Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DR. P. RADHAKRISHNA
DIRECTOR
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES Regional Office E1, B-Block, Rajaji Bhawan, Besant Nagar, Chennai Tele Fax : 044-4918742 / 4462158 E-mail : mnes@tn.nic.in
This book is very quick response to examine the ever-growing importance of cassava as an industrial and commercial crop. The socioeconomic changes in the societies of various cassava cultivating countries are reexamining their traditional preferences to cassava as food in terms of cost and nutritive value. On average, the decline of cassava as a food crop is a recognized fact and similar trends are more pronounced in India. Inherent problems of cassava as a feed on its own without external nutrients addition has not yet over come and it is expected that the price structure and availability of minor cereals have a major say on this business too. Actual data on cassava utilization in various countries is lacking due to its nature of cultivation, harvesting and the like. It is seen that cassava introduced in countries adopted for industry & export are more successful than others. This phenomenon is clearly visible when cassava performance is evaluated with major player like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu when compared to Kerala. In India a number of factors like crop area, quality, productivity levels, transportation, process technology, efficiencies of plant & machinery, and post processing activities are contributing to the quality of the end products. This is further influenced by power tariff rates, pollution control measures and lack of assured support prices of the products. With this background, many industries fear that the scenario after 2005 seems grim and discouraging. However, a bold step is taken in this short preliminary examination of Cassava in India by proposing to the industry and policy makers to modernize their equipment and to derive maximum captive energy requirements from the crop itself to make the business attractive and remunerative. This helps in streamlining production levels and price structure of sago and starch. Small and marginal farmers can benefit and cassava appears as a kitchen garden crop in its various forms of application. Cassava as food and energy security has a greater relevance in the present context of energy scenario of the country and has a great future not only to the industry concerned by also to the dependent society and the country at large. Views expressed in this book are those of the author and does not purport of the Ministry. Dr P Radhakrishna Director 05-02-2002
World Scenario: -
Cassava (Mainhot esculanta sp or M. Utilissima sp & M.Aipi sp) is known popularly as Tapioca in world over and in India. This plant belongs to Euphorbiaceae family with known 160 varieties under cultivation. Various
governments in the world had attached adequate recognition to this crop. However, for the ever-changing scenario food demand & supply, and preference to a particular quality of food are demanding reorientation of the seriousness of R & D activities on crop production and related industrial activities.
registered by the turn of the '90s and further improvement of 14% growth over
the next decade with annual production pegged at 175 million metric tons
during crop year 2000. Sub-Saharan African countries account 50% of the
world's production whereas the productivity levels are stagnant over many
during 1980's. However, these levels are coming down drastically due to
A number of reasons are attributed to this, but it clearly indicates that cassava
also. Table I & II indicates the trends in the world and in Asian countries.
Sl.N Country o.
1979-80 1989-90 1999-2000 Area Producti Product Producti Producti Area Productio Productivit Area Million on ivity on vity Million Million n Million y Tons/ Hectare Million Tons/ Million Tons/ Hecta Hectares Tons Hectare s Tons Hectare Tons Hectare res 13.59 123.97 9.12 15.63 157.65 10.08 106.1 19 10.08
World
Asia
3.78
44.15
11.64
3.96
51.44
12.97
3.8
49.4
14.6
7.05
49.08
6.96
8.93
73.3
8.2 11.09
94
8.42
2.73
30.58
16.41
2.72
32.71
17.25
2.8
31.9
18.25
TABLE II Cassava cultivation, production & productivity trends in important Asian countries.
