C ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CVE 351

SUMMER 2011 SUMMER 2011

CLASS LECTURE PACKAGE - 1
Dr. Md. Maruf Mortula
THIS COURSE
Introduces to the world of Environmental Engineering Introduces to the world of Environmental Engineering
This course will help in understanding key aspects of This course will help in understanding key aspects of
Environmental Engineering
Traditional civil engineering courses would help little
in understanding environmental engineering g g g
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?
It is our surroundingg
Air
Water
Soil
Buildings
Roads
People
Others Others
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT ENVIRONMENT?
It is the foundation of our lives It is the foundation of our lives
We drink water
Dispose water Dispose water
Water is used in our household in many different ways
We breath air We breath air
Soil is used to grow food
We build structures on the soil We build structures on the soil
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING?
Solution of problems of environmental sanitation, p ,
Provision of safe, palatable, and ample public water
supplies;
The proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid
waste;
Adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper Adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper
sanitation;
Control of water soil and atmospheric pollution Control of water, soil and atmospheric pollution
The social and environmental impact of these solutions.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Furthermore it is concerned with engineering Furthermore it is concerned with engineering
problems in the field of public health,
such as control of arthropod-borne diseases, p ,
The elimination of industrial health hazards,
The provision of adequate sanitation in urban, rural The provision of adequate sanitation in urban, rural
and recreational areas, and
The effect of technological advances on the g
environment
It has been expanded to include various other forms
WHY ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IS IMPORTANT?
It involves on the foundation of our
survival
Natural environment
It is directly involved to the human
health
Th t f i t l The costs of environmental
pollution is huge
Loss of health and lives Loss of health and lives
Cost of treatment
Loss of effectiveness in work Loss of effectiveness in work
Social disorder
WHY IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PART OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING?
What is Civil Engineering? What is Civil Engineering?
The engineering to provide civil/municipal services
to our daily life y
Buildings
Roads Roads
Water infrastructures
Many others Many others
WHY IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PART OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING?
Environmental Engineering provides Environmental Engineering provides
Water supply system
Wastewater treatment system Wastewater treatment system
Solid waste management system
Air pollution and treatment system Air pollution and treatment system
Industrial health hazards
Many others Many others
It provides some key services in our daily lives
JOBS IN DEMAND
Environmental Engineers should have employment growth of g p y g
25% during the projected decade (2006-2016)
Average Civil Engineers should have projected growth rate of
18% 18%
Average industrial engineers are expected 20% growth
Since 1998 ASCE has been rating the Americas water Since 1998, ASCE has been rating the America s water
infrastructure
According to the report made on 2005, drinking and
wastewater infrastructure get a D-, Hazardous waste
infrastructure gets a D and solid waste infrastructure a C+
$1 6 trillion must be invested to upgrade and renovate the $1.6 trillion must be invested to upgrade and renovate the
environmental infrastructure
TASKS OF EMPLOYMENT
Multidisciplinary teams Multidisciplinary teams
Work outdoors
Consulting firms Consulting firms
Government
Regulatory agencies Regulatory agencies
Industry
Academia Academia
IN THIS COURSE
Introduction
Noise pollution
Environmental impact assessment
Sustainability and green development
Risk assessment
Mass balance and reaction kinetics
Water chemistry ate c e st y
Water supply
Water treatment
W t lit t Water quality management
Wastewater treatment
Solid waste management
Air pollution
NOISE POLLUTION
Noise, commonly defined as unwanted sound, is an , y ,
environmental phenomenon to which we are exposed
throughout our life
It i id d i t l ll t t t d t It is considered an environmental pollutant, a waste product
generated in conjunction with various anthropogenic activities
It is a form of energy residual (i.e. waste heat) that does not It is a form of energy residual (i.e. waste heat) that does not
remain in the environment for extended periods of time
Though the energy dissipated as sound is not large, it is the
t di iti it f th th t it h l ti l extraordinary sensitivity of the ear that permits such a relatively
small amount of energy to adversely affect biological species
Noise of sufficient intensity and duration can induce temporary Noise of sufficient intensity and duration can induce temporary
and permanent hearing loss
PROPERTIES OF SOUND WAVES
f
P
1
=
f
f
c
=
f
SOUND POWER AND INTENSITY
Traveling waves of sound pressure transmit energy in the g p gy
direction of propagation of the wave. The rate at which this
work is done is defined as the sound power (W)
S d I t it (I) i d fi d th ti i ht d Sound Intensity (I) is defined as the time-weighted average
sound power per unit area normal to the direction of
propagation of the sound wave.
A
W
I =
( )
c
I
rms
2
=

