutrons in a nuclear reactor (or any chemical reaction) The amount of energy released or taken in when a substance is dissolved in solution The mass (in g) of one mole of a substance The number of moles of a substance in 1L of solution 6.022x1023 atoms. Comes from the number of atoms of Carbon to weigh 12g A ratio of the number of moles of 1 element to the total number of moles of all elements. Ex, In H2O, the mole fraction of O is 1:3 (1 mole of O, 3 moles of all elements) Just like regular density, but for molecules. The number of molecules contained in a specific volume The shape of a molecule that is derived from how the different atoms are situated in space. Imagine being the size of a molecule. Molecular view is just how things would look from a molecules perspective A group of atoms that are connected by chemical bonds Any ligand that contains only 1 donor atom Used in the production of polymers. A single molecule that, in a polymer, repeats itself

N
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Near Degenerate Orbitals Nernst Equation

Molecular orbitals that have nearly identical energies. Degenerate orbitals have exactly identical energies E=E0 - (RT/nF) lnQ Used to relate the potential of an electrochemical cell (E)

Net Ionic Equation Network Solid Neutral Atom Neutralization Reaction Neutron Newton Nitrogen Fixation Noble Gas Node Nomenclature Nonbonding Electron Nonmetal Normal Boiling Point N-type Semiconductor Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclear Decay Nucleon Nucleotide Nucleus Nuclide

to standard potentials (E0) and concentrations (through Q) One way of writing a chemical reaction that shows which elements are participating in the reaction Solid held together by covalent bonds Any atom that has the same number of protons and electrons Any reaction in which a proton is transferred between an acid and a base to produce neutral molecules Subatomic particle that has mass, but no electrical charge Standard unit of force A conversion of pure nitrogen (molecules) into other molecules that contain nitrogen (ex, ammonia) Any element in the right hand column (Group 18) on the periodic table In molecular orbitals, a point where the electron density is 0 A specified set of rules used in order to name chemicals. Any electron that is located in the valence shell that does not participate in bonding Any element that isn't a metal or metalloid. Do not usually form cations The point at which a liquid transitions to a gas under normal pressure A metalloid that has been "doped" with another element in order to have an excess of valence electrons The amount of energy holding each subatomic particle in an atoms nucleus together When an unstable nucleus spontaneously decomposes into other things A proton or neutron contained in an atoms nucleus In DNA and RNA, a repeating unit that contains a base, a phosphate, and a 5 C sugar group The center of an atom containing protons and neutrons A specific nucleus given by its charge (Z) and mass (A)

O
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Octahedral

A molecular geometry shape in which 6 atom are bonded

Open System Orbital Orbital Overlap Order of Reaction Organic Chemistry Osmosis Osmotic Pressure Outer Atom Overall Order Oxidation Oxidation Number Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions Oxidization Agent Oxyacid Oxyanion Ozone Layer

to a single, center atom A system that is open to its surroundings, allowing exchange of heat, mass and energy A three dimensional shape that describes where in space an electron is When two separate orbitals overlap (occupy the same space) with each other Stems from rate laws - describes the exponent to which a concentration is raised Branch of chemistry focused on Carbon (molecules and reactions) When a solvent moves through a semi-permeable membrane Pressure difference needed to prevent osmosis from occuring An atom in a molecule that is "on the edge" and is only bonded to one other atom Add up all of the "Orders of Reactions" for each element in a reaction Loss of electrons (OIL - Oxidation Is Loss) The charge that an atom would have if all bonding electrons (bonded to more electronegative atoms) were removed A kind of reaction in which electrons are transferred, thereby oxidizing some atoms, and reducing others The element that is being reduced (gains electrons) causing something else to be oxidized An acid containing -OH and O atoms Any anion that is made up of a central atom bonded to atleast 2 Oxygen atoms Section of the earths atmosphere that contains Ozone (O3)

P
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Pairing Energy Paramagnetic Partial Pressure

The repulsion between 2 electrons placed in the same orbital A substance that is attracted by a magnetic field as a result of having unpaired electrons. (see also, diamagnetic) In a system containing a mixture of gases, the pressure