Unde S r l culti . C vatio N ou n o ntr 000 y ha+ 1 9 7 8 1 In . di a 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 8 Prod uctio ns 000 tons Productivity Tons/ha+
1 9 7 8
1 9 8 8 5 , 2 1 3 1 5 , 4 7 1 2 2 , 3 0 7 3 , 4 3
1 9 9 8
1 9 7 8
1 9 8 8
1998
3 2 2 5 4 7 4 , 5 0 4 9 2 1 1 , 4 1 3 1 , 3 0 3 7 , 5 3 1 1 3 , 5 0 0 1 5 , 1 2 8
5 1 1 , 8 9 8 6 8 1 1 1 4 0 2 , 7 2 8 1 1 1 5 4 4 , 5 9 1 3 1 1 , 4 4 6 0
22
2 In . do ne sia
19
3 Th 1 . ail , an 0 d 5 3
1 , 5 4 7
6 , 5 2 7
16
4 C . hi na
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 , 1 7 0 3 9
15
0 5 0
INDIAN SCENARIO: This crop is introduced in India during 17th Century in Kerala and was
country due to its tolerance to draught, grown on a variety of soils, low levels
under this Cassava cultivation, with average production 5.1 million tons. Of
61% by Kerala and 29% by Tamil Nadu and the rest by States like Karnataka,
Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT), Pondicherry and others. On comparison, except Tamil Nadu (30-35 T/ ha+),
the rest of the Southern States and Union Territories record an average yields ranging from 10-13 T/ ha+, whereas other states as mentioned above range from 2T/ ha+ to 6T/ ha+.
i)
Per unit land on comparison, Cassava yields higher amounts of Carbohydrates, efficiency. with comparatively high photosynthetic
Cost of cultivation is comparatively cheaper. Less vulnerable to diseases. Suits for inter cropping with perennials. Short periods of harvesting and immediate processing. Just 40 years back a mere 4
hectares of land under cultivation of this crop, rose to 20,500 hectares with average per ha+ production stood stagnant at 10-11 Tons. (Total production
2,07,183 tons of tuber as per 95-96 estimation) This crop is more popular in
Northern district of Andhra Pradesh with 95% of the area under cultivation
cultivate this crop, except Visakhapatnam district, the remaining other districts
It is
estimated that the cost of cultivation per acre stands between Rs.3500-5000
depending on additional features like irrigation, pest control and the quality
crop. Sandy loam soils are generally used for cultivation. All the practices
required for transplanting the seed material will be kept ready by June and
transplantation takes place once rains set in. It is observed that inorganic
fertilizers are used in sufficient levels to support the crop. To suit the crushing
fresh tubers and to some extent in pappads. It is estimated that the average
Andhra Pradesh is in the rich rice belt and this alone discourages it as a food
crop. Andhra Pradesh produces 25,000 tons of sago and out of this 20% is
consumed within the state and 80% being sent to West Bengal and
chips, thippi and peal. This flour finds its way for manufacturing cattle feed,
cumulative basis. As a post harvest exercise, broken pieces of the tubers are
also collected from the fields and are used for making flour popularly known
as Barada. This low grade (?) stuff (2000 tons/season) goes for animal
carbohydrates. However, due to low protein, the share of this flour is presently
inferior to bran, the traditional feed or de-oiled bran, Jawar and Maize. Unless
the Cassava feed is enriched with additional nutrients, the roles of Cassava
TABLE III
Sl.No.
1. 2. 3. 4.
The above table indicates that, with an average growth of 82% in area
serve the industrial activity associated with starch and other products. This
the status of a cash crop. How far this trend can be sustained in future needs
to be carefully watched, and whether the market can potentially absorb the
10
improved.
In just 20 years of time, during 1983-84, the Kerala share was down to 76%
whereas Tamil Nadu doubled its cultivated area to 16%. In terms of total
production of Cassava, two third of the Indian production came from Kerala
during this period, indicating higher productivity levels in Tamil Nadu. Around
this period (83-84), Cassava cultivation accounted for only 8% of the total
rain fed areas, concentrated mainly in southern districts like Quilon, Kottayam
and Trivandrum. In fact, cassava is also grown all over Kerala as a farmyard
Till early
11
1980s, the net income from cassava on comparison was less than that of
per day stood at 16% and increased further significantly to 33%, when
The
average intake of cassava during this period stood at 200 gm. Per day in low
income and at 100 gm. Per day in townships and urban areas. Cassava as a
which period the monsoon sets. During 1984, 70% of cassava produced in
Kerala was locally consumed and production levels declined to 19% just in
one decade.
Kerala for obvious reasons in the recent past, though the productivity per
hectare has been steady around 20 tons; doubled over a period of 25 years.
12
S.No.