T c 05 . 20 =

LEVELS AND DECIBEL
The sound pressure of the faintest sound that a normal healthy p y
person can hear is about 0.00002 pascal
The sound pressure from a saturn rocket at liftoff is greater
th 200 l than 200 pascal
A scale based on the logarithm of the ratios of the measured
quantities is used. Measurements on this scale is called levels quantities is used. Measurements on this scale is called levels
(unit is bel)
L = level, bels
Q = measured quantity
log '
Q
Q
L =
Q
0
= reference quantity
L = level, decibels (dB)
0
Q
0
log 10
Q
Q
L =
0
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF NOISE
Sound pressure level cannot be taken at face value since p
frequency has a significant impact on the noise pollution
Weighting networks are used to account for the frequency of a
d sound
To completely characterize a noise, it is necessary to break it
down into its frequency components or spectra down into its frequency components or spectra
Patterns of noise may be qualitatively characterized
Steady-state/Continuous
Intermittent
Impulse or impact
Type A yp
Type B
EFFECTS OF NOISE ON PEOPLE
Two types of effects yp
Auditory
Hearing loss
Speech interference Speech interference
Psychological effects
Annoyance
Sl i t f Sleep interference
Effects on performance
Acoustical privacy
Normal hearing
Frequency range and sensitivity
Loudness Loudness
audiometry
EFFECT OF NOISE ON PEOPLE
Hearing impairment g p
Eardrum rupture from intense explosive noise is the most common
Hearing loss is a result of neural damage involving injury to the hair
cells
Once destroyed, hair cells are not capable of regeneration
Threshold shift
Factors affecting the threshold Factors affecting the threshold
Sound level
Frequency distribution of the sound
D ti f th d Duration of the sound
Temporal distribution of the sound exposure
Individual differences in tolerance
Types of sound
EFFECT OF NOISE OF PEOPLE
Damage-risk criteria g
Speech interference
Annoyance
Sonic boom
Sleep interference
Effects on performance
Acoustic privacy
COMMUNITY NOISE SOURCE AND CRITERIA
Transportation noise p
Aircraft noise
Highway vehicle noise
O h i l b i Other internal combustion
engines
Construction noise Construction noise
Single house construction
(<70 dBA)
M j ti d Major excavation and
construction (<85 dBA)
HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT NOISE CRITERIA
NOISE CONTROL
Source path receiver concept p p
Control of noise source by design
Reduce impact forces
Reduce speeds and pressures
Reduce frictional resistance
Reduce radiating area Reduce radiating area
Reduce noise leakage
Isolate and dampen vibrating elements
P id ffl / il Provide mufflers/silencers
Noise control in the transmission path
Separation Separation
Absorbing materials
NOISE CONTROL
Noise control in the transmission path
Acoustical lining
Barriers and panels
Transmission loss
Enclosures
Control of noise source by redress
Balance rotating parts
Reduce frictional resistance
Apply damping materials
Seal noise leaks
Perform routing maintenance
Protect the receiver
When all else fails
Alter work schedule
Ear protection
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
an important procedure for ensuring that the likely effects of p p g y
new development on the environment are fully understood and
taken into account before the development is allowed to go
ahead ahead
(DETR and National Assembly for Wales, 1999)
EIA slides: Courtesy: www7.caret.cam.ac.uk/powerpoint_stuff/EIA.ppt
WHAT IS IT REALLY?
Environmental Impact Assessment is a process, set p p ,
down as a repeatable series of steps to be taken, to
allow the environmental consequences of a proposed
development to be assessed development to be assessed.
The environmental consequences have to be those
INCREMENTAL effects which are due to the proposed INCREMENTAL effects which are due to the proposed
development, and not those which are due to the
passage of time or other developments not included in
th l the proposal.
ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF EIA
1960s witnessed the emergence of environmentalism (e.g. g ( g
publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962)
First formal system of EIA established in the US following the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969
NEPA sought to ensure that environmental concerns were
considered in the decision-making of Federal Government
agencies agencies
Section 102(2)(c) required agencies to prepare a detailed
statement on the environmental impact of proposals for
l i l ti d th j F d l ti i ifi tl legislation and other major Federal actions significantly
affecting the quality of the human environment
Any adverse effects
Alternatives to the proposed action
Screening (does the project
require EIA?)
Impact assessment
(interpreting the impacts) require EIA?)
Scoping (what issues and Mitigation (what can be done to
(interpreting the impacts)
Scoping (what issues and
impacts should the EIA address?)
Mitigation (what can be done to
alleviate negative impacts?)
Baseline studies (establish
the environmental baseline)
EIS preparation/review
(document the EIA findings)
Alternatives (consider the
different approaches)
Public consultation
(consult general public and NGOs) pp ) ( g p )
Monitoring (monitor impacts Impact prediction (forecast Monitoring (monitor impacts
of project)
Impact prediction (forecast
the environmental impacts)
SCREENING
Is an EIA needed?
Many projects may have no significant environmental effects
A screening mechanism seeks to identify those projects with
potentially significant adverse environmental effects
Two principal approaches to screening:
the use of thresholds the use of thresholds
case-by-case examination against criteria
Under the EIA Directive:
