-Refers to the physical orientation of the radiated waves in space dictated by the direction of the electric field

- Electric vector has a particular direction in free space - Waves have the same alignment in space

VERTICAL Electrical vector is vertical, or it lies in a vertical plane. HORIZONTAL Electrical vector is horizontal, or it lies in a horizontal plane

- Electric vector rotates about the axis of the direction of propagation

- Electric vector rotates about the axis of the direction of propagation but the amplitudes of its two linearly polarized components are unequal

- There is no fixed pattern of polarization variation

The characteristics of antennas, such as impedance and radiation pattern are identical regardless of use for reception or transmission

= Eref / Einc = 1 for perfect reflector < 1 for practical conducting surfaces

Note: If medium A is less dense than B, the refracted wave move towards the normal; if the medium B is less dense than A, the refracted wave moves away from the normal

Travel around the curvature of the earth, sometimes right around the globe Utilizes frequencies below HF range, and losses with increasing frequency Progress along the surface of the earth and must be vertically polarized to prevent short circuiting the electric component. Wave induces current to the ground; some of its energy is lost due to absorption. As one moves away from the transmitter, the ground wave eventually disappear due to tilting

Field Strength at a distance E= 120Iht / d Voltage at the Receiving Antenna V= Ehr= 120Ihrht / d Where: 120 = characteristic impedance of free space ht = height of the transmitting antenna hr = height of the receiving antenna I = antenna current d = distance from the transmitting antenna = wavelength

Travel in the troposphere; the portion of the atmosphere closest to the ground. Depend mostly on line-of-sight conditions, a space wave is limited in propagation by the curvature of the earth. Utilizes frequencies above HF range Energy travelling directly between the antennas is attenuated to about the same degrees as in free space. Caused by the varying density of the atmosphere due to diffraction around the curvature of the earth

The wave strikes the ionosphere and is refracted back to the ground. Utilizes frequencies in the HF range and sometimes frequencies just above or below it. Ionosphere is a region in the earths atmosphere where the air pressure is so low that the free electrons and ions can move about for some time without getting close enough to recombine into neutral atoms. It absorbs large qualities of radiant energy from the sun, becoming heated and ionized. Ionization is the result of the bombardment of the suns rays by a variety of wave from heat and light to cosmic rays. Most important ionizing agents are ultraviolet, alpha, beta and gamma rays coming from the sun, cosmic rays and meteors.

The lowest, existing at an average height of 70 km, with an average thickness of 10 km Least important layer in HF propagation Reflects some VLF and LF waves and absorbs MF and HF waves to a certain extent

Existing at about 100km in height, with thickness of 25km Disappears at night. Aid MF surface propagation a little and reflects some HF waves in daytime This layer is also known as KENELLY-HEAVISIDE LAYER

Thin layer of very high ionization density, sometimes making an appearance with the E layer. When it occurs, it often persists during the night.

Propagation of waves occurring at lower E-layer of the ionosphere

Also called DELLINGER FADEOUTS or MOGELDELLINGER FADEOUTS. Caused by solar flares, which are gigantic emissions of hydrogen from the sun

Caused by particle emissions from the sun generally alpha and beta rays. It caused the signal to fluctuate and drop rapidly

Due to irregularities of electron densities in the ionosphere which affect the accuracy of the direction high frequency wave

Causes the polarization of radio waves to rotate as it passes through the ionosphere and is complex process involving the presence of ionized particles and the earths magnetic field.

The propagation of waves occurring entirely in the earths lower atmosphere, from the ground level to 10 km. it requires very high powered beam of electromagnetic energy for over-thehorizon communication. It uses the refractive properties of Tropospheric turbulences and provides reliable communications up to 400 statute miles. Operate between 300 MHz to 10 GHz through the common scatter volume.

When a high-frequency electromagnetic field encounters an ionized layer in the upper atmosphere, a small amount of the field energy is scattered in all directions. It is characterized by rapid fluttering and fading

Similar to backscatter propagation, except that it is somewhat off the direct line between the receiver and transmitter. Usually stronger than backscatter propagation.

Utilizes the phenomenon of scattering of radio signal from the ionization trails caused by meteors entering the atmosphere

Under certain atmospheric conditions, a layer of warm air may be trapped above cooler air, often over the surface of water, forming ducts. Results in the decrease of refractive index far more rapidly with height than normal (air density decreases and refractive index increases with increasing height above ground) Happens near the ground, often within 30 meters.

1. An electromagnetic wave consists of _____ A.An electric field only B.Both electric and magnetic fields C.A magnetic field only D.Non-magnetic field only

2.__________ is the amount of voltage induced in a wave by an electromagnetic wave

A.Receive voltage B.Magnetic induction C.Field strength D.Power density

3.What is the lowest layer of the ionosphere?

A.F1 B.F2 C.E D.D

4.Frequencies in the UHF range propagate by means of

A.Ground waves B.Sky waves C.Surface waves D.Space waves

5. Electromagnetic waves are refracted when they __________

A. Pass into a medium of different dielectric constants B. Are polarized at right angles to the direction of propagation C. Encounter a perfectly conducting surface D.Pass through a small slot in a conducting plane

6.What is the thickest layer of the ionosphere

A.F2 B.F1 C.D D.E

7.What is the highest frequency that can be sent straight upward and be returned to earth?

A.MUF B.Skip frequency C.Critical frequency D.Gyro frequency

8. What is the unit of electric field strength?

A.Volts per square meter B.Volt per square cm C.Volts per meter D.Millivolt per watt

9.Velocity of a radio wave in free space

A.186,000 miles per sec B.300 x 106 meters per sec C.162,000 nautical mile per sec D.All of the above

10.Refers to the direction of the electric field vector in space

A.Polarization B.Directivity C.Radiation D.ERP

11. What is the effective radiated power of a repeater with 200 W transmitter power output, 4 dB feedline loss, 4 dB duplexer and circulator loss, and 10 dB feedline antenna gain?

A.2000 W B.126 W C.317 W D.260 W

12. As electromagnetic waves travel in free space, only one of the following can happen to them

A.Absorption B.Attenuation C.Refraction D.Reflection

13.Groundwave communications is most effective in what frequency range?

A.300 kHz to 3 MHz B.3 to 30 MHz C.30 to 300 MHz D.Above 300 MHz

14. The shortest distance measured along the earths surface that a skywave is returned to earth

A.MUF B.Quarter-Wavelength C.Skip distance D.Skip zone

15.What do you call the gigantic emissions of hydrogen from the sun?

A.Solar flares B.SIDs C.Kennely-Heaviside D.Sun spots

16.Two directional antennas are pointed so that their beams intersect in the troposphere

A.Skywave B.Surface wave C.Microwave D.Troposcatter

17. Super refraction

A.Ducting B.Troposcatter C.Skywave D.Space wave

18. Ducting occurs in which region of the atmosphere?

A.Stratosphere B.Troposphere C.Ionosphere D.Ozone layer

19. States that power density is inversely proportional to the distance from its source

A.Principal or Reciprocity B.Inverse Square Law C.Huygens Principle D.Faradays Law

20. Which ionosphere layer has an average height of 225 km at night?

A.D layer B.E layer C.F1 layer D.F2 layer