1. 2. 3. 4.
area between 70s and 80s with concurrent rise in production. However, the
decade of 1980s witnessed a steep fall of 32% in cultivated area. This further
though the productivity levels are kept stable. This trend is clearly visible in
13
major contributor.
demand for starch during and after the World War II induced Cassava
was never considered for food as in the case of Kerala. During 1960's, local
also further encouraged cassava farming in Tamil Nadu and the focus was
During these early 60's the growth rate of Cassava cultivation in Kerala
was positive with 3.12% and fell to (-) 2.3% on comparison throughout late
70's and early 80s. However, cassava in Tamil Nadu was clearly steadier
with 9% growth throughout early 1960s and remained positive during 1970s
and 1980s with average growth rate of 1.3%. Similar trend is also visible in
14
Tamil Nadu in terms of yield per hectare. Till mid 1970s, the yields in Kerala
are always higher (13-16 Tons/Hectare) than Tamil Nadu (10Tons /Hectare),
which was stagnant till 1984-85. Around this period on wards Kerala could not rise in its yields/Hectare and stagnant at 16 Tons/Hectare, whereas
average annual growth rate of cassava production in Tamil Nadu stood at 7.2
production in these states is mainly the crop cultivated in Tamil Nadu for
cassava for emerging production to sustain the industry facing both domestic
TABLE V
CASSAVA CULTIVATION & PRODUCTIVITY PATTERN IN TAMIL NADU Average Average Sl.No. Representing Average Year area in production productivity cultivation 000 mt T/ha+ ooo ha+ 1 1970-71 45.00 481.60 10.80 2 3 4 1980-81 1990-91 1996-97 46.00 54.00 77.40 909.00 1582.60 2794.00 18.00(80) 29.00 36.00
15
Cassava in other states in India: About 10 states other than the known major states referred are also cultivating cassava. The detail of the cultivation is known for the past 40 years most confined to specific applications. The area under cultivation is known on average has no progressive significant change and too in the productivity levels. However, few states have announced promotional
incentives to sponsor the industrial activity. The trend, past 4 years indicates that years to come, these 10 states can support their local cassava based products domestically. For reference the following table explain the trends in cassava growth. Table VI Cassava Cultivation and Productivity Trends in other States (1996-97) Sl. No. State Average area under cultivation (10 years average) 2.10 1.00 3.95 0.45 0.21 0.20 0.70 0.50 10 years average production ooo mt 9.50 9.20 22.60 1.40 0.34 2.00 12.50 3.40 Average productivity in Ton/Ha. 4.40 9.00 5.80 3.40 1.80 8.80 19.00 9.10
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
16
A.
Per unit area, cassava is being a high energy density crop when
This contributes
250 X 10
for
demand for 2000 as described (see table VI) indicates that in Asia,
estimated that the projection levels are more than actual levels of
in Kerala. The other major states like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
17
one decade. Similarly between 1980s to 1990s, the fall in area under
overall fall in cultivation for this just one decade stands further at 10%.
Between 1990s and 2000 the fall in area under cultivation alone has
has shown clear impact on ever decreasing trend in per capita cassava
consumption in Kerala.
18
TABLE VII
Year
As a food
Feed
Other Purposes
Total
22.16 43.34
1.45 1.14
3.32 9.27
26.92 53.75
1980 Africa Latin America Asia SubSaharan 2000** Africa Latin America 16.81 15.02 9.68 41.51 27.21* 70.65 3.49 1.42 6.33 8.23 37.24 80.31 12.20 9.97 6.01 28.90
However, a quantitative details survey is urgent need. * * Estimates may have 2% error. B. As explained cassava can offer sourcing carbohydrate requirements.
19
carbohydrate requirements.
C.
Unlike cereals, storability and self shelf life of fresh cassava tubers are
relatively very short. Damage to fresh tuber quickly spreads to the core
D.
Unlike other cereal grain, the food items prepared from cassava are
E.
requirements the food sector demands pure and high quality cassava
tubers.
F.
Subsidizing such high quality food grains further reduces the cassava
as a food option.
20
G.
H.
rural areas.
I.
This has direct and permanent impact on cassava for food security,
soon after the industrial growth started influencing the GDP of every
21
whereas urban elite consumes negligible amounts. This trend has its
K.