EIA is mandatory for projects listed in Annex I of the Directive
EIA is required subject to Member States thresholds and criteria
for projects listed in Annex II of the Directive
SCOPING
The scope of an EIA is the issues and impacts it addresses
Scoping is the process of deciding which of a projects
possible alternatives and impacts should be addressed in the
EIA
An EIA should focus only on the significant issues and
impacts
Scoping is carried out in discussions between the developer, p g p ,
the competent authority, relevant agencies and, ideally, the
public
Effective scoping enables limited resources to be allocated to Effective scoping enables limited resources to be allocated to
best effect (i.e. through investigation of only the most
significant impacts)
Scoping is not mandatory under the EIA Directive Scoping is not mandatory under the EIA Directive
BASELINE STUDIES
Following the scoping phase, it is essential to assemble all
the relevant information on the current status of the
environment
The baseline study should anticipate the future state of the y p
environment assuming the project is not undertaken - the
no action alternative
This provides the baseline against which future impacts This provides the baseline against which future impacts
can be assessed
Baseline studies should be undertaken for each
alternative site so that the relative severity of the impacts alternative site so that the relative severity of the impacts
for each alternative can be assessed
New field work may necessary (e.g. ecological survey) if
relevant data is not already available relevant data is not already available
ALTERNATIVES
EIA is ideally undertaken for a project and its EIA is ideally undertaken for a project and its
alternatives (e.g. different locations, scales, designs)
Alternatives are the raw material of EIA
The US Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) has
described the discussion of alternatives as the heart
of the EIS
Many EISs fail to consider alternatives
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Impact assessment involves evaluating the p g
significance of the impacts identified
Significance can be determined through professional
j d t f t l ti t judgement, reference to regulations etc.
Potential for bias in determining what is significant
The conclusions of the impact assessment can The conclusions of the impact assessment can
ultimately be used by decision-makers when
determining the fate of the project application g p j pp
MITIGATION
Negative impacts on the environment identified during g p g
the EIA can be alleviated through mitigation
measures
Th iti ti hi h A id R d The mitigation hierarchy: Avoid - Reduce -
Remedy - Compensate - Enhance
Impacts remaining after mitigation are known as Impacts remaining after mitigation are known as
residual impacts
The legislation obstructs the proper process of g p p p
design development
EIS PREPARATION / REVIEW
The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a formal p ( )
document which includes information on the development and
information relating to screening, scoping, baseline studies,
alternatives etc alternatives etc.
Common requirement to include a non-technical summary
Once complete, the EIS is submitted to the competent p , p
authority (along with the planning application)
The EIS is often reviewed (either formally or informally)
The review enables the competent authority to decide whether The review enables the competent authority to decide whether
the EIA is adequate, accurate and unbiased
The EIA Directive provides for public consultation on the
application for development and the EIS
POST-PROJECT MONITORING
Monitoring should determine: g
the accuracy of the original predictions
the degree of deviation from the predictions
th ibl f d i ti the possible reasons for any deviations
the extent to which mitigation measures have achieved their
objectives
WHAT IS IN AN ES?
Non Technical Summary
D i ti f th l
Construction Phase
Description of the proposals
Assessment of Baseline
conditions
Assessment of no development
Temporary
Higher levels of impact usually
deemed acceptable
Assessment of no development
conditions
Assessment of conditions with
development
Miti ti l
Difficult to predict
VERY difficult to enforce
conditions
U ll ll i fl d b
Mitigation proposals
All conditions assessed for
Usually well influenced by
effective consultation
Construction phase
Operation phase
OPERATION PHASE
Long Term
Can be several phases
g
Much less room for
compromise on standards
R l ti l i l t di t
Project itself may be
developed in stages
Sometimes need to look at
Relatively simpler to predict
Less difficult to enforce
conditions, as the conditions
Sometimes need to look at
Commissioning
Opening
Operation after period
conditions, as the conditions
are on the project owner
Usually less influenced by
ff ti lt ti t
Operation after period
Operation once landscaping
mature
Operation at design capacity
effective consultation at
scheme level, more at
detailed level
Operation at design capacity
Operation at ultimate capacity
CONSENTS PROCESS
ES generally accompanies an application for ES generally accompanies an application for
permission to proceed
May be at Local, Regional, or National level y , g ,
Local and regional levels usually can refer upwards
Application will be at outline or detailed stage; Application will be at outline or detailed stage;
increasingly difficult to get approval on outline
applications
At local level, Councillors (elected members), may be
capricious and driven by political considerations
IMPACTS ASSESSMENT
Heritage and Archaeology
Site categorisation (SAM,
Acoustics and Vibration
Roads: well established
methodology
Grade I, II*, II)
(World Heritage Site,