Parts per Billion (ppb) Parts per Million (ppm) Pascal (Pa) Passive Electrode Pauli Exclusion Principle Peptide Percent Yield Periodic Table pH pH Meter Phase Phase Change Phase Diagram Phospholipid Photoelectric Effect Photon Pi bond Physical Transformation Physical Property Pipet Planck's Constant (h) Plastic Plastic (alternate) Plasticizer Pleated Sheet

contributed from 1 particular gas A unit of concentration telling us how many objects are in 1 billion objects (ug/kg) A unit of concentration telling us how many objects are in 1 million objects (ug/g) Unit of pressure - one Newton per m2 An electrode in an electrochemical cell that does not participate in the redox reactions, and only transfers electrons No 2 electrons can have the same wavefunction - or no 2 electrons can have the exact same set of quantum numbers A small polymer made up of amino acids How much product you actually got from a reaction. (Actual/Theoretical x 100%) Table that arranges the elements by increasing atomic number and similar properties -log[H]. A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is An instrument that measures pH Solid, Liquid, or Gas Transition from one phase to another A graph showing what phase a chemical is in depending on Temperature and Pressure A biochemical molecule that is an integral component of cell membranes A metal surface shooting off electrons when exposed to light. Photons (light) of specific wavelengths correspond to certain energies that will release electrons A subatomic particle we understand as light. Has an energy given by E=hv A bond formed by any orbitals that are side by side and perpendicular to the "bonding axis" When a chemicals physical properties are changed, but the chemical properties remain the same Any property that can be observed without changing the chemical properties Lab device used to measure specific volumes of liquids 6.63 x 10-34 J s. A constant that relates the energy of a photon to its frequency (E=hv) A polymer having a high molecular weight A substance that will undergo a permanent change of shape if it is strained beyond a certain point Something added to a plastic in order to make it more flexible or a Beta-Pleated Sheet - a secondary protein structure in which the amino acids form a flat, sheet like structure (as

Polar Bond Polarizability Polyamide Polyatomic Polyester Polymer Polypeptide Polyprotic Acid Positron Positron Emission Potential Energy Precipitate Precipitation Precision Pressure Primary Structure Principal Quantum Number (n) Product Propagation Protein Proton Proton Transfer P-type Semiconductor

opposed to the twisting alpha-helix structure) Any bond in which one atom either "gives" or "takes" an electron, instead of both atoms sharing that electron like in a covalent bond How easily the electron density around an atom can be distorted. Any polymer that links its monomers using an amide linkage group A molecule that contains many atoms Any polymer that links its monomers using an ester linkage group A molecule that contains many individual units (monomers) linked together A protein molecule composed of amino acids An acid that contains more than one H atom according to the Bronsted-Lowry Acid/Base theory The antimatter particle equivalent to an electron but having a positive charge A kind of nuclear decay in which a positron is emitted, decreasing the atomic number, but leaving the mass number unchanged How much energy something has that has not yet been realized in some way A solid that is formed in, and separates itself from a solution The formation of a precipitate How reproducible the results of an experiment are The force of a substance over a certain area The order in which amino acids are arranged in a protein Number that tells you the energy and size of an atomic orbital. The first row (H and He) have an n value of 1, the second row n=2, etc... The substance that is made in a chemical reaction When a polymerization reaction begins, propagation is the continuation of that reaction A polymer that is important in biochemistry and is made up of amino acids Subatomic particle contained in the nucleus of atoms that has a positive charge and mass When a H+ atom is transferred from one molecule to another A metalloid that has been "doped" with another element in order to have a deficiency of valence electrons

Q
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Quantized Quantum Number Quantum Theory

Having real number values A set of numbers that describe the state of an electron in an atom Theory of how subatomic particles interact

R
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Radiant Energy Radiation Therapy Radioactivity Rate Rate Constant (k) Rate Law Rate-Determining Step Reactant

Reaction Quotient (Q)

The amount of energy that photons have when emitted by electromagnetic radiation Using radioactive substances to treat cancer Energetic particles emitted as a nucleus undergoes spontaneous decay Amount of change over a given time A constant that tells you the rate of a reaction depending on the concentrations of the reagents A way of relating how fast a reaction proceeds (its rate) depending on the concentrations of the reagents In a reaction with more than one step, the step that occurs the slowest A molecule that "reacts" (is consumed) during a chemical reaction A ratio of the concentrations of products and reactants in a chemical reaction, with each raised to its stoichiometric coefficient. In the reaction aA + bB -> cC + dD Q= [C]c[D]d / [A]a[B]b A kind of reaction in which electrons are transferred, thereby oxidizing some atoms, and reducing others The element that is being oxidized (loses electrons) causing something else to be reduced Gain of electrons (RIG - Reduction Is Gain) Some substances contain delocalized electrons, where