The land use and cropping pattern of cereals and rice is well
various supportive measures and surely will continue to play the every
L.
22
dietary item.
50
(Oral LD
50
3,000) and tryptophane (oral rat TDL 1,100 mg) some varieties of
b) Leaves of cassava are not preferred as feed for the reason that
FEED POTENTIALS OF CASSAVA VIII Fresh leaves (100 g) Calories Protein Fat Total Carbohydrates Fiber Thiamine 60 Calories 6.9 g 1.3 g 9.2 g 1.2 g 0.16 mg Fresh Roots (100 g) 140 Calories 1.0 g 0.2 g 32.4 g 1.0 g 0.04 mg
23
concentrates.
nutritional value.
24
i) The trend in cassava as feed as seen from the table indicates that
feed material supplied for feed mainly comes from thippi and other
developed.
A.
Most of the starch and Sago produced in Andhra Pradesh is being sent
25
middlemen who orient the business, marketing and out letting the
product.
B.
C.
D.
the industries, the production of sago and starch by and large have
been in the same production levels and the business indicates that
26
Table-IX SAGO MARKET FLUCTUATION (SALES ROUTED THROUGH SAGO SERVE) Cassava Year Lakhs of ton Sale in lakh Production arrival 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996 1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 * Provisional ----1.02 1.09 1.18 1.22 1.33 tons 0.393 0.606 0.625 0.837 1.04 1.06 1.22 1.20 1.26 (In lakh tons) 24.98 32.21 30.65 27.63 30.43 * 31.06 * 32.00 * 30.00 * 33.00 6644 9722 8377 8744 11560 12540 9110 12730 12977 Cost of Sago per ton (Rs.)
E. It is also observed that due to low levels of shelf life, the product needs
decides the rate at what is convenient for him (?) to some extent.
F. Both starch and sago have not shown any additional demand as their
27
sago and starch sold directly are also taken into consideration (at what
Otherwise,
depending on the arrival of fresh tuber, its cost, readiness of the small
and other decides the profitability of the business in the season, when
G.
The uptake of other by-products for feed industry also influences the
H.
The growing competition for quality starch products from maize and
28
Table - X STARCH PERFORMANCE DETAILS MARKET SYMPTOMS (TN data) Arrival YEAR in Sales in Cassava Cost of starch per Ton (Rs.)
93.570 72.508 1.198 Lakhs 1.142 Lakhs 86.500 76.031 90.468 65.710 44.055
I.
in future, the local consumption of starch and sago for these states if
met with locally and exports from states like Tamil Nadu may face stiff
resistance.
29
J.
power tariff for the industry, cost of fresh tuber, labor; and quality of the
others. In fact, these countries are doing better due to their modern
of this scenario may be visible once WTO comes into force from 2005
onwards.
A.
B.
C.
The energy efficiencies of the Plant & Machinery are not competitive
30
D.
boards.
E.
F.
G.
H.
To sustain this industry, support minimum price for tuber and products
enforces the efficient industrial activity and quality of the end product.
31
POLICY OPTIONS;
World War. The conflict between staple food and as an industrial raw
rice & cereals. This will continue in all accounts and now it is the time
countries,
for
example:
Thailand,
the
beginning
of
cassava
feed, and crop expanded further and established industries for making
high quality starch suited for international export. This trend is found
with Indonesia also. 2. In the wake of stable yields per ha+ in India, a break through research
32
situation is changing.
grow this crop under rural employment option and stabilize cassava for
feed and as food to some extent. This trend helps in producing more
products used in food and feed may help further. Facilities to transport
help this sector to search for local utility options and encourage stable
proper drying.
improve on this to suit products sold over the world in quality and price
competitiveness.