Conservation Area)
methodology
Airports: widely accepted
contours for
L
A EQ
16 hour and 8 hour
Conservation Area)
Locally important buildings
without designation
L
A EQ
16 hour and 8 hour
Railways: faade measurements
and predictions
Night time noise often critical
g
National Trust
County Archaeologist
Night time noise often critical
Vibration threshold (usually
threshold of perception)
y g
AIR QUALITY AIR QUALITY
Looking for
Oxides of nitrogen (NO
x
)
Oxides of sulphur (SO
x
)
Ozone O
33
Particulates PM
10
and now PM
2.5
Dioxins and Furans for Incinerators
Particulates (dust) ( )
Odour
No legal standards
Most projects have very limited impact Most projects have very limited impact
Dioxins and Furans have become significant concerns since
the extremely low levels could be measured
Roads schemes always show improvement in air quality over
next twenty years
IMPACTS ASSESSMENT
Forestry and Agriculture Water Quality y g
Classification of land (Grade
1, 2, 3)
Severance and viability
y
Aquifer protection zones
River designations
E l i t
Severance and viability
Orphaning of land parcels
Isolating buildings from
Ecology impacts
Hazard assessment from
spills etc g g
fields etc
Opportunities for
landscaping on isolated
p
Geology and Soils
Assessment of geological
value
landscaping on isolated
pieces of land
value
Pedology characterisation
Site protection (SSSI)
IMPACTS ASSESSMENT
Landscape and Visual Amenity
Ecology
p y
Visual assessment
Site categorisation (AONB,
Conservation area)
Assessment of ecological
value
Site categorisation
Conservation area)
Inter visibility plots
Landscape description
g
(SSSI,SNCI, SAC,SPA)
Inventory of flora and fauna
Rare species
p p
Landscape value
Opportunities for
landscaping
Rare species
Protected species (incl Red
List)
Impact of severance
landscaping
Impact of severance,
disruption etc
English Nature, RSPB,
Wildlife Trusts etc Wildlife Trusts etc
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Traffic Assessment Sustainability Assessment
Traffic flows generally on
roads
y
Currently part of EIA
Should be the over-arching
Cars, taxis, trucks, buses,
cycles
Pedestrian journeys
process
No current guidelines
Pedestrian journeys
Public/private transport split
Congestion/traffic g
management
Proposed mitigation
measures
CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS
Traffic movements Contamination of rivers &
Dust
Mud
streams
Light pollution
Social impacts itinerant
workers
B siness generation
Noise
Vibration of piling plant
Materials stockpiles Business generation
Spoil heaps
Materials stockpiles
Construction sites
OUTLINE OF EIA REPORT OUTLINE OF EIA REPORT
Ch t 1 Brief description of project; Chapter 1: Brief description of project;
Chapter 2: Baseline;
Chapter 3: Assessment of environmental impacts; p p ;
Chapter 4: Solutions & measures to minimize negative impacts,
Chapter 5: Commitments to environmental protection measures;
Chapter 6: Construction works of environmental treatment & Chapter 6: Construction works of environmental treatment &
environmental monitoring & management program;
Chapter 7: Cost estimation for environmental construction;
Chapter 8: Community consultation; Chapter 8: Community consultation;
Chapter 9: Bibliography data sources and assessment methods;
Chapter 10: Conclusion and recommendation
THEORIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL THEORIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL
RISK ASSESSMENT
PERCEPTION OF RISK
Risk relates to the probability that an adverse effect or p y
outcome will occur
Risk perception can be both qualitative and quantitative
Scientific measurement of risk can be very different to peoples
perception of risk
Quantitative measurement of risk is expressed numerically and Quantitative measurement of risk is expressed numerically and
has no units
It may be calculated as a lifetime risk or an annual risk
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes
specific concentration limits for various types of pollutants in
different media to minimize the risk to the public different media to minimize the risk to the public
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT (ERA)?
Qualitative and quantitative valuation of environmental status of a
certain potential environmental hazard
ERA is comprised of:
1. human health risk assessment;
l i l i k t 2. ecological risk assessment.
ERA should be conducted when it is determined that a ERA should be conducted when it is determined that a
management action may have consequences to either
humans or the environment.
Problem Problem
Formulation
Exposure Toxicity
Assessment Assessment
Risk
Characterization
Risk Management
PROBLEM FORMULATION
Chemicals toxic to humans, animals, and plants;
Materials that are highly flammable or explosive; Materials that are highly flammable or explosive;
Mechanical equipment, the failure of which would
endanger persons and property; g p p p y;
Structural failure (e.g., dam or containment vessel);
Natural disasters that exacerbate technological g
hazards;
Ecosystem damage (e.g., eutrophication, soil erosion).
Problem Problem
Formulation
Exposure Toxicity
Assessment Assessment
Risk
Characterization
Risk Management
TOXICITY ASSESSMENT
Toxicity involves studying the adverse effects of exposure of y y g p
living organisms to chemicals or toxicants
Mild allergic reactions to death
S l t f t l d d t i it Several types of temporal and adverse toxicity
Acute lethal
Acute sub-lethal
Chronic lethal
Chronic sub-lethal
C i bl f i Carcinogens capable of causing cancer
Teratogens capable of causing birth defects
Dose response assessment is done on small animals and then Dose response assessment is done on small animals and then
extrapolated to humans
DOSE RESPONSE ASSESSMENT
