7

Solutions
1. The rst three terms of the three solutions are: 3 1 1 x = 1 + + 2 + x = 1 2 + 2 3 54 2. The rst three terms of the solution are y = 1 cos x sin x + [(x /2) sin x + x cos x] 2 [1 + (x2 /2 x/2 1 + 2 /8) sin x + (x2 /2 1) cos x]. 3. The root of x2 + x 1 = 0 near x = 1 is x = 1 + 22 53 + . 4. The distinguished scalings are x , x 1, and x 3 , and the three roots are:
1 x = 2 1 2 + O(3 ) 8 1 x = 2 + 2 + O(2 )

5 40 x = 2 2 + 3 27

x = 3 + 2 + O().

5. The distinguished scalings are x 1 and x 1 , and the three roots are: x = 1 2 + O(2 ) x = 1 x = 1 + 2 + O(). The root x = 1 has no further terms as it is an exact solution to the full equation.
1 6. The four roots are: x = 1 + 3 + , x = 2 1 1/2 x = + 2 + . 16 3

+ , x = 1/2 +

1 2

+ ,

7. The rst two terms of the solution are: f (x) = A0 ex + [B0 A0 x]ex + 8. The distinguished stretches are x = a + X with = 1, = and = 2 . The leading order solutions are, respectively, f = A0 ex f = B0 + C0 e(xa)/ f = D0 (x a)/2 + E0 + F0 e(xa)/
2

9. The critical scaling at which all terms balance is = = 1/2. If we x = 0 then the two possible balances are between terms I and II, in which case = 1, and terms II and III, in which case = 0. 10. Distinguished stretches are = 1 and = . Regular expansion: f (x) = 1 + sin x [1 + cos x] 2 sin x + If z = x/ then f (z) = A0 A0 ez + [A1 A1 ez + z] + 2 [A2 A2 ez ] + The matched inner form is f (z) = 1 ez + [2ez 2 + z] + . 37

11. Solution is simply a calculation. 12. (a) Governing equation: Boundary conditions: f (b) f0 (x, y) = y. (c) f0 is an exact solution to the full equation for any value of so there is no need for a correction term. (d) The boundary layer has size . (e) PDE: 1 Inner boundary condition: 0 = f (f) F0 (x, z) = B0 (x)ez . (g) No. (h) PDE: F1 dB0 2 F1 + = x + B0 (x) ez . 2 z z dx and the boundary condition: F1 (i) dB0 + B0 (x) zez + B1 (x)ez + A1 (x). dx Then the boundary condition becomes F1 (x, z) = x x (j) Matching gives A1 (x) = 1 . Returning to the boundary condition calculation above, we get x (k) F (x, z) = 1 ez . 38 dB0 + B0 (x) = 1 . dx dB0 + B0 (x) A1 (x) = 0. dx F1 = 0 at z = 0. z f at z = 0. z f 2f f 2 + x + f = 0. z z x f = 0 at y = 1, y f = 2 at y = 2 x f f f + 2 f = 0. y x y y