33
and if the industry does not attach importance, the products may not
find
outside
market
and
local
markets
prices
may
not
be
commensurate.
cassava and helps to divert the same for better options to sustain the
war-torn, natural disasters and the like can help and support cassava
34
(I)
(II)
(III)
It is obvious and pertinent that utilization of agro-industrial byproducts (that are not directly or indirectly consumed by man and animal) for
35
other activities, either as industrial raw material or as fuels to support energy requirements of the same industrial activity or otherwise. In fact due to ever expanding opportunities to source raw material for various economic profitable applications, the agro industrial sector is always facing stiff competition. In identifying the raw material on long-term basis. The concept of whole plant utilization of rice, encouraged rice bran, straw and husk for cardboards (parting with traditional uses) and the like; sugarcane bagasse pendulating between cost preferences of co-generation and for
manufacturing of paper and boards. Cotton stalks, pulse residues, hulls of oilseeds and the like too have more options to check-in as long as costs are satisfactory and the application being secondary. There is no wrong in
search for proper tariff assurances in the light of fluctuating agro based industry, but a proper policy to direct and divert known qualities of agro based biomass for captive power applications, can bail-out tiny industries from being sick due to lack of modernization and other various reasons. In fact, a policy to extend incentives linked for these agro industries to explore and deploy at least 20% from renewable energy sources will go a long way in sustainable agro based practices and ensured local development with more and more SSI unit supporting each other mutually assured coexistence with increased entrepreneurship and employment opportunities.
A non conventional outlook for cassava is also emerging as an alternative due to dwindling conventional outlets and changing preferences based on costs and convenience on comparison with similar products. It seems that cassava, as a fuel crop will take more lead in coming decades
36
and simultaneous assurance for food security to the extent required to overcome spells of famine and drought. With an average mean growth rate of 8 to 9 gram m2/dayyielding fresh tuber at 37 tones per hectare indicates the photosynthetic efficiency of the crop and its genetic characteristic as a tuber crop under Euphorbiaceae family. The cash requirements to grow cassava including, fertilizers and pesticides and harvesting alone stands at a maximum of 25% on farm; to the value of the yield per hectare at processing industries indicates the stored energy efficiency of the crop at 75%. The ratio of tuber to crop tops always range between 70:30 and 60:40 depending on various agro-climatic and crop protection practices as inputs. All these characteristics indicates that the of exploitation of cassava for food also needs to be experimented and extended to produce energy requirements of the crop dependent activities to integrate the whole activity to sustain without external interference; so that the industry can produce value added high quality end products to compete internal and external markets attracting remunerative prices. Unless major initiatives are pushed through to demonstrate to average farmer and industrialist, the gross wisdom of the whole exercise will never reach the bottom. In fact,
demonstration of such new ideas should find a lower level platform rather than a big industrial group for the reason, big, rich and powerful not always prefer to share their experience, fame; business secret of the success and ideas with small and vulnerable.
37
Around the world, some countries took more initiative to explore cassava for fuel production. Some R & D activities, had recorded that
approximately 5000-5500 liter of alcohol can be produce from 30 tons per hectare fresh tubes. In this process externally sourcing energy in the form of wood for alcohol production was found to be less competitive compared to cassava dried stalks as a fuel. However, cassava based processing
industries also fully aware of the biochemical potential of waste by-products and end effluents. Effluents also contain appreciable potential to produce biogas through anaerobic fermentation. Similarly, addition of other by-product namely thippi, which is strictly parenchymatous in nature, also added to further the gas production. In India, till late 1980s, the industrial effluents are discharged without proper treatment causing ground and surface water contamination. The mandatory laws of pollution control boards stimulated the cassava industry in India to install Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs). By and large 95% of the industries achieved ETP status, though the actual expected purpose is not fully met with. Late 1990s has seen a resurgence of activity in converting these ETPs to produce biogas without further modifying the designs to maximize the output. Some industries have visible and
quantitative benefits if the size of the ETP and quantity of effluents are higher based on the industrial activity. This biogas was put forth for both thermal and power applications. However, it is just pity that there is no definite data
available or collected by either the industry concerned or likeminded institutions on the contribution of these ETPs strengthening the health of industry, environmental quality and levels of energy recovery.
38
ETPS: As long as ETPs are passive components of cassava industry and the wisdom of ignoring the vast biochemical potential of effluents indicates the degree of ignorance of the technocrats not able to reach the best. Also
indicates loosing of excellent opportunities to convert ETPs as Energy Transforming Plants-leading to an active interaction of these plants of the industry to lead and fuel the business as a whole.