Problem Problem
Formulation
Exposure Toxicity
Assessment Assessment
Risk
Characterization
Risk Management
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Exposure assessment indicates the
Media
p
potential dose that an exposed
individual receives, its frequency
and duration
Media
Surface and groundwater
Sediment
Air
Pathway to contaminant exposure
Probable pathways
Inhalation (air)
Air
soil
Dust
f d
Inhalation (air)
Ingestion (food and liquids)
Absorption (dermal through skin or
eyes)
food
Bioaccumulation is also very
critical
eyes)
Mathematical dispersion modeling
is being done to estimate
t ti t ( h i
It is the amount of toxicant that
retains in the body
persistence
concentration at exposure (chronic
daily intake-CDI)
p
Problem Problem
Formulation
Exposure Toxicity
Assessment Assessment
Risk
Characterization
Risk Management
RISK CHARACTERIZATION
It is done by accumulating information from all the previous y g p
steps
Problem formulation
T i it t Toxicity assessment
Exposure assessment
It is the quantitative estimates of probable risk on human or q p
any ecological elements (fish)
Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic characterization are done
t l separately
Many mathematical model are available to estimate the risk
CDI
NOEL
CDI
RQ =
Problem Problem
Formulation
Exposure Toxicity
Assessment Assessment
Risk
Characterization
Risk Management
RISK MANAGEMENT RISK MANAGEMENT
It is the last step of the risk assessment procedure
Ri k k d i i i th lt f th i k Risk managers make decisions using the results of the risk
assessment to minimize the adverse effects of a toxicant,
process, or technology on human health and the process, or technology on human health and the
environment
Risk limits - entails defining the acceptability of the risk,
which can be classified as acceptable or in need of
reduction.
Risk reduction: design and implementation of risk reducing Risk reduction: design and implementation of risk-reducing
measures and controls.
Cost benefit is estimated for any risk reduction measurement y
SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN
ENGINEERING
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Development that meets the needs of the present without p p
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs World Commission on Environment and
Development (1987) Development (1987)
leave the world better than you found it, take no more than
you need, try not to harm life or the environment, make
amends if you do. Hawkins (1993)
It is the challenge of meeting human needs for natural
resources industrial products energy food transportation resources, industrial products, energy, food , transportation,
shelter, and effective waste management while conserving and
protecting environmental quality and the natural resource base
essential for future development. ASCE (2004)
GREEN ENGINEERING
the design, commercialization, and use of processes and g , , p
products, which are feasible and economical while minimizing
generation of pollution at the source and risk to human health
and the environment USEPA (2007) and the environment USEPA (2007)
the design, discovery and implementation of engineering the design, discovery and implementation of engineering
solutions with an awareness of potential benefits and problems
in terms of the environment, the economy, and society
throughout the lifetime of the design Zimmerman and throughout the lifetime of the design. Zimmerman and
Mihelcic (2010)
PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ENGINEERING
Designers need to ensure materials and energy are as non-hazardous as
ibl possible
Prevent waste than to clean up waste after it is formed
Separation/purification should be in the design
System components should be to maximize efficiency
System components should be output pulled rather than input pushed
Embedded entropy and complexity must be viewed as an when making
d i h i design choices
Durability should be design goal
Design for unnecessary capability should be avoided
Minimize material diversity
Design of process should be integrated
Performance matrics include performance after life p
Design should be based on renewable and available inputs for life cycle
SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Green
Sustainability
development engineering
Sustainability
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
Systems approach is looking at environmental Systems approach is looking at environmental
process in a holistic way
It is used very often in recent years by environmental y y y
engineers
It is a comprehensive approach to looking at p pp g
environmental processes together
MATERIAL SELECTION
Material Energy (MJ/kg) CO
2
(kg/kg)
Plain carbon steel 25 2.0
Silicon 60 3 1 Silicon 60 3.1
Stainless steel 80 5.1
Aluminum 200 12.7
Titanium 900 59
Concrete 1.1 0.16
Glass 14 0.8 Glass 14 0.8
Aluminum oxide 55 3.0
Aluminum nitride 220 12
P l th l 85 2 1 Polyethylene 85 2.1
Epoxy 100 3.6
Nylon 110 4.4
Foam 120 5.0
Teflon 150 7.5
CASE STUDY
We are familiar with many
Material Mass per Production Energy per
y
beverage containing
material
M diff t t i l
container
(kg)
plus forming
energy
(MJ/kg)
container
(MJ)
Al i 0 045 200 9 0
Many different materials are
used
There can be many
Aluminum 0.045 200 9.0
PETE 0.062 87 5.4
There can be many
considerations
Based on energy required to
produce a container steel
Glass 0.433 19 8.2
Polyethyle 0.038 85 3.2
produce a container, steel
appeared to be the most
environment friendly
ne
Steel 0.102 25 2.6
GREEN ENGINEERING IN DESIGN
EXAMPLE: DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND SUSTAINABLE
DESIGN
In 2004 the average miles per gallon for a car on the road in g p g
the United States was 22. In response to concerns about