Redox Reaction (OxidationReduction Reaction) Reducing Agent Reduction Resonance

Resonance Structure Reversible Reaction Reversibility Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Root-Mean-Square

Rounding

more than one Lewis structure can be used to show where electrons are The various structures used to show resonance A chemical reaction that can easily proceed in either direction A chemical reaction that has the ability to proceed in either direction Polymer of various nucleotides that transfers genetic information Take all the individual numbers and square them, then find the mean (average) of these numbers, and then take the root of the average Increasing or decreasing the value of a number so that it only has a specific number of significant digits. 4.4999999 would round to 4, whereas 4.50101 would round to 5

S
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Saturated Schrodinger Equation Scientific Notation

Screening Second (s) Second Law of Thermodynamics Second-Generation Star Second-Order Reaction Secondary Structure Seesaw Shape Semiconductor

A solution that contains the absolute maximum that it can hold of a given substance Equation from quantum mechanics that describes the behavior of electrons in atoms A way of writing very large or very small numbers as a number between 1 and 10, multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power Electrons in the d-orbitals "screen" (block) some of the pull from the nucleus, reducing the effective nuclear charge Standard unit of time Law that states that entropy (disorder) will always increase A star formed from the collapse of a first generation star elements will have a Z <27 Any reaction whose overall order is equal to 2 The way in which a string of amino acids forms - usually in ribbons or sheets A molecular geometry shape that resembles a seesaw Any substance that can somewhat conduct electricity. Not as good a conductor as a pure metal, but not as bad a conductor as a non-metal

Semipermeable Membrane SI (Systeme International) Sigma Bond Significant Figure Single Bond Slightly Soluble Soft Acid Soft Base Solid Solubility Solubility Product (Ksp) Soluble Solute Solution Solvent Space-Filling Model Spectator Ions Spectrochemical Series Spectrum Spin Orientation Quantum Number (ms) Splitting Energy Spontaneous Square Planar

A thin membrane that allows certain things through (like a solvent) but not other things (like a solute) System of standard units used by scientists all over the world Any bond that is formed by orbitals on the "bonding axis" - directly between bonded atoms A number that is known to be accurate up to the last digit it contains A chemical bond between two atoms created by sharing a pair of electrons. Drawn as a single line Something that is able to partially dissolve in a solution. Ksp will be between 10-2 and 10-5 An acid according to the Lewis Acid/Base theory, whose electron accepting atom is highly polarizable A base according to the Lewis Acid/Base theory, whose electron donating atom is highly polarizable Phase of matter where the substance has a definite shape and volume How much of a substance will dissolve in a solution Equilibrium constant that tells how much of a substance will dissolve in a solution. Something that can dissolve in a solution. Ksp will be greater than 10-2 Something that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution Any mixture of two or more substances, consisting of a solute and a solvent Something in which other things can be dissolved. The chemical present in the largest amount. A computer generated molecular model that shows the space filled by the molecules electrons Any anions or cations that are present during a reaction, but do not actually participate in the reaction The order of ligands in crystal field theory according to the energy level difference between their split d-orbitals A graph of light according to either frequency or wavelength The quantum number that shows an electrons spin, either +1/2 or -1/2 The difference in energy between d-orbitals when they split according to crystal field theory Something that happens all by itself, without any outside stimuli A particular type of molecular geometry, stemming from the octahedral electron geometry, with two lone pairs of electrons.

A particular type of molecular geometry, stemming from the octahedral electron geometry, with one long pair of Square Pyramid electrons 1M solution, 1 atm pressure, and 298 K temperature Standard Conditions The change in enthalpy that goes with the formation of a Standard Enthalpy of Formation substance Platinum wire in a 1M H+ (acid) solution in a 1atm H2(g) environment. Serves as the standard reference value for Standard Hydrogen Electrode standard reduction potentials, with a value defined to be 0 (SHE) V The potential for an electrode to be reduced under standard Standard Reduction Potential (E0) conditions Any solution where the concentration is known very Standard Solution accurately The phase in which a substance is in under standard Standard State conditions A process to accurately find the concentration of a solution Standardization A carbohydrate that is used by plants to store energy Starch Any property that depends only on the current state of a substance, not on what happened to the substance State Function previously A number that describes the number of bonds + the Steric Number number of lone pairs of electrons on an atom The number that tells you the relative number of molecules Stoichiometric Coefficient that are participating in a chemical reaction. In a titration, its the point where the exact amount of titrant has been added to completely react with the chemical Stoichiometric Point being titrated A way of describing the relative amounts of chemicals Stoichiometry being used in a reaction Section of the earths atmosphere that is between 10 and 50 Stratosphere km above the surface An acid that almost completely dissociates from its H+ in Strong Acid water. A base that almost completely dissociates from its OH- in Strong Base water A way of writing a molecular formula that gives an Structural Formula indication of how the atoms are bonded together Any compounds that have the exact same molecular Structural Isomers formula, but have different molecular structures When a solid changes directly into a gas. Dry ice going to Sublimation CO2(g) is a good example Energy that holds liquids together, resisting a change to Surface Tension their surface area Any molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic Surfactant