Biochemical Potential of Wastewater:- The effluents have very high energy contents in the discharged. The table ___ below explains the
reduction of COD & BOD in an existing plant in operation in Salem district. The extent of the said reduction indicates the energy potential. Addition of thippi further increases the over all potential for energy recovery. In fact, the present ETPs which are not designed for energy recovery are functioning at an average 50% efficiency. In the event of fresh cassava put to use for
energy generation, the potential availability of energy must be as high as to satisfy the total energy requirements of the industry. In fact, cooperative movement to put a common energy recovery plant will help in generating power for captive consumption and in off season to export to the electricity board grid. This helps industry to earn in off season also. Otherwise,
individual industries can also put up plants to do the same job. The difference between biochemical potential and thermo-chemical potential some times makes the experts to under quote the energy potential of fresh tubers. In fact, fresh tubers produce energy and their theoretical & practical limits through
39
bio-methanation route needs to be examined separately, but not by comparing the dried tubers and their thermo-chemical potentials through gasification or combustion. May be specializing in subjects narrows down the wisdom of understanding the practical issues (?). Table THE BIO CHEMICAL POTENTIAL OF EFFLUENT WATER
Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Parameters PH Total suspended solids mg/l Total dissolved solids mg/l Chloride (as Cl) mg/l Sulphates (as SO4) mg/l Oil and grease mg/l BOD mg/l COD mg/l Ammonical nitrogen mg/l Total kjeldhal nitrogen Sulphide (as S)
Untreated 4.75 1060 4195 365 540 8 7680 10,560 1.6 37.55 4
Treated 8.25 20 1420 365 204 Nil 1.42 24 0.56 2.24 Nil
Table Biochemical potential of Thippi Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Constituents Water Protein Fats Carbohydrates Fibre Sugar % 11-12 0.85 0.30 56.20 10.60 1.20
At present, these ETPs are working as batch fed digesters without proper intervals followed to understand the levels of performance. As of now, there is no actual dependable date of statistical significance to pin point the
40
gas production parameters. Based on the characteristics of the wastewaters, the expected gas production was appreciated, but no concrete data to establish at what levels of total solids, PH, the maximum gas can be derived. It is very important that a proper R & D is to be undertaken in the field itself before PH levels come down to establish the behavior of waste water till the end of the whole exercise is over. Funding such project once again to do honest job is badly required though some references and experience is documented. This notes has no scope to discuss the possible pathways of biogas production, microbial consortia, other parameter, since the emphasis is to establish undisputable argument that cassava deserves to be coveted as a cash and fuel crop.
The gas generated and accumulated is being used by the industry for thermal and electrical applications. However to what extent this contribution satisfies the energy needs of this seasonal industry is not established. Apart from this, it is estimated for every 10 tons of sago produced, at least 2.0 T of biomass and 350 400 liters of diesel is being spent. In the case of roasting sago, the power levels are stand at consuming half a ton of biomass and 150 200 liters of diesel for every 10 tons. Though this industry was never
subjected to honest assessment for power utility in terms of cost of production of sago, it is observed that for every kg of sago produced at accost of Rs.2/- is being spent on power alone with an average of 0.75 units of power. This indicates that, unless the industry and policy makers allow energy self reliance, this industry continue to exploit fossil fuels and biomass to produce products whose market values have no major changes. Even the efficiency
41
levels of these fuels put to use requires immediate attention. For cooking application, biomass in the form of coconut husk, shells and roots of casuarina and eucalyptus and other woody portions are extensively used and the efficiencies are not properly verified. In addition to this, the plant and machinery is as old as the industry itself and for such energy systems, higher power tariff is being paid. It is estimated that on average per season, as high as 1.0 lakh tons of biomass is being used apart from the energy cost of plant and machinery. This clearly indicates that, unless the industry becomes selfsustainable along with modernization, the future seems to be sticky as of now. Once cassava itself is consider as a fuel, the whole scenario will change positively bringing small and marginal farmer to grow the crop more efficiently. To what extent the crop requires to be diverted for power generation without compromising with the food security requires a policy decision. Once cassava is available for energy needs --The Immediate Options A. Cassava industry must derive its energy requirements from its internally available resources like peals, Thippi & ETPs to produce biogas.