global climate change, engineers are working toward a more
innovative design to improve gas mileage and lower carbon innovative design to improve gas mileage and lower carbon
dioxide emissions. What are the design opportunities for
improvement scaled with increasing degrees of freedom, and
f ? what are the potential benefits?
SOLUTION
Incremental
Improvement
Reengineer the
System
Redefine the System Boundary
Design Improve the Use a hybrid electric or Meet mobility needs without individual
solution efficiency the
carnot engine;
use lighter-
weight materials
fuel cell system for
energy; change the
shape of the car for
improved
car; implement a public transit system;
design communities so commercial
districts and employment are within
walking and cycling distance; provide weight materials
(composites
instead of metal)
improved
aerodynamics; capture
waste heat and energy
for reuse
walking and cycling distance; provide
access to desired goods and services
without vehicular transportation
Potential
realized
benefits
Moderate fuel
savings;
moderate
reductions in
Improved fuel savings;
improved reductions in
CO2 emissions;
improved material and
Elimination of the environmental
impacts associated with the entire
automobile life cycle; maximized fuel
savings and CO reductions; improved reductions in
CO
2
emissions
improved material and
energy efficiency
savings and CO
2
reductions; improved
infrastructure; denser development
(smart growth); improved health of
society from walking and less air y g
pollution
POLLUTION PREVENTION, DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT,
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, SUSTAINABILITY
Pollution prevention is p
focused on increasing the
efficiency of a process to
reduce the pollution
Source reduction
R li
reduce the pollution
Idea of incrementalism or
eco-efficiency
Recycling
T t t
Current system is tweaked to
be better than before
Pollution prevention should
Treatment
Di l
Pollution prevention should
not be focused on the
treatment and disposal only
Disposal
ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
KEY ENGINEERING DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
Density
CONCENTRATION
y
CONCENTRATION
A
A
V V
M
C =
M = Mass
B A
A
V V +
C
A
= concentration of A
M = mass of A
M Mass
V = Volume
M
A
= mass of A
V
A
= volume of A
V
B
= volume of B
Examples: Examples:
Plastic beads with a volume of 0.04 m
3
and mass of 0.48 kg are placed in a container,
and 100 liters of water are poured in. What is the concentration of beads, in mg/L?
If a pollutant is flowing at a concentration 20 mg/L with 1.5 m
3
/s flow rate, what is the
mass flow rate per day?
MATERIAL BALANCE
Material balance is a common concept among the Material balance is a common concept among the
engineers
Mass balance
Energy balance
Heat balance Heat balance
Environmental systems are all interrelated to each
other
It drives the interactions among them
Mass balance is among the most important concept Mass balance is among the most important concept
being used in environmental engineering applications
Mass Balance Concept Example Mass Balance Concept Example
Lake
River
River
Groundwater
Stream
Mass balance for water in the lake in this system can be simplified to: Mass balance for water in the lake in this system can be simplified to:
Mass Out (Evaporation) Mass Out (Evaporation) Mass Out (Evaporation) Mass Out (Evaporation)
Lake Lake
Mass in or Water in (river) Mass in or Water in (river) Mass in or Water in (river) Mass in or Water in (river) Mass out or Water Out (river+ stream) Mass out or Water Out (river+ stream) Mass out or Water Out (river+ stream) Mass out or Water Out (river+ stream)
Mass in/Out or Water in /out (seepage to Mass in/Out or Water in /out (seepage to
and from Groundwater) and from Groundwater)
Mass in/Out or Water in /out (seepage to Mass in/Out or Water in /out (seepage to
and from Groundwater) and from Groundwater)
QQ
PP
QQ
TT
QQ
EE
QQ
out out
QQ
in in
Storage Storage
(Qs) (Qs)
QQ
Iout Iout
QQ
Iin Iin
QQ
RR
WRITE MASS BALANCE EQUATION TO WRITE MASS BALANCE EQUATION TO
ACCOUNT FOR
1. Inputs
2. Outputs
3. Accumulations
Verify the system closes
Input of mass Accumulation of Mass Output of Mass = 0 Input of mass - Accumulation of Mass Output of Mass = 0
RATE CONCEPT
Rate Means Change With Respect to Time so,
Rate of Rate of Rate of
Accumulation = Input - Output Accumulation Input Output
of mass of mass of mass
EXAMPLE1-MASS BALANCE
A trunk sewer has a flow capacity of 4.0 m
3
/s. Currently three p y y
neighborhoods contribute to the sewer, with maximum peak
flows of 1.0, 0.5, 2.5 m
3
/s. New development will contribute a
maximum peak flow of 0 7 m
3
/s maximum peak flow of 0.7 m
3
/s.
Can the existing trunk sewer carry the wastewater from the new
development?
EXAMPLE2- MASS BALANCE
The Allegheny River and
Monongahela rivers converge in
Pittsburgh to form the Ohio River.
Given the flow rates and silt loads
shown, what is:
Average flow in the Ohio River?
Silt t ti i th Ohi Ri ? Silt concentration in the Ohio River?
MASS BALANCE WITH TRANSFORMATION MASS BALANCE WITH TRANSFORMATION
Softening Water Softening Water
a. Input Ca(HCO
3
)
2
b Reaction CaCO b. Reaction CaCO
3
Change of O
2
in Stream
I t O a. Input O
2
b. Microorganisms Use O
2
CO
2
REACTION RATE
A mathematical expression describing the rate at which the p g
mass or volume of some material A is changing with Time t is:
Reaction rate is function of
Temperature
Pressure
Reacting components or products
pH
Other environmental factors Other environmental factors
TYPES OF REACTION RATES
Zero order
dC
t
C
t
} }
Zero order
Inorganic sleeve
fouling for UV
g decrea g increa
kt C C dt k dC kdt dC k
dt
dC
C
t
sin sin
0
0
0
+
= = = =
} }