Surroundings System

parts and is used to change the behavior of an aqueous solution Anything that is outside a system A very specific area that is being studied

T
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Temperature Termination Termolecular Reaction Tertiary Structure Tetrahedron Theoretical Yield Theory Thermal Energy Thermal Pollution Thermodynamics Thermosphere Thiol Third Law of Thermodynamics Titrant Titration Transition Metal Trigonal Bipyramid Trigonal Planar

A relative property of something that tells you how "hot" or "cold" something is. Subatomically, it tells you the amount of random motion energy of a substance What happens when a polymerization reaction finishes A chemical reaction involving the collision of 3 separate molecules The complete, overall structure of all of a protein A shape with 4 faces structured like a pyramid, where each face is an equilateral triangle The amount of product that could theoretically be created if the reaction went to completion Something that puts together and explains a given set of facts Energy related to heat, the random motion of the atoms and molecules Any industrial process that releases heat into the environment Area of chemistry devoted to the study of the various forms of energy, including heat Area of the earths atmosphere located more than 90 km above the surface An organic functional group containing a -SH Law that states that a pure, crystalline substance at 0K will have an entropy of 0 In a titration, it is the liquid solution that is being added Analytical process in which a solution is slowly added to another solution in order to determine a concentration Elements in the d block of the periodic table (group 3-12) A type of electron and molecular geometry with 7 areas of electron density surrounding a central atom. The shape is of two trigonal pyramids, laid base to base A type of electron and molecular geometry with 3 areas of

Trigonal Pyramid Triple Bond Triple Point Troposphere T-Shaped

electron density surrounding a central atom. Forms a flat, triangle shape A type of molecular geometry stemming from the tetrahedral electron geometry, whose shape is that of a 4faced pyramid A bond between atoms that involves the sharing of 3 lone pairs of electrons, drawn as three lines A specific temperature and pressure where all three phases of a substance can exist in equilibrium Area of the earths atmosphere located between the surface and 10km A type of molecular geometry stemming from the trigonal bipyramidal electron geometry. The shape looks like a T

U
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Uncertainty Principle Unimolecular Reaction Unit Unit Cell

You can never know both the position and momentum of anything (subatomic particles - from Heisenberg) A chemical reaction in which there is only one reactant A standard value that describes a quantity In a large substance, it is the simplest repeating pattern

V
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Valence Electrons VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Vapor Pressure Viscosity Visible Light

The electrons that are in the outer-most shell of an atom, and are therefore involved in bonding Theory that places electrons as far apart as is possible in order to reduce their electron-electron repulsion A partial pressure of a substance in a liquid phase in order to maintain equilibrium How "thick" a liquid is, or how much it resists flow Light (photons) that the human eye can see, located

Volt (V) Volume Volumetric Flask

between 400 and 700 nm Standard unit used to describe electrical potential How much space is taken up by something A container that has been calibrated to contain a very specific volume of a liquid

W
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Water Equilibrium Constant (Kw) Wave Wavelength Weak Acid Weak Base Work (w)

Kw = 1x10-14 = [H3O+] [OH-]. An equilibrium constant describing the transfer of H+ between two water molecules Described by amplitude (height), wavelength, and frequency The distance between the same point on 2 subsequent waves An acid that only partially dissociates with its H+ according to Bronsted-Lowry Acid/Base Theory A base that only partially associates with H+ according to the Bronsted-Lowry Acid/Base Theory The amount of energy used (transferred) by a force in order to displace something, w = fd

X
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I have no words to define for X-Z... If you have any words you'd like defined here, please let me know!

Y
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Z
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