B. Treatment plants must be designed to meet the total energy requirements of the industry. Lower grade fresh cassava tubers to supplement must supplement whatever is falling short. If necessary to sustain the gaps, can be filled by cassava directly. C. Based on the location of industries as clusters, common energy sourcing plants along with wastewater treatment needs to be explored.
42
D. The overall total energy consumption by this industry can be switched over to generate electric power from Cassava itself as an emerging new technology option; if not as an industrial Waste. E. To achieve the said above, a carefully thought cassava policy to
come into force to divert and direct to what extent of Cassava can be used for power generation. This law must support base minimum prize of fresh tubers uniformly for both the applications. In fact, diversion of fresh tuber will never cross not more than 15% of total annual production. This helps very small and marginal farmers to take-up
cassava cultivation. Even household back yards, kitchen gardens etc., will find cassava once such values are added & indicated. F. Once the industry sustains on its own on energy requirements
improvements to burn biomass for other applications to comedown drastically by employing suitable systems to operate. Integrating
renewable energy systems wherever is possible makes the whole operation energy efficient and further improves once modernization take place. G. With the options available in the present existing scenario of cassava utilization considering it as an energy security is also a wise and apt decision. Hence, Cassava should be treated as- for food and energy security.
The emerging trends in cassava production and productivity levels are satisfying. The growing industrial activity to produce sago and starch by other
43
non-traditional states in India indicates that these two products face stiff competition within the country in years to come. This may reflect on the basic foundation of the cassava industry and business trend to become non remunerative. The dwindling preference to cassava for food in its own
contributory levels is directly proportional to the urbanization, purchasing power and preferences of present society and future. Even this trend is well registered all over the cassava cultivating countries. Further, the feed
industry is anxiously awaiting breakthrough in R & D efforts to maximize cassava utility in terms of comparative costs, nutritive value and suitability. In the post WTO (World Trade Organization) scenario, the degree of Indian industry to compete with international standards, quality products and costs, seems to be not encouraging based on the existing plant and machinery and other operational factors. May be one or two industries can rise to the
occasion but definitely not all. This may for a short span of time creates artificial fall of cost of tuber and extensive availability due to over production. To keep the industry surviving and to diversify the economic options, There is a need to arrive at national consensus and to use cassava for energy security also. To what extent this diversification is to be allowed and other should be the part of the policy formulation. This trend infuses the diluting enthusiasm of cassava industry and encourages in flow of investments and within ten years to come, the industry can emerge as the best international player.
44
"Business Meet on Solar Thermal Applications in Textiles, Agro and Educational Institutions" held at Erode, Tamil Nadu.
45
"Business Meet on Energy Recovery from Tapioca Processing waste water" held at Salem, Tamil Nadu.
46
Recommendations of the Business Meet on Energy Recovery from Processing waste water" held at Salem, Tamil Nadu on 9-2-2002 Tapioca
1. Industries with less than 8ton/ (800M3) crushing capacity or classified under cottage industries may be considered for awarding capital subsidy to install biogas plants to support 25-30 kw of electrical power for 10hrs/day. For such systems integrating ETP`s with biogas plants needs to be linked properly keeping view the financial strength of the industry and utilisation pattern. 2. Systems falling between 800-3000M3 of gas per day to meet the energy requirements of the industries with proven track record of supporting the waste water exclusively from the process industries may be considered for interest subsidy without involving specialized DPR`s for obvious reasons.
3. Systems above 100 kw electrical power may be classified for preparation of DPR`s. For all the systems referred as above 1,2,and 3, the sago
industries had specially requested for local Regional Office must be involved in granting feasibility report and the like to Sago Serve for further processing the applications for considering under interest subsidy.
4. Cassava industry must derive its energy requirements from its internally available resources like peals, Thippi & ETPs to produce biogas.
5. Treatment plants must be designed to meet the total energy requirements of the industry. Lower grade fresh cassava tubers to
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supplement must supplement whatever is falling short. If necessary to sustain the gaps, can be filled by cassava directly. Contd.2 (2)
6. Based on the location of industries as clusters, common energy sourcing plants along with wastewater treatment needs to be explored.
7. The overall total energy consumption by this industry can be switched over to generate electric power from Cassava itself as an emerging new technology option; if not as an industrial Waste.
8. Effluent treatment plants are to be considered as energy recovery plants rather than meeting statutory laws to satisfy pollution control boards.
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Regional Office, Chennai has conducted Business Meet on Energy Recovery from Tapioca processing waste water" held at Salem, Tamil Nadu. The said meet was inaugurated by Hon`ble Minister of State for Non-conventional Energy Sources, Thiru M.Kannappan. Dignitaries from political
and administrative circles had attended the meet. Regional Office is very proud that 95% of all the SSI`s invited had participated in the meet. The details of the various aspects of the meet and recommendations are enclosed for reference. Various issues for considering the energy efficiencies in Tapioca Industry were discussed at length and the consensus of the day`s deliberations indicate that renewable energy systems have a major role to play in reducing both thermal and electrical energy dependence on fossil fuels. A thought provoking proposal in the form of a book-let brought by Regional Office has attracted the attention of the scientists, industry, common man and media & press.
Dr. P RADHAKRISHNA Director.
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Report on
Date & Venue: 9-2-2002 Hotel Cennys Gateway, Sarada College Main Road, Salem.
Recommendations of the Business Meet on Solar Thermal Applications in Agro & Textile Industries and Educational Institutions" held at Erode, Tamil Nadu on 2-2-2002
1. All the manufactures, dealers requested for extending the Soft Loan Scheme during the 10th five year plan.
2. To fill up gap between 2000 4000 lpd for financial assistance it is proposed by manufactures the upper limit of the Soft Loan
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Scheme should be raised to 5000 lpd. This facility takes care minimum threshold loan lending limit prescribed by IREDA.
3. The enthusiasm and attitude to fianc Solar Water Heating Systems by nationalized banks is not uniform. An alternative was suggested by public, manufactures and dealers as follows. For example in each state, the scheme will be operated by a designated nodal nationalized bank. Throughout in the state any bank or financial institution authorized by Reserve Bank of India can extend the loan by informing the transaction to the nodal bank. This nodal bank in turn will disburse the adjustable interest portion to the respective banks on mutually agreed terms and conditions.
4.
The above said modification of the Soft Loan Scheme will improve and cut short all field oriented administrative problems associated with area of operation by individual bank branches. That means customer can approach any bank with whom he has financial transaction assuring the bank required confidence cutting across all kinds of problems.
Contd2
(2)
5.
Few customers have also insisted that the storage tanks also should be covered under BIS mark.
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6.
The nodal bank must be advised to complete the financial target in given stipulated time frame.
7.
The Ministry also must impress Urban Development Ministry (Government of India) to make Solar Water Heating Systems mandatory for all public buildings such as guest houses, R & D laboratories /institutions, hospitality sector like ITDC, state tourism development corporations.
8.
MNES to recommend state electricity boards for concessional power tariff for users of Solar Water Heating Systems throughout the country. Unless this is achieved, the visible benefits of the program can never be felt.
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Regional Office, Chennai has conducted a Business Meet on Solar Thermal Applications in Agro & Textile Industries and Educational Institutions held at Erode, Tamil Nadu. The said meet was
inaugurated by Hon`ble Minister of State for Non-conventional Energy Sources, Thiru M.Kannappan. Dignitaries from political and administrative circles had attended the meet. It is to note that 95% of the Agro & Textile Industries and Educational institutions districts around Erode had participated in the meet. in five
About 225
participants attended the meet and on the same day a number of industries have announced their intention to install solar water heating systems amounting to 20,000 lpd. Regional Office had also conducted a very detailed system-wise performance of all the solar thermal industries and complied the data. For the statistical
significance the data complied was reclassified into various categories and the role of soft loan scheme systems was analysed for the past four years. The details of the performance data was published by
Regional Office as an internal circulation under technical paper No. 15 for the benefit of the industry and the division concerned at Head quarters. Based on the data available Regional Office also complied the important points for further improving the existing soft loan scheme for perusal of the Ministry. To complete this task Regional Office has physically verified 675 solar water heating systems of various capacities, and of different industries. The other aspects of the meet and recommendations are enclosed for reference.
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A. Recommendations
D. Visual coverage
E. List of participants.
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