reactors
dC dC dC
t
C
t
First order
BOD decay
g decrea g increa
e C C dt k
C
dC
kdt
C
dC
kC
dt
dC
t
C
C
t
kt
t
sin sin
0
0
0
+
= = = =
} }


Second order
O ti
g g
kt
C C
dt k
C
dC
kdt
C
dC
kC
dt
dC
t
C
C
t
t
1 1
0
0
2 2
2
= = = =
} }

Ozone generation
g decrea g increa
C
t
sin sin
0
0
0
+
HOME WORK 1
Chapter 2- 6, 11, 14, 26 and 27 p , , ,
For problem 2-6, consider Cin to be 0.02 mg/L in place of 0.0 mg/L
For problem 2-11, consider Rinse water Concentration C to be 0.2
mg/L in place of 0 mg/L
Due date discussed in class
PROJECT DEADLINE
Choose groups for projects g p p j
3-4 persons in a group
After deadline, Ill assign your group if I dont receive any
EXAMPLE-ZERO ORDER REACTION
Typical Figure Example
Nitrogen gas strips oxygen
from water before an
Typical Figure Example
from water before an
aeration test is performed.
Initial oxygen concentration
was 9.5 mg/L and a zero
order reaction rate
coefficient was 0.075/s. How coefficient was 0.075/s. How
long until the oxygen
concentration reaches below
0 5 mg/L? 0.5 mg/L?
EXAMPLE-FIRST ORDER REACTION
Example Typical Figure
A wastewater have an initial
BOD of 220 mg/L BOD is
Example Typical Figure
BOD of 220 mg/L. BOD is
decayed with a first order
rate constant of 0.011/hr.
How long will it take to
reduce BOD to 30 mg/L?
What will the BOD be after 5 What will the BOD be after 5
days?
EXAMPLE-SECOND ORDER REACTION
Example Typical Figure
Ozone generation has
second order kinetics If the
Example Typical Figure
second order kinetics. If the
ozone concentration in a
container is 0.0015 g/m
3
before a generator is turned
on and 0.002 g/m
3
after 1
minute, what is the ozone minute, what is the ozone
concentration after 3
minutes?
MANIPULATING A MASS BALANCE EQUATION
Accumulation rate = input rate output rate transformation rate p p
-brings the importance of volume/place for reaction
-when accumulation is zero, the control volume is in a steady state
dC out d in d dM
=
) ( ) (
dt dt dt dt
=
REACTOR
Reactions are often required q
as part of an engineered
system
Th t k i hi h h i l The tanks in which physical,
chemical and biochemical
reactions occur are known
as reactor
Key aspects of reactors
Fl h t i ti Flow characteristics
Mixing conditions
Control volumes
TYPES OF REACTOR
Batch Reactor
Completely Mixed Flow Reactor (CMFR)
Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)
CMFR IN SERIES
BATCH REACTOR
( ( ( ( (
rate rate rate rate rate
(

+
(

=
(

consumed
rate
produced
rate
out
rate
in
rate
d Accumulate
rate
(
(

(
(

=
(
(

rate rate rate

No inflow and no outflow in a typical batch reactor
(

consumed produced d Accumulate

rV V
dC
=
Typical reaction rate equations can be used to compute
rV V
dt
=
Retention time
Effluent concentration
EXAMPLE
An industrial wastewater
kt
C
l
0
|
|

|
treatment process uses
powdered activated carbon
to remove color from the
C
kt
C
ln
0
| |
=
|
.
|

\
|
to remove color from the
water. The color is reduced
as a first-order reaction in a
f
t
C
C
35 . 0
1 . 0
ln
0
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
batch-adsorption system. If
the rate constant (k) is 0.35
days
-1
, how long will it take
t 35 . 0
1 0
1
ln =
|
.
|

\
|
. \
y , g
to remove 90% of the
color?
days t 58 6
30 . 2
1 . 0
= =
. \
days t 58 . 6
35 . 0
CMFR
( ( ( ( (
rate rate rate rate rate
(

+
(

=
(

consumed
rate
produced
rate
out
rate
in
rate
d Accumulate
rate
F t d t t fl diti For a steady state flow condition,
there should not be any accumulation
inflow rate should be equal to outflow rate
rV QC QC + =
0
0
QC
Zero order reaction
First order reaction
kV Q
QC
C

=
0
QC
t k C C
o
+ =
kV Q
QC
C
+
=
0
t k C C
o
=
EXAMPLE
A new disinfection process p
destroys coliform organisms
in water. The reaction is first
order with k = 1 0 day
-1
The
kV Q
QC
C
0
+
=
order, with k = 1.0 day
1
. The
influent concentration, C
0
=
100 coli/mL. the reactor
kV Q
100 1600
=
+
volume, V = 400 L, and the
flow rate, Q = 1600 L/day.
What is the effluent
mL coli / 80
400 0 . 1 1600
=
+
=
concentration of coliforms?
mL coli / 80
CMFR IN SERIES
|
|
|

|
+ =
V
k
C
1 0
1
|
|
|

|
+ =
|
|
.

\
+
V
k
C
Q
k
C
2 1
1
1
1
|
|
.

\
+
Q
k
C
2
1
If all the reactor volume is equal to V
0
2
0 0 1 0
1
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
Q
V
k
C
C
C
C
C
C
2 2 1

. \
Q C C C
For n number of reactors in series
n
V C
(
|
|

|
n
Q
V
k
C
C
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
0 0
1
PFR
t k C C
o
+ =
k C C
Zero order reaction
An industry wants to use a long
drainage ditch that can be assumed
to act as a plug flow reactor in
t k C C
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Q
V
k
e C C
First order reaction
o ac as a p ug o eac o
removing odor from their waste. The
odor reduction behaves as a first-
order reaction, with the rate constant
= e C C
0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Q
V
k
C
C
0
order reaction, with the rate constant
k = 0.35 days
-1
. The flow rate is 1600
L/day. How long must the ditch be if
the velocity of the flow is 0.5 m/sec
. \
Q
e
the velocity of the flow is 0.5 m/sec
and 90% odor reduction is desired?
t k
C
C
ln
0
=
days
m
ditch the of length
sec
86400 57 6 5 0 =
t k
C
C
) 35 0 ( ) 1 0 l (
1 . 0
ln
0
0
=
m
day
days ditch the of length
5
10 84 . 2
86400 57 . 6
sec
5 . 0
=
=
days t
t
57 . 6
) 35 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 ln(
=
=
HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME
It is the time that is required by a reactor to complete the q y p
reaction/transformation
It is also known as hydraulic detention time, retention time or
d t ti ti detention time
All the equations derived before can be used to compute
hydraulic retention time hydraulic retention time
) ( Volume
= u
) (Q rate Flow
u
SUMMARY OF STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE
REVIEW OF CHAPTER-2
Material balance
Mass balance
Examples
Mass balance with transformation Mass balance with transformation
Reactions and reaction rates
Zero order
First order
Second order
Different types of reactors Different types of reactors
Batch
CMFR
Plug Plug
